Applying CTs with digital ground relays

Industrial power distribution system substation transformers and generator step-up transformers in power stations often use resistance-grounded wye secondary windings for medium-voltage power distribution. The purpose of this is to limit damage due to ground-fault currents, while providing sufficient fault current for the operation of ground-fault relaying. The relaying used to protect against ground faults in the system may not provide sufficient protection of the transformer winding against internal faults because the backup ground overcurrent relay in the transformer neutral-to-ground connection must be set to coordinate with downstream relays. In order to protect the winding itself, special relays are utilized. Ground differential protection can be provided by digital overcurrent relays in conjunction with auxiliary ratio matching transformers. Ground differential protection can also be provided in multifunction digital relays. Transformer protection relays may include this feature with one of the schemes used with component relays. If a feeder-protection relay is used on the secondary, in some cases, this may have a ground-directional feature that can be utilized for ground-differential protection     

Protection of power transformer using multi criteria decision-making

Power transformers are protected by different relays that operate independently. Malfunction of each relay has a major role in reducing the reliability of the protection system. In order to mitigate the main drawbacks of the power transformer relays, an overall protection scheme is presented in this paper. This scheme proposes a novel multi criterion algorithm using decision-making based on fuzzy logic. In this paper the outputs of restricted earth fault relay and a directional check unit, are combined with the output of the differential protection relay. Therefore, problems that are pertaining to independent operation of each relay have been mitigated and the relays cover protection blind spots of each other. The improved power transformer protection (IPTP) scheme enhances the sensitivity and reliability of the power transformer protection. Extensive simulations are used to measure the effectiveness and merit of the proposed IPTP relay. The above efforts result in a multi criteria approach for protection of power transformers.     

Differential Protection for Special Industrial Transformers

Power transformer differential protection has been used for decades on standard three-phase power transformers. However, special industrial transformers, such as 24-pulse converter transformers, could not typically be protected easily with the standard power transformer differential relays. The main reason is the nonstandard phase angle shift of 24-pulse converter transformers. Such 24-pulse converter transformers are often used in industrial and railway applications. This paper will show that it is possible to provide differential protection for such special transformers by using standard numerical transformer differential protection relays and external interposing current transformers (CTs). However, the external interposing CTs can be designed in a standardized way. This approach will significantly simplify the application of differential protection for special industrial transformers.     

Ground-differential protection revisited

The use of ground differential for the protection of impedance-grounded transformers and generators has been increasing. Because of its inherent selectivity and speed of operation, ground differential provides excellent protection against ground faults within the grounded winding of the equipment. However, several factors should be considered when applying ground-differential protection to a power system. These factors include the type and ratings of the equipment being protected, whether it is a new installation or a retrofit project, and the type of relay being used. Both static or electromechanical relays may be applied for ground-differential-protection schemes on impedance-grounded transformers and generators. Each application should be evaluated regarding current transformer burden and saturation to ensure proper operation. The protection engineer should carefully consider the application factors to ensure that the desired level of protection is provided     

Application of transformer ground differential protection relays

Transformer ground differential protection relays (device 87G) have been used to protect the windings of resistance-grounded transformers. A number of strategies have been utilized with electromechanical relays in the past. With the advent of the multifunction digital protective relay, these strategies can be adapted to continue this form of protection     

采用傅里叶算法对部分主设备保护继电器性能的影响分析

在分析傅里叶算法的基础上,指出了基于傅里叶算法的数字式继电器在电力主设备保护中应用的局限性,论证了采用此算法的电流差动、过电压、过负荷、零序过电流等继电器在发电机、串联电抗器、并补电容器、接地变压器等主设备中应用时对保护性能的影响,介绍了该类继电器在实际运行中出现不正确动作行为的事例,提出了改善保护性能的改进算法。     

Lessons Learned Through Commissioning and Analyzing Data From Transformer Differential Installations

Ensuring correct setting and installation of a transformer differential relay is critical. A transformer differential relay must detect internal faults, damaging overloads, and through-fault currents while remaining secure against misoperation. The ability to use wye-connected current transformers with microprocessor-based relays has simplified installations, and these relays provide better commissioning tools than those available with traditional relays. However, installations and commissioning remain complicated. Installation and settings errors continue to be widespread, implying a need for more rigorous commissioning tests. Even with greater commissioning effort, occasional wiring problems develop over time, and these can best be resolved through analysis of relay event-report data. In the interest of reducing transformer differential misoperations, we share in this technical paper practical lessons we have learned through experience with commissioning and relay event-report analysis.      

Development and hardware implementation of a reliable protective relay data acquisition system

This paper proposes an intelligence based protective relay data acquisition system to correct current transformers and capacitive voltage transformers secondary waveform distortions. The protective relay data acquisition system receives voltage and current signals from current transformers and capacitive voltage transformers and prepares the inputs to the main board after some pre-processing. Current transformers and capacitive voltage transformers provide instrument level current and voltage signals to meters and protective relays in high voltage and extra high voltage systems. The accuracy and performance of protective relays in high voltage and extra high voltage systems are directly related to steady state and transient performance of current transformers and capacitive voltage transformers. Current transformers saturation and capacitive voltage transformers transient could lead to protective relay mal-operation or even prevent tripping. The key of the proposed scheme is to use artificial neural network to achieve the inverse transfer functions of current transformers and capacitive voltage transformers. Simulation studies are preformed and the impacts of changing different parameters are studied. Performance study results show that the proposed scheme is accurate and reliable. The proposed algorithm has also been implemented and tested on a digital signal processor board. Details of the implementation and experimental studies are provided in the paper.     

电流互感器饱和对继电保护影响的分析及对策

介绍了中压电力系统中引起各种电流继电器误动的原因,分析了电流互感器饱和对电磁式电流继电器、晶体管或集成电路构成的模拟式电流继电器和微处理机构成的数字式电流继电器动作行为的影响。论述了几种防止和抗御电流互感器饱和的方法和对策,如在较高一级的电压等级中的供电侧采取分列运行的方式以减少短路电流等。给出了选择合适的保护装置和在新建系统中选择电流互感器的一些原则。     

电力变压器新型微机保护原理的研究

为了防止二次谐波制动原理的变压器差动保护在内部故障伴随较高二次谐波时延时动作 或拒动，本文提出了一个新原理的微机变压器保护。它在不改变传统变压器差动保护测量电 路形式的基础上，用单片机软件编程加以实现，大量的仿真实验已证明其具有较好的动作特 性。     

The phasor combination differential protection for Le-Blanctransformers

The main electrical protection of Le-Blanc connection transformers that supply the single-phase power to the electric railway in Taiwan is the overcurrent protection. This paper presents a more complete protective scheme, the differential protection, for Le-Blanc by phasor combination method. The calculation procedure and the good mismatch results of a practical design example using the parameters of a Le-Blanc transformer of Taiwan Railway Bureau (Tairail) are described in this paper. In addition, using the normal current transformers and electromagnetic type transformer differential relays to completely construct the protective scheme is another merit of this algorithm     

一种特高压3/2接线纵差保护抗电流互感器饱和措施

特高压长线路3/2接线侧母线附近区外故障时2个分电流互感器都有可能饱和,使引入2个电流互感器和电流的相量差动保护遇到了较大困难.提出了一种实用抗电流互感器饱和措施,采用低电压启动判据筛选出可能引起电流互感器饱和的3/2接线侧母线附近的区内和区外故障,然后根据短数据窗电流不饱和的特点,采用适当的定值区分3/2接线侧母线附近区内故障差流和区外故障分布电容电流,从而通过闭锁防止区外故障因饱和误动.该方法已在实验样机中得到应用,并成功地通过保护动模试验.     

Unconventional CT and VT connections and how to get them right

This paper describes current and voltage instrument transformer connections that are not physically conventionally connected as portrayed in ANSI Standards and Guides or relay manufacturers' literature. A three-line diagram of basic conventional current transformer connections for a two-winding-delta wye power transformer differential relaying is presented. The unconventional scenarios presented are: 1) one set of current transformers (CTs) being reversed or "rolled out"; 2) the other set reversed; and 3) both sets reversed from the conventional connection. Proper connection of these unconventional connected CTs is then explained. Also, the effect of reversed voltage transformer (VT) connections on directional overcurrent and directional power relay elements is presented. An example of how symmetrical component metering screens of a numeric relay were used to diagnose an incorrect VT connection is also presented. This paper is a primer on analyzing unconventional instrument transformer polarity connections and how to obtain the right connection to achieve the desired direction of operation or polarity as indicated in protective relay manufacturers' literature.     

Complex Percentage Differential Relay

1.IntroductionBecauseofitsgoodselectivity,highsensitivityandrapidaction,thedifferentialprotectionisusedwidelyasmain-protectionforelectricequipment.BecauseverylargeunbalancedcurrentmaytakeplaceduringexternaIfaultcausingmistrippingbytraditionalbusdifferentialreIay.Andduringinternalfault,ifthereisout-flowingcurrent,thesensitivityofthetraditionalrelaywillbemuchreduced.Althoughthehighimpedancebusdifferentialrelaycanensureitsselectivityduringexternalfault,highvoItagewillbeinducedinCT'ssecondarycir…     

TCSC动态基频阻抗对距离保护的影响

可控串联电容补偿动态基频阻抗特性对距离保护的影响与国家串联电容补偿对距离保护的影响在主要方面是相似的,电压反向及电压互感器,电流互感器位置的选择同样是影响保护性能的关键因素,但电压反向,动态特变化等方面也存在差别。     

Protective relay application for generators and transformer

Application of overcurrent protective devices for generators and transformers is considered to be a routine task. However, a review of the protective device selection, device settings, and protection requirements for generators and transformers, as well as their connected buses, has revealed that certain lessons can be learned in examining a few typical applications. The applications are presented in a series of case studies. The case studies are in the following categories of protection problems: (1) generator backup protection: (a) bus-connected generators with feeder circuits at generator voltage; (b) unit-connected generators with voltage restraint time-overcurrent relays (device 51V) for backup protection; (c) unit-connected generators with distance relays (device 21) for backup protection; and (2) transformer protection with high 3-phase fault currents and low-ratio current transformers: (a) original protection scheme; (b) upgraded protection scheme. Only phase-fault conditions are analysed in the following problems because the topic of ground fault protection would require an equal amount of time to discuss. Each case is presented with: (1) a brief synopsis of the problem encountered; (2) the evaluation of the problem, including the suggested solutions; and (3) the "lesson to be learned" and the trouble spots to avoid     

CVT一次隔离开关操作对变压器过励磁保护影响的研究

电容式电压互感器(CVT Capacitor Voltage Transformer)含有电容和非线性电感元件,当一次隔离开关操作时可能引起二次电压异常,影响变电站继电保护装置的正常运行,甚至引起主变过励磁保护误动作。运用ATP建立CVT及其所运行的变电站的等值电路模型,仿真计算一次侧隔离开关操作过程中CVT二次电压情况。比较影响二次侧电压的主要因素,分析在CVT一次侧隔离开关操作过程中主变过励磁保护误动作的原因。正常操作不会引起主变过励磁保护误动作。     

空心线圈作为保护用电流互感器的理论分析和试验

开发新型电子式互感器是电力系统自动化和数字化的一个发展方向，文中论述了空心线圈用做电流互感器的工作原理及与传统互感器的不同之处，根据保护的要求，重点分析了频响工作特性，并针对具体对象研制了样机。样机试验结果为：对保护，在2 kHz频宽、20倍额定电流范围内，误差小于1%；对测量，可达0.2级。理论分析和试验结果证明空心线圈电流互感器以其线性好、频带宽、无饱和、体积小等优点能完全满足电力系统保护和测量的需要，而且特别适用于微机化保护装置和电子式测量仪器。     

A Kalman filter based digital percentage differential and groundfault relay for a 3-phase power transformer

The design and real-time implementation of a Kalman-filter-based digital percentage differential and a ground-fault protection scheme for three-phase power transformers are presented. A set of eleven-state Kalman filters is used to estimate the fundamental and up to fifth harmonic components of the transformer current signals. The protective relay is equipped with an even harmonic restraint during magnetizing inrush conditions and a fifth harmonic restraint during overexcitation conditions. The restraint during external faults is provided by means of a percentage differential characteristic. The relay operates in half a cycle during internal faults. In order to achieve sensitive ground-fault protection, separate primary and secondary ground-fault protection are provided. The relay algorithm is implemented on a single TMS320 digital signal processor and tested in real time using a three-phase laboratory power transformer     

OPGW分段绝缘单点接地对线路保护的影响

输电线路相关参数的准确性关系到继电保护装置的正确动作。高压输电线路OPGW、地线在故障电流感应电压作用下一旦击穿会造成OPGW、地线多点接地使线路零序参数发生变化,进而影响线路继电保护的准确、可靠动作。本文以某500kV输电线路为例,分析了线路OPGW、地线在故障电流感应电压作用下一旦击穿造成OPGW、地线多点接地后对线路继电保护的影响。发生接地短路故障时,线路零序电流会变小但变化的幅度较小;单相接地短路时,距离保护的测量阻抗模值和相角均减小,且模值减小不超过9%,再计及继电器、互感器误差等因素,距离保护性能将会受到较大影响。