Remote sensing image segmentation based on spatially constrained Gaussian mixture model with unknown class number

In view of the traditional Gaussian mixture model (GMM),it was difficult to obtain the number of classes and sensitive to the noise.A remote sensing image segmentation method based on spatially constrained GMM with unknown number of classes was proposed.First,in the built GMM,prior probability that represented the membership between a pixel and one class was modeled as a Markov random field (MRF).In order to improve the sensitivity of noise,the smoothing factor was defined by combining the a posterior probability and the prior probability of neighboring pixels.For estimating the number of classes and the parameters of model,the reversible jump Markov chain Monte Carlo (RJMCMC) and maximum likelihood (ML) estimation were employed,respectively.Finally,by minimizing the smoothing factor the final segmentation was obtained.In order to verify the proposed segmentation method,the synthetic and real panchromatic images were tested.The experimental results show that the proposed method is feasible and effective.     

融合改进FT显著性与Grabcut的图像目标分割算法

针对目前复杂度较大的图像中目标分割速度较慢、显著性边界分割不明确等问题,提出了一种融合改进的FT（Frequency-tuned）显著性检测与Grabcut的图像分割算法。该算法首先通过改进基于频率调谐的FT显著性检测方法得到图像中显著性较高的区域,并利用SLIC（Simple Linear Iterative Clustering）算法对显著图进行预处理得到超像素图,能够有效改善边界的分割效果,然后通过以图论GraphCut算法为基础改进的Grabcut算法建立高斯混合模型。为了提高算法效率,通过聚类以超像素代替原像素,并反复迭代高斯混合模型（Gaussian Mixed Model,GMM）参数,最后利用最大流最小割算法得到最优目标分割结果。实验结果表明所提算法能够更准确更高效率地分割图像中的显著性目标,对高分辨率图像也有很好的适用效果,相比于其他算法在分割精度上提高10%左右,并具有较高的分割效率。     

Filament Preserving Model (FPM) Segmentation Applied to SAR Sea-Ice Imagery

Modeling spatial context constraints using a Markov random field (MRF) has been widely used in the segmentation of noisy images. Its applicability to synthetic aperture radar (SAR) sea-ice segmentation has also been demonstrated recently. However, most existing MRF models are not capable of preserving filaments, specifically leads and ridges for SAR sea ice, which are valuable for ship navigation applications and necessary for identifying certain ice types. In this paper, a new statistical context model is proposed that, within the same scene, can simultaneously preserve narrow elongated features while producing similar smooth segmentation results comparable to typical MRF-based approaches. Tested on one synthetic image and two SAR sea-ice scenes, this filament preserving model substantially improves classification accuracies when compared to standard Gaussian mixture and MRF-based segmentation algorithms     

Fuzzy local Gaussian mixture model for brain MR image segmentation

Accurate brain tissue segmentation from magnetic resonance (MR) images is an essential step in quantitative brain image analysis. However, due to the existence of noise and intensity inhomogeneity in brain MR images, many segmentation algorithms suffer from limited accuracy. In this paper, we assume that the local image data within each voxel's neighborhood satisfy the Gaussian mixture model (GMM), and thus propose the fuzzy local GMM (FLGMM) algorithm for automated brain MR image segmentation. This algorithm estimates the segmentation result that maximizes the posterior probability by minimizing an objective energy function, in which a truncated Gaussian kernel function is used to impose the spatial constraint and fuzzy memberships are employed to balance the contribution of each GMM. We compared our algorithm to state-of-the-art segmentation approaches in both synthetic and clinical data. Our results show that the proposed algorithm can largely overcome the difficulties raised by noise, low contrast, and bias field, and substantially improve the accuracy of brain MR image segmentation.     

基于概率神经网络改进的GrabCut算法

针对GrabCut算法在分割图像时效率低,且容易出现欠分割与过分割的问题,提出了一种基于概率神经网络(PNN)改进的GrabCut(PNN_GrabCut)算法。该算法用PNN模型替换GrabCut算法中的高斯混合模型(GMM)进行t-links权值计算,以提升算法的计算效率;通过构建前景和背景直方图,选取像素值出现频率较高的像素作为PNN模型的训练样本,以提高算法的分割精度。在公开的ADE20K数据集中选取图像进行分割实验,结果表明,PNN_GrabCut算法的分割精度优于其他对比算法,且效率较高。对前景与背景相似度高的图像进行分割实验,结果表明,PNN_GrabCut算法的分割精度明显高于GrabCut算法。     

A novel approach to motion segmentation based on gamma distribution

We provide a new motion segmentation method in image sequences based on gamma distribution. Motion segmentation is very important because it can be employed for video surveillance, object tracking, and action recognition. The Gaussian mixture model (GMM) has been widely used as a distribution model for motion segmentation. However, we found that the gamma distribution model is more suitable than the GMM for the optical flow based motion segmentation. Experimental results show that the proposed method is very effective in producing accurate motion segmentation results in image sequences.     

基于上下文和隐类属的小波域马尔可夫随机场SAR图像分割

该文针对合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar, SAR)图像含有大量的乘性斑点噪声的特点,提出了一种小波域隐类属的马尔可夫随机场(Markov Random Field, MRF)图像分割算法来抑制噪声的影响。考虑到小波的聚集性和持续性,该算法重新构造了待分图像小波域模型以类属为隐状态的混合长拖尾模型,将隐类属的马尔可夫随机场推广到小波域上,并用改进的上下文模型估计尺度间转移概率,最后推导出了新的最大后验(Maximum A Posteriori, MAP)分割公式。仿真结果证明,该算法具有鲁棒性能够有效地抑制噪声对图像的影响,得到准确的分割结果。     

New insight at level set & Gaussian mixture model for natural image segmentation

Level set method and Gaussian Mixture model (GMM) are two very valuable tools for natural image segmentation. The former aims to acquire good geometrical continuity of segmentation boundaries, while the latter focuses on analyzing statistical properties of image feature data. Some studies on the integration between them have been reported due to their complementarity in the last 10 years. However, these studies generally supposed that the image-featured data density distribution of every segmented domain is independent with each other and can be separately approximated by Gaussian model or GMM, which conflicts with the fundamental idea of GMM clustering-based image segmentation. To remedy this problem, we give a new insight at image segmentation objective under the combined framework between Bayesian theory and GMM density approximation. Thereby, a novel level set image segmentation method integrated with GMM (GMMLS) is proposed. Then, the theoretical analysis on GMMLS is given, in which some valuable results are demonstrated. At last, several types of natural image segmentation experiments are reported and the corresponding results indicate that GMMLS can obtain better or at least equivalent performance compared with existing relevant methods in almost all cases.     

A tree-structured Markov random field model for Bayesian image segmentation

We present a new image segmentation algorithm based on a tree-structured binary MRF model. The image is recursively segmented in smaller and smaller regions until a stopping condition, local to each region, is met. Each elementary binary segmentation is obtained as the solution of a MAP estimation problem, with the region prior modeled as an MRF. Since only binary fields are used, and thanks to the tree structure, the algorithm is quite fast, and allows one to address the cluster validation problem in a seamless way. In addition, all field parameters are estimated locally, allowing for some spatial adaptivity. To improve segmentation accuracy, a split-and-merge procedure is also developed and a spatially adaptive MRF model is used. Numerical experiments on multispectral images show that the proposed algorithm is much faster than a similar reference algorithm based on "flat" MRF models, and its performance, in terms of segmentation accuracy and map smoothness, is comparable or even superior.     

自适应类别的层次高斯混合模型遥感影像分割

为了实现自动确定类别数的高精度遥感影像分割,提出一种自适应类别的层次高斯混合模型（Hierarchical Gaussian Mixture Model,HGMM）遥感影像分割算法.提出算法采用多个高斯混合模型加权和定义HGMM,用于建模具有非对称,重尾和多峰等复杂特性的影像统计模型.采用期望最大化算法（Expectation Maximization,EM）求解模型参数.为了实现自动确定类别数,采用贝叶斯信息准则（Bayesian Information Criterion,BIC）求解最优类别数,其中惩罚项采用加权像素数定义.为了验证提出算法可行性和有效性,对模拟和全色遥感影像进行分割实验,并对分割结果进行定性和定量分析.结果表明HGMM具有准确建模复杂统计分布的能力,提出算法具有高精度和高效率,同时可自动确定最优类别数.     

马尔可夫随机场在SAR图像处理中的应用

马尔可夫随机场（MRF）可以很好地描述空间连续性，选择适当的邻域系统，能对图像的结构特征建模。利用以能量函数表示的联合概率分布，可以使用优化算法进行参数估计。高斯MRF能够准确、简洁地表示图像的纹理，而且具有线性特性，计算方便。本文回顾了在SAR图像处理中使用的MRF模型，详细说明了其中2种在图像复原及分割中的应用。     

基于MRF模型的可靠的图像分割

本文提出一种可靠的图象分割算法。基于实际图象是分割图像叠加了不规则噪声的假设,用ＭＦＲ模型描述分割图象的先验分布,用被污染的高斯分布描述待分割的图像。采用Ｂａｙｅｓ方法,根据分割图像的后验分布所对应的ＭＲＦ模型的条件概率,用ＩＣＭ局部优化方法,获得ＭＡＰ准则下的图像分割结果。该算法与Ｌａｋｓｈｍａｎａｎ等提出的算法相比,具有更好的可靠性,实验结果是令人满意的。     

基于视觉感知和MARMA-MRF模型的SAR图像分割

模拟人类视觉感知机制,提出了一种基于多尺度 自回归滑动平均(MARMA,multiscale auto-regressive and moving average model)模型 和Markov随机场(MRF,markov random field)的合成孔径雷达(SAR)图像分割新方法。首先 ,分析人类视觉感知系统的工作机制 和特点,利用SAR的成像机理,构建了SAR图像的金字塔结构和MARMA模型, 以此模拟视觉过程中的空间尺度和朝向感知机制;然后,通过不同尺度上的MRF模型和改 进的模拟退火(SA)算法实现更有效的多尺度分割策略。实验结果表明,本文提出的方法在SA R图像分割任务中有非常良好的表现。     

Statistical approach to segmentation of single-channel cerebral MRimages

A statistical model is presented that represents the distributions of major tissue classes in single-channel magnetic resonance (MR) cerebral images. Using the model, cerebral images are segmented into gray matter, white matter, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The model accounts for random noise, magnetic field inhomogeneities, and biological variations of the tissues. Intensity measurements are modeled by a finite Gaussian mixture. Smoothness and piecewise contiguous nature of the tissue regions are modeled by a three-dimensional (3-D) Markov random field (MRF). A segmentation algorithm, based on the statistical model, approximately finds the maximum a posteriori (MAP) estimation of the segmentation and estimates the model parameters from the image data. The proposed scheme for segmentation is based on the iterative conditional modes (ICM) algorithm in which measurement model parameters are estimated using local information at each site, and the prior model parameters are estimated using the segmentation after each cycle of iterations. Application of the algorithm to a sample of clinical MR brain scans, comparisons of the algorithm with other statistical methods, and a validation study with a phantom are presented. The algorithm constitutes a significant step toward a complete data driven unsupervised approach to segmentation of MR images in the presence of the random noise and intensity inhomogeneities     

复杂背景下的运动目标分割与阴影消除

针对目前运动对象分割不完整,以及存在阴影和鬼影对运动目标分割的影响,提出了一种基于复杂背景下的运动目标分割与阴影消除方法.首先利用高斯混合模型进行初始背景建模并提取初始前景对象,将当前视频帧和背景模型进行差分运算,且通过多尺度小波变换时空域特征,将多尺度分析和图像分割相结合,压制阴影并消除鬼影对运动目标分割的影响而得到...     

Robust Student's-t mixture model with spatial constraints and its application in medical image segmentation

Finite mixture model based on the Student's-t distribution, which is heavily tailed and more robust than Gaussian, has recently received great attention for image segmentation. A new finite Student's-t mixture model (SMM) is proposed in this paper. Existing models do not explicitly incorporate the spatial relationships between pixels. First, our model exploits Dirichlet distribution and Dirichlet law to incorporate the local spatial constrains in an image. Secondly, we directly deal with the Student's-t distribution in order to estimate the model parameters, whereas, the Student's-t distributions in previous models are represented as an infinite mixture of scaled Gaussians that lead to an increase in complexity. Finally, instead of using expectation maximization (EM) algorithm, the proposed method adopts the gradient method to minimize the higher bound on the data negative log-likelihood and to optimize the parameters. The proposed model is successfully compared to the state-of-the-art finite mixture models. Numerical experiments are presented where the proposed model is tested on various simulated and real medical images.     

基于统计特征的非理想虹膜图像分割方法

由于退化条 件的存在,非理想虹膜识别的关键在于正确 分割虹膜区域,这一区域包含能 够用于个体识别的纹理。本文提出了一种基于统计特性的非理想虹膜图像分割方法,包括内 边界定位、外边界定位和眼睑检 测3个阶段。在内边界定位阶段,通过高斯混合(GMM)模型及多弦长均衡策略,实现对瞳 孔及虹膜中心的精确定位;在外边界定 位阶段,利用简化的基于区域信息的曲线演化方法,将其与序统计滤波(OSF)结合,以确保 曲线收敛至虹膜外边界;在 眼睑检测阶段,利用二次曲线对眼睑进行建模。对多个数据库进行实验的结果表明,本 文 方法能够有效克服反光、睫毛和 眼睑遮挡、外边界模糊等不利因素的影响,精确实现了非理想虹膜图像的分割。     

一种全自动的MSTAR SAR目标图像分割方法

狄利克雷过程混合模型(Dirichlet Process Mixture,DPM)作为一种非参数概率统计模型,可以有效应用于SAR图像的非监督分类。文中提出一种全自动的MSTAR坦克SAR图像分割方法。该方法首先基于DPM确定出图像中的类别数目,接着使用马尔科夫随机场(Markov Random Field,MRF)对所得图像类别概率的空间邻域关系进行描述,然后结合标号代价能量优化算法获取最终的分割结果。该方法在不需要人为指定待分割图像类别个数的同时,能较好地保证分割结果的合理性与连贯性。在MSTAR SAR数据上的实验表明了其有效性。     

EPLL image restoration with a bounded asymmetrical Student’s-t mixture model

The expected patch log-likelihood (EPLL) model is a patch prior-based image restoration method which received extensive attention in image processing in recent years for its outstanding ability to preserve the detail and structure. However, due to using the Gaussian mixture model (GMM) with the noise sensitivity as the local prior, the EPLL model suffers from undesired artifact and poor robustness frequently. In this paper, to restrain the generation of artifact of EPLL model, we replace the GMM with a bounded asymmetrical Student’s-t mixture model (BASMM), which is sufficiently flexible to fit different shapes of image data, such as non-Gaussian, non-symmetric, and bounded support data. Then, the anisotropic nonlocal self-similarity (ANSS) based regularization parameters are designed to improve the robustness of the proposed model. Experimental results demonstrate the competitiveness of our proposed model compared with that of state-of-the-art methods in performance both visually and quantitatively.     

A segmentation model using compound Markov random fields based on a boundary model.

Markov random field (MRF) theory has been widely applied to the challenging problem of image segmentation. In this paper, we propose a new nontexture segmentation model using compound MRFs, in which the original label MRF is coupled with a new boundary MRF to help improve the segmentation performance. The boundary model is relatively general and does not need prior training on boundary patterns. Unlike some existing related work, the proposed method offers a more compact interaction between label and boundary MRFs. Furthermore, our boundary model systematically takes into account all the possible scenarios of a single edge existing in a 3 x 3 neighborhood and, thus, incorporates sophisticated prior information about the relation between label and boundary. It is experimentally shown that the proposed model can segment objects with complex boundaries and at the same time is able to work under noise corruption. The new method has been applied to medical image segmentation. Experiments on synthetic images and real clinical datasets show that the proposed model is able to produce more accurate segmentation results and satisfactorily keep the delicate boundary. It is also less sensitive to noise in both high and low signal-to-noise ratio regions than some of the existing models in common use.