基于积分映射的轮廓度公差建模与分析

为实现复杂曲面轮廓度公差的表示与分析,提出一种基于积分映射的轮廓度公差建模与分析方法。采用二重积分将任意曲面轮廓度公差的变动要素、理想要素、公差域边界分别映射为平面要素,并根据映射后的平面要素间的位置关系,推导出轮廓度公差的等效尺寸公差表示模型。以曲面与尺寸链环交点处的法向量和切平面构建轮廓度公差的映射坐标系,将轮廓度公差的等效尺寸公差映射到传统装配尺寸链中,建立了考虑轮廓度的装配尺寸链模型,并给出了轮廓度公差分析流程。对某型飞机登机门的外形进行了分析,结果表明,考虑轮廓度后的登机门外形超差率明显增大。     

基于特征偏差分布的装配精度快速预测模型

针对传统尺寸链公差分析方法忽略了几何公差对装配精度影响的问题,提出一种基于多自由度偏差的几何公差分析方法。分析了几何公差与多自由度偏差之间的关系,建立几何公差分布统一模型;并在此基础上解析了平面、直线在公差域约束下的多自由度偏差分布;通过装配偏差累计,得到装配精度的解析模型,该模型建立了各自由度方向上偏差分布与装配精度之间的函数关系,实现了几何公差的快速分析。结合某部件装配为例,验证了模型的有效性。     

尺寸公差的区间描述及不确定性优化

利用区间模型对尺寸公差进行描述,构建了一种基于尺寸公差的区间优化方法,实现了基本尺寸及其公差的同步优化。本方法以基本尺寸和公差为设计变量,以尺寸公差最大化为设计目标,以决策者对机械系统的性能要求及原问题的最严限制性条件为约束,建立区间优化模型。通过区间中点和区间右边界,将不确定性区间优化模型中的目标函数与约束进行确定性转换。有效解决了在机械系统给定性能水平及其固有约束条件下,求解关键零部件最优基本尺寸与最低成本尺寸公差的问题。该方法已被应用于数值算例及工程实例。     

基于UG的三维装配尺寸面链表组自动生成方法研究

针对目前装配尺寸链不能实现真正意义上的自动生成及在装配尺寸链中很少考虑几何要素的几何公差的问题,提出了一种基于几何要素控制点理论公差表示模型的三维装配尺寸面链表组自动生成方法。在分析装配公差建模的信息组成的基础上,建立了装配公差信息的计算机储存储数据混合图结构。以UG NX7.5为二次开发平台,提取了三维装配体内零件上尺寸公差、几何公差、装配基准以及装配目标等信息。首先,确定了封闭环;然后,根据建立装配尺寸链的最短路径的原则搜索装配公差信息图,建立了三维装配尺寸面链表;最后,根据装配顺序及设计基准将其按零件拆分为三维装配尺寸面链表组。以三正交平面作为装配基准的轴孔装配为例,对该方法进行了验证。研究结果表明,该方法能够综合考虑几何要素的尺寸和几何公差,为后续的公差分析工作打下坚实的基础。     

基于配合约束的几何公差分配方法

当公差原则为相关原则时，如何建立相关尺寸公差到几何公差的定量转换关系，实现几何公差的精准分配，是该领域亟待解决的问题。通过几何公差自顶向下分配的定性分析与定量计算，提出一种基于配合约束的几何公差分配方法。根据配合公差、互参照公差和自参照公差之间的约束，构建了基于配合约束的公差关联模型；基于上述关联，构建了与产品结构同步的几何公差设计过程模型；将装配接点作为配合公差传递的基本载体，根据装配接点的顺序和表面类型，提出了相关配合表面旋量矩阵的分析方法，并基于旋量矩阵生成相关表面的几何公差约束；以基于旋量矩阵的公差约束、加工精度约束和互参照公差对自参照公差的约束为约束条件，以最小总公差成本为目标函数，利用遗传算法实现了几何公差数值的优化。最后，以曲轴活塞机构为实例进行了几何公差的分配，经与经验法对比，验证了该方法的经济性与有效性。     

连杆位置精度检验量规设计

位置量规是检验零件关联被测要素的实际轮廓是否超越规定理想边界的量规。当零件的尺寸公差与形位公差遵守最大实体原则或关联要素遵守包容原则时,其实际轮廓应被限制在实效边界或最大实体边界之内,都可用位置量规来检验。如图1所示,连杆小端孔(mm)的尺寸公差与平行度公差(位置公差)遵守最大实体原则,因此,应优先选用位置量规检验平行度。位置量规只能控制关联要素的作用尺寸在理想边界之内,不能测出零件的实际尺寸和形状误差的具体数值。但它能迅速准确地反映被测要素实际轮廓上定形尺寸与形位公差的综合结果,保证零件装配时的互换性。图1…     

基于几何要素控制点变动的公差数学模型

提出采用几何要素的控制点位置变动表示尺寸和几何公差的方法.定义点线面几何要素的尺寸误差、位置误差和方向误差的控制点分别为点、直线的两个端点、平面的矩形包围盒的三个顶点,定义直线和平面的形状误差的控制点分别为直线和平面的内部组成点.根据目标要素和基准要素的几何类型、相互位置和基准优先顺序建立公差坐标系,根据公差坐标系建立平面要素的矩形包围盒,对几何要素的自由度进行分类和定义,以平移自由度方向作为控制点的变动方向,通过控制点变动的各种组合模拟几何要素的各种误差形式.根据几何要素的误差概率分布作为控制点的变动规律,控制点变动参数的定义域就是公差带,目标要素的控制点变动参数之间的相互制约关系可以表示方向公差和位置公差的相互作用关系,而目标要素和基准要素之间的控制点变动参数关系则可以表示各种公差原则.该公差数学模型既符合公差标准和实际惯例,又能够适用于公差分析、设计、检测等应用领域的各种数学分析方法.     

浅谈几何要素的公差

随着产品设计、制造技术的发展,原有的尺寸公差不足以反映对几何要素的尺寸、形状、位置的技术要求,于是推出"几何公差"的概念,并引入几何公差标准中的拟合概念,尺寸公差有了更加准确的解释。     

基准尺寸要素的实效边界——九评ISO1101：2004

ISO1101：2004《产品几何技术规范（GPS）几何公差形状、方位、位置和跳动公差》在其表2中称符号为最大实体要求，即所涉及的几何公差要求是在假设零件处于最大实体状态下给出的。也就是说，放弃独立的几何公差要求，只要求零件的尺寸要素遵守最大实体实效边界。     

基准尺寸要素的实效边界——九评ISO 1101∶2004

ISO 1101∶2004《产品几何技术规范(GPS)几何公差形状、方位、位置和跳动公差》在其表2中称符号(M)为最大实体要求,即所涉及的几何公差要求是在假设零件处于最大实体状态下给出的.也就是说,放弃独立的几何公差要求,只要求零件的尺寸要素遵守最大实体实效边界.     

Minimal Realization of Linear Graph Models for Multi-physics Systems

An engineering system may consist of several different types of components,belonging to such physical"domains"as mechanical,electrical,fluid,and thermal.It is t...     

Quantum Cooperative Robotics and Autonomy

The intersection of Quantum Technologies and Robotics Autonomy is explored in the present paper.The two areas are brought together in establishing an interdisci...     

考虑进油孔有限长滑动轴承油膜力的近似解析解

针对具有进油孔的有限长滑动轴承油膜力求解问题,采用变分原理和分离变量法,求得了有限长滑动轴承油膜压力分布的近似解析表达式。将油膜压力分布的近似解析表达式在油膜存在区域上进行积分,即得到了油膜力。将提出的计算有限长滑动轴承油膜力方法与无限长轴承模型、有限元方法的计算结果进行了比较,发现了提出的方法与有限元方法的计算结果很接近。最后,研究了进油孔位置和进油压力对油膜存在区域、油膜力等的影响,研究结果表明进油孔位置和进油压力对油膜存在区域和油膜力有较大的影响。     

三绕组变压器的双绕组等效建模及在Matpower中的应用

针对实际电网存在着大量的三绕组变压器,但国际上一些著名商业软件,如BPA仿真软件、Matpower这一权威潮流计算开源软件,均只提供双绕组变压器模型,限制了其在具有三绕组变压器的电力系统中的应用的问题,潮流计算是自主开发的电力系统各种应用软件的核心模块,因此依托国际权威开源程序进行二次开发,是一种较好的选择。对Matpower要求的数据格式进行了归纳,对变压器的一般的等值电路及带理想变压器的等值电路和带标幺值的等值电路进行了分析研究,提出了三绕组变压器转换为双绕组等效模型的建模方法,使得原先只适应双绕组变压器的潮流计算软件可以适用于三绕组变压器电网的潮流计算;最后以Matpower软件为例进行了案例计算,并用PSASP仿真软件进行对比验证。研究结果证明,所提出的建模方法是有效的。     

On the Relation of Load to Average Gap in the Contact Between Surfaces with Longitudinal Roughness

A computer simulation model for the contact between longitudinally-oriented rough surfaces has been formulated. This model closely duplicates the actual surf ace contact deformation behavior by taking into account the elastic interactions between the asperities. There were no assumptions made about the shapes, or any deformation behavior of the asperities, except for their obeying the laws of elasticity. The plastic deformations on the high asperity peaks were taken into account by setting a ceiling on their contact pressures at the material hardness value. The simulations used real surface profiles which were digitized from unworn circumferentially ground steel surfaces. Each pair of these profiles was mathematically combined to form an equivalent rough profile pressing against an infinitely rigid flat and having the appropriately adjusted elastic modulus. A total of 28 different pairs of profiles were used in the simulations. Each contacting pair was subjected to 30 different load levels and the local contact pressures and deformations were calculated. The contact simulations yielded some important mathematical relationships between parameters, such as the real area of contact, average gap, and average asperity load through statistical curve fitting. Two analytical functions were generated to relate the average load to average gap and the real area of contact to load.     

INTEGRAL EQUATION METHOD＇S APPLICATION IN HOLE-EDGE STRESS OF COMPOSITE MATERIAL PLATE WITH DIFFERENT SHAPED HOLES

The strength of composite plate with different hole-shapes is always one of the most important but complicated issues in the application of the composite material. The holes will lead to mutations and discontinuity to the structure. So the hole-edge stress concentration is always a serious phenomenon. And the phenomenon makes the structure strength decrease very quickly to form dangerous weak points. Most partial damage begins from these weak points. According to the complex variable functions theory, the accurate boundary condition of composite plate with different hole-shapes is founded by conformal mapping method to settle the boundary condition problem of complex hole-shapes. Composite plate with commonly hole-shapes in engineering is studied by several complex variable stress fimction. The boundary integral equations are founded based on exact boundary conditions. Then the exact hole-edge stress analytic solution of composite plate with rectangle holes and wing manholes is resolved. Both of offset axis loadings and its influences on the stress concentration coefficient of the hole-edge are discussed. And comparisons of different loads along various offset axis on the hole-edge stress distribution of orthotropic plate with rectangle hole or wing manhole are made. It can be concluded that hole-edge with continuous variable curvatures might help to decrease the stress concentration coefficient; and smaller angle of outer load and fiber can decrease the stress peak value.     

电站锅炉模糊风险评价方法研究与应用

针对电站锅炉风险等级评价问题,将模糊综合评价技术应用到电站锅炉风险等级评价中。开展了电站锅炉失效影响因素及模糊评价因素的重要程度分析,建立了一套科学合理适于在线评价的电站锅炉风险评价体系,提出了模糊综合评价技术与改进的模糊层次分析法相结合的模糊风险评价方法,利用改进的模糊层次分析法计算了指标体系中各层指标权重。对某一台电站锅炉的实际运行工况影响子因素进行了模糊风险评价,采用模糊合成算子进行模糊综合运算得到电了站锅炉运行工况影响子因素的评价向量。研究结果表明:电站锅炉的运行工况影响子因素的风险评价等级为第6级,失效可能性等级为小,该电站锅炉运行工况良好。     

Short-Term Relay Quality Prediction Algorithm Based on Long and Short-Term Memory

The fraction defective of semi-finished products is predicted to optimize the process of relay production lines, by which production quality and productivity ar...     

End-to-End Multiview Gesture Recognition for Autonomous Car Parking System

The use of hand gestures can be the most intuitive human-machine interaction medium.The early approaches for hand gesture recognition used device-based methods....     

Non-monotonic material contrast in scanning ion and scanning electron images

30 keV Ga⁺ focused ion beam induced secondary electron (iSE) imaging was used to determine the relative contrast between several materials. The iSE signal compared from C, Si, Al, Ti, Cr, Ni, Cu, Mo, Ag, and W metal layers does not decrease with an increase in target atomic number Z₂, and shows a non-monotonic relationship between contrast and Z₂. The non-monotonic relationship is attributed to periodic fluctuations of the stopping power and sputter yield inherent to the ion–solid interactions. In addition, material contrast from electron-induced secondary electron (eSE) and backscattered electron (BSE) images using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) also shows non-monotonic contrast as a function of Z₂, following the periodic behavior of the stopping power for electron–solid interactions. A comparison of the iSE and eSE results shows similar relative contrast between the metal layers, and not complementary contrast as conventionally understood. These similarities in the contrast behavior can be attributed to similarities in the periodic and non-monotonic function defined by incident particle–solid interaction theory.