Carotenoids and retinoids in human nutrition.

Since the discovery of vitamin A as a fat-soluble growth factor in the early part of the century, research into carotenoids and retinoids has attracted the attention of many scientists. These two groups of compounds are still being actively studied all over the world since many gaps in knowledge exist and new frontiers are being pursued. Recent developments in studies into the possible roles of carotenoids and retinoids beyond their classical functions in vision have created a great deal of excitement in the biomedical community. This review covers a wide range of topics pertaining to these two closely related compounds. Particular emphasis is given to the functions of these compounds and their roles in human nutrition. Various aspects of vitamin A deficiency and studies on carotenoids and retinoids in cancer development and prevention are reviewed in some detail.     

低聚木糖与人体肠道有益菌

简述了低聚木糖、肠道有益茼的概念,并对低聚木糖在促进肠道有益菌增殖方面的特性、功能和在食品中的应用进行了浅论.     

传统食醋中有机酸与人体健康

传统的中国谷物醋有着悠久的历史,作为一种酸味调味品,其在中华饮食文化中具有不可或缺的作用。近年来关于食醋保健功能的报道增多,相关研究主要集中在多酚类、黄酮类、川芎嗪等具有生理活性的成分上。作为食醋中除水分外含量最高的一类成分,有机酸的生理功效研究已取得一定的研究进展。该文对我国谷物发酵食醋中有机酸的来源、组成、含量、生理活性尤其是短链脂肪酸和琥珀酸的功能进行了综述,为我国传统食醋功能产品的开发提供了新思路。     

Cadmium intake and cadmium in the human kidney

The diet and cigarette smoking are the main sources of cadmium intake in people not occupationally exposed to cadmium. Using data gathered from the literature, it is shown that there is a statistically significant relationship between the average cadmium intake in various countries and the average kidney cadmium concentration in 40-60 year old people living in those countries. It is estimated that a regular dietary intake of cadmium of 175 micrograms/day would cause the concentration of cadmium in the renal cortex to reach the critical level in 50 years.     

Nitrate-reducing microorganisms in milk products and human milk

The quantitative determination of nitrate-reducing microorganisms in food is important because of their role in the formation of N-nitroso compounds and methemoglobin. The total counts of microorganisms and the counts of nitrate-reducing microorganisms were assayed in various milk products and in human milk by the method of the most probable numbers using nitrate broth medium. The mean value and standard deviation of the nitrate-reducing microorganisms were the following: in pasteurized milk 3.4 +/- 1.1 log/ml (in spring and summer 4.2 +/- 1.1, and in winter 2.8 +/- 0.6 log/ml), in kefir "Tallinn' 2.9 +/- 1.1 log/ml, in fat kefir 2.9 +/- +/- 0.7 log/ml, in sour milk 3.9 +/- 0.5 log/ml, in fresh milk 4.6 +/- 0.6 log/ml and in human milk 2.7 +/- +/- 1.1 log/ml. The amount of nitrate-reducing microorganisms in pasteurized milk of the spring-summer period and in fresh milk was significantly higher than in human milk. The mean count of nitrate-reducing microorganisms in human milk is regarded as a maximum permitted count of these organisms in milk for bottle-fed sucklings. For them and for atrophic gastritis patients pasteurized or fresh milk should be boiled.     

甘油三脂与人体健康

甘油三脂也称中性脂肪,对人体有重要作用,但是甘油三脂过量也会给人体健康带来很多危害。本文首先介绍了甘油三脂3个主要生理功能,即重要的能源、构成人体组织和调节身体机能;其次说明了甘油三脂主要会造成肥胖症、痤疮和心血管疾病;最后提出主要可从3个方面来控制甘油三脂的水平,即均衡饮食、适当的运动和控制饮酒。     

葡萄酒中白藜芦醇与人体健康

白藜芦醇是葡萄在抵御真菌侵染、机械和紫外线等伤害时产生的植保素类次生代谢产物,通过发酵进入葡萄酒中.近年来研究发现它对人类健康特别是在预防心血管疾病等方面具有积极意义.     

钙与人体健康

从钙的生理功能、钙在人体内的调节、代谢等方面，叙述钙与人体健康的关系，旨在说明人们在膳食中摄入适量钙是保证人体健康所必要的，并为推动人们改变膳食结构，以及南平市农业结构的调整，提供一定的理论基础。     

Soups in human nutrition

The article gives information about the soups traditionally used by the population of Russia. A classification of soups, their nutrients and energy content, as well as the contribution of soups to daily nutrient consumption of the population are presented. Taking into account results of epidemiological researches of dietary the most popular types of first lunch dishes (soups) in the population of Russia were found out.     

维生素与人体健康

以前，我们从市场上只能零星购买到种数不多的几种维生素产品。然而，现在的市场，各种维生素保健品成千上万，而且数量还在逐年递增，让我们感到很迷惑，不知道究竟需要补充哪一种营养物质，才能更有益于身体的健康。 据美国国家科学院食品与营养学会（ＡＦＮＢ）建议，食谱中维生素的推荐量（ＲＤＡ），应该依据人年龄大小的不同而不同，才能保持最佳的身体状态。根据这一提议，美国食品与药品管理委员会对维生素的每日用量做了规定。购买时，瓶子和食品标签上都备有详细说明。 维生素在人体健康中所起的作用不可替代。然而调查表明，即使…     

Phospholipid species and minor sterols in French human milks

The purpose of the study was to characterise the phospholipid and sterol composition in four French breast milk samples, with an aim to highlight molecular lipid species of possible nutritional significance for infants. Main PL species were phosphatidylethanolamine (PE, 21.3 ± 4.7%), phosphatidylcholine (19.0 ± 2.2%) and sphingomyelin (43.3 ± 2.6%). PE contained more arachidonic acid (4.8%) than did other PL species (P < 0.001). PE and PS + PI contained the highest proportion of DHA among PL species (0.94% and 1.13%, respectively, P < 0.05). Several minor bioactive sterols were detected in the polar lipids of human milks, e.g., desmosterol, lathosterol, lanosterol, stigmasterol and β-sitosterol. The metabolic significance and health impact of this lipid consumption by the infant should thus be explored.