Electroanalytical studies on cadmium(II) selective potentiometric sensors based on t-butyl thiacalix[4]arene and thiacalix[4]arene in poly(vinyl chloride)

Cd²⁺-selective sensors have been fabricated from poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) matrix membranes containing t-butyl thiacalix[4]arene (I) and thiacalix[4]arene (II) as electroactive materials. The addition of sodium tetraphenylborate and the plasticizer 2-nitrophenyl octyl ether has been found to improve the performance of the sensors substantially. The membranes of various compositions of the two thiacalixarenes have been investigated and it was found that the best performance was obtained for the membrane of composition II:PVC:NaTPB:NPOE in the ratio 5:120:3:150. The sensor shows a linear potential response for Cd²⁺ over a wide activity range 3.2 × 10⁻⁶ to 1.0 × 10⁻¹ M with Nernstian compliance (29.5 mV decade⁻¹ of activity) in pH range 4.5-6.5 and a fast response time of ∼8 s. The potentiometric selectivity coefficient values determined by matched potential method indicate excellent selectivity for Cd²⁺ ions over mono-, di- and trivalent interfering cations. The sensor exhibits adequate shelf life (∼3 months) with good reproducibility (S.D. ±0.2 mV) and can also be used in partially non-aqueous media having up to 20% (v/v) methanol, ethanol or acetone content with no significant change in the value of slope or working activity range. The sensor has been used in the potentiometric titration of Cd²⁺ with EDTA. The sensor could be successfully used for the quantification of cadmium in river water samples.     

Coordination and Organometallic Polymers and Oligomers of Upper-Rim Functionalized Calix[4]arenes by Transition Metals

This short review focuses on recent advances in the syntheses, characterization and structures of coordination and organometallic complexes of upper-rim functionalized calix[4]arenes that form either small oligomers or polymers. This field is very limited, presumably due to the lack of X-ray data or reliable characterization that demonstrates the presence of oligomers or polymers. Nonetheless, the few published works already clearly demonstrate the immense versatility of the calix[4]arene macrocycle as it forms polymeric materials via coordination bondings with transition metals.     

Voltammetric characterization of selective potassium ion transfer across micro-water/1,2-dichloroethane interface facilitated by a novel calix[4]arene derivative

In this study, transfer reactions of alkali and alkaline-earth metal ions across a micro-water/1,2-dichloroethane (1,2-DCE) interface facilitated by a novel calix[4]arene derivative, 5,11,17,23-tetra-tert-butyl-25,27-bis(2′amino-methylpyridine)-26,28-dihydroxy calix[4]arene (APHC4), were investigated by cyclic and differential pulse voltammetry techniques. Well-defined voltammetric behavior was obtained only for K⁺ ion among the used metal ions. The electrochemical data were used to determine the stoichiometry and the appropriate association constant of the occurring complex between K⁺ ion and APHC4. The obtained steady-state voltammograms indicated that the facilitated transfer process occurs with a TIC/TID mechanism according to 1:1 stoichiometry. The logarithm of the association constant () of K(APHC4)⁺ complex in the DCE phase was calculated to be 6.32. Also, the availability of the facilitated transfer for the design of an amperometric screening sensor for K⁺ ion was evaluated in the range of 50–500 μmol dm⁻³.     

Preparation and characterization of p-tert-butyl thiacalix[4]arene imbedded flexible polyurethane foam: An efficient novel cationic dye adsorbent

In this study, a new type of flexible polyurethane foam containing p-tert-butyl thiacalix[4]arene (TC4A) macrocycle was synthesized. TC4A macrocycle was incorporated into polyurethane foam as a part of crosslinking agent as well as glycerol. Structural, morphological, thermal and mechanical properties of this prepared foam were studied and compared with a polyurethane foam based on only glycerol as crosslinking agent, by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), and dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA). The effect of introduction of TC4A crosslinker on cream time, rise time, apparent density, and water absorbency of the PU foams was evaluated. Moreover, it was shown that new TC4A-based polyurethane foam (TC-PUF) can be a high performance adsorbent for removal of malachite green from aqueous media using batch adsorption technique. The adsorption results indicated that TC-PUF has a high adsorption capacity of 58.82 mg/g for malachite green due to the presence of TC4A macrocycles in the structure of polyurethane foam. The kinetics of adsorption of malachite green was also investigated using the pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order kinetic models. The results of kinetic studies showed that the adsorption of malachite green onto TC-PUF followed pseudo-second-order kinetic model.     

氨基硫脲基新型杯[4]芳烃衍生物的合成

通过1,3-环氧丙基杯[4]烃与硫代氨基脲开环反应,合成硫代氨基脲基杯[4]芳烃衍生物,研究了其对阳离子的吸附性能后发现,与其他氨基杯芳烃相比,该衍生物对铜离子的吸附性能较好,并且有很好的选择性。     

Electrochemical response of ferrocenium filled calix[4]arene capsules in solution and immobilized on gold

Hydrogen-bonded dimers of tetra-urea calix[4]arenes are able to include ferrocenium ions as a guest. Heterodimeric capsules are exclusively formed in 1:1 mixtures of tetra-arylurea calix[4]arene 1 with tetra-tosylurea calix[4]arene 2. Sulfide groups attached via spacers on the urea rim of 1 allow their binding to metal surfaces rendering simultaneously their dissociation more difficult. Thus, the electrochemical response of encapsulated ferrocenium could be studied in a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) in addition to the solution electrochemistry with cyclic voltammetry. The stability of the electrochemically active monolayers was tested after a heat treatment (225 °C for 30 min in N₂ atmosphere) and multiple cycling (up to 1200 cycles), which could be required for a possible application as molecular based information storage.     

杯[4]芳烃醚类衍生物的合成(Ⅱ)

以对叔丁基苯酚和甲醛为起始原料，通过选用不同的催化剂，合成了一系列新的杯[4]芳烃的四醚化衍生物，并对其结构用IR、^1HNMR、^13CNMR、MR进行了表征。     

Spectrophotometric and electrochemical behavior of a novel azocalix[4]arene derivative as a highly selective chromogenic chemosensor for Cr

In this study, a novel azocalix[4]arene derivative, 5,11,17-tris[(1-naphtyl)azo]-25,26,27,28-tetrahydroxy-calix[4]arene (NAC4) bearing napthyl groups on the upper rim was synthesized. Its complexation behavior for alkali, alkaline-earth and various heavy metal ions (Li⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, Rb⁺, Cs⁺, Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, Sr²⁺, Ba²⁺, Pb²⁺, Hg²⁺, Ni²⁺, Cd²⁺, Cu²⁺, Zn²⁺, Co²⁺, Fe²⁺, Cr³⁺, Ag⁺) was investigated by spectroscopic and voltammetric methods. This chemosensor exhibits decreased absorbance in the presence of Hg²⁺ and a unique absorbance quenching effect only for Cr³⁺. In addition, a new absorption band centered at 565 nm with the formation of the 1:1 host–guest complex (Cr³⁺-NAC4) was observed in the case of Cr³⁺, leading to an obvious color change from light orange to dark lilac. In voltammetric experiments, Cr³⁺ ions decreased voltammetric peaks of NAC4, whereas no significant changes occurred in the presence of the other metal ions. The Benesi–Hildebrand method was used to determine a logarithmic value of 3.76 for the association constant of the complex between Cr³⁺ and NAC4.     

Highly selective separation and recovery of Pd(II) from the automotive catalyst residue with the thiocarbamoyl substituted azothiacalix[4]arene derivative

New ligand, namely, 5, 11, 17, 23-tetrakis-((p-chlorophenyl) azo)-25,26,27,28-tetrakis ((dimethylthio carbamoyl)oxy) thiacalix[4]arene (CADTTCA), has been investigated for separation and recovery of Pd(II) through solvent extraction technique. Experimental parameters such as contact time, diluents, effect of H⁺ and Cl^? concentration, and acid durability have been thoroughly investigated. The loading capacity toward Pd(II) was determined to be 113 mg/L using 0.25 mM CADTTCA. The extractant showed high selectivity and extractability for Pd(II) than the other metal ions present in automotive catalyst residue (ACR) solution containing platinum group (PGMs) metal ions (i.e., Pd(II), Pt(IV), Rh(II), La(III), Al(III) and Ce(III)). The recovery percentage of Pd(II) was 98% after five extraction-scrubbing-stripping cycles. The probable extraction mechanisms were established through the FT-IR spectral analysis.     

六（4-羟甲基苯氧基）环三膦腈的合成研究

比较了合成星形聚合物原料-六（4-羟甲基苯氧基）环三膦腈的两条路线,并改进了较好路线的中间产物六（4-甲酰苯氧基）环三膦腈的合成条件。结果表明,以4-二甲氨基吡啶和三乙胺为缚酸剂,用4-羟基苯甲醛与六氯环三膦腈一锅煮反应,合成六（4-甲酰苯氧基）环三膦腈,再用NaBH4还原,是合成六（4-羟甲基苯氧基）环三膦腈的较好方法。     

对叔丁基杯[4]芳烃包合物对聚乳酸结晶过程的影响

以对叔丁基杯[4]芳烃(tBC4)为主体,甲苯、邻二甲苯、间二甲苯、对二甲苯为客体分子,制备4种tBC4包合物tBC4-t、tBC4-ox、tBC4-mx、tBC4-px。考察了tBC4包合物对左旋聚乳酸(PLLA)结晶性能及结晶形态的影响。结果表明,tBC4包合物能将PLLA的结晶峰值温度(T_p)提高近7℃;进一步研究发现几种包合物在经高温后,客体小分子逃逸,样品均改变为相同的晶体结构,因此对PLLA成核有相同的影响;此外,含有成核剂的PLLA球晶尺寸小于空白PLLA的球晶尺寸,成核剂的加入不改变PLLA球晶生长的方式。     

Preparation and behavior of calix[4]arene‐containing organosilicone resins (I)

Two organosilicone resins (PCSN and PCSNN) were prepared from 1,3‐bis‐glycidyl‐p‐tert‐butyl‐calix[4]arene(BGC) via condensation with triethoxyaminopropylsilane or triethoxy‐4‐azo‐6‐aminohexylsilane, followed by copolymerization with tetraethoxysilane, respectively. The resins exhibit high thermostability and adsorb nitrogen under elevation temperature. The adsorption capacity of PCSN and PCSNN toward Mg(II), Cu(II), Pb(II), Hg(II), and Au(III) cations was determined and the thermodynamic parameter of the resins toward Au(III) ion was deduced. Human serum protein was also adsorbed on the resins. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 80: 58–64, 2001     

4-[3-(4-氨基苯氧基)苯氧基]苯胺的合成研究

以间苯二酚和对硝基氯化苯为原料经醚化和水合肼还原合成了聚酰亚胺的二胺单体4-[3-(4-氨基苯氧基)苯氧基]苯胺,总收率为79.8%,HPLC面积归一法测定目的产物为99.56%。并用元素分析和红外光谱对产物进行了表征。     

4-[2'-(反式-4-正丙基环己基)乙基]环己酮的合成

以反式-4-正丙基环己基甲酸和4-羰基环己基甲酸乙酯为原料,通过羧酸还原、溴代反应、羰基保护、酯还原、格氏反应、水解、醇脱水、加氢等8步反应合成了乙烷类液晶中间体4-[2’-(反式-4-正丙基环己基)乙基]环己酮,熔点34.56℃。并用气相-质谱(GC-MS)、红外光谱(IR)、核磁共振氢谱(1H NMR)确认了结构。     

5-[2-(乙硫基)丙基]-1,3-环己二酮的合成工艺研究

研究优化了合成烯草酮、烯禾定以及cloproxydim等环己烯酮类除草剂的重要中间体5-[2-(乙硫基)丙基]-1,3-环己二酮的合成方法.首先,巴豆醛与乙硫醇在三乙胺中高收率制得3-乙硫基丁醛,然后以乙酰乙酸甲酯为原料,通过碱水解、与3-乙硫基丁醛缩和、脱水三步反应合成6-乙硫基庚烷-3-烯-2-酮,接着6-乙硫基庚烷-3-烯-2-酮与丙二酸二甲酯经Michael加成和Claisen缩合,再通过皂化和脱羧反应生成目标化合物5-[2-(乙硫基)丙基]-1,3-环己二酮,主要中间产物以及目标产品均与标准品对照,经液质联用确认.     

N-甲基-2-[4-(4-氯苯氧基)苯氧基]乙酰胺的合成

在无水碳酸钾存在下,N,N-二甲基甲酰胺为溶剂,由2-氯乙酰甲胺和4-苯氧基苯酚反应,制备了N-甲基-2-(4-苯氧基苯氧基)乙酰胺。而后,以乙腈和四氯化碳为混合溶剂,磺酰氯和N-甲基-2-(4-苯氧基苯氧基)乙酰胺反应,得到目的产物。着重考察了反应温度、反应时间、物料摩尔比对目的产物收率的影响。从而确定了产物的合成工艺条件为:反应温度40℃,反应时间5 h,n[N-甲基-2-(4-苯氧基苯氧基)乙酰胺]∶n(磺酰氯)=1∶1.4;在此条件下,产物的收率达80%以上。经IR、MS1、H NMR确定为N-甲基-2-[4-(4-氯苯氧基)苯氧基]乙酰胺。     

Synthesis,extraction, and adsorption properties of calix[4]arene‐poly(ethylene‐glycol) crosslinked polymer

Novel calix[4]arene‐poly(ethylene glycol) crosslinked polymer (CCP) has been synthesized by the polycondensation reaction between a p‐tert‐butylcalix[4]arene derivative and dihydroxyl capped poly(ethylene glycol) (DHPEG, M_n = 1000) catalyzed by neodymium tosylate. The hydrogel, consisted of 66.9% water and 33.1% CCP, can selectively extract aromatic organic molecules from aqueous solution according to the diameter of the guest molecules, which infers that the diameter of the calix[4]arene cavity is about 5.4 Å and the conformation of calix[4]arene units altered from cone conformation to 1,3‐alternate conformation during the polycondensation reaction. Furthermore, CCP can also adsorb naphthalene from gas phase, showing much higher capacity than active carbon does, which may have some potential applications in the field of separation and environment protection. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008     

2-(1-H-四唑)-4’-甲基联苯的合成

以2-氰基-4'-甲基联苯(Ⅱ)为原料,与氨基钠反应得到2-脒基-4'-甲基联苯(Ⅲ),该化合物与水合肼发生取代反应得到4'-甲基-[1,1'-联苯]-2-甲酰胺酰肼(Ⅳ),最后在酸性条件下与亚硝酸钠发生闭环反应得到2-(1-H-四唑)-4'-甲基联苯(Ⅰ),总收率达到81%,其结构经1HNMR和MS确证。     

Calix[4]arene‐filled poly dimethylsiloxane (PDMS) membranes for the pervaporative removal of benzene from dilute aqueous solution

In this article, tert‐butylcalix [4]arene (CA)‐filled poly dimethylsiloxane (PDMS) membranes (CA‐f‐PDMS) were prepared for pervaporative removal of benzene from aqueous solution. In comparison with unfilled PDMS membrane, CA‐f‐PDMS membranes showed higher permselectivity towards benzene due to the inclusion interaction between benzene and CA. The separation factor increased from 3275 to 5604 when the CA content varies from 0 to 3 wt % in the PDMS membrane. On the other hand, the normalized permeation rate of benzene (NPR_b) decreased with the increase of the degree of crystallization of the membranes due to the crystallinity of CA. The membrane with 1 wt % CA content had the highest degree of crystallization and thus the lowest NPR_b, whereas the membrane with 3 wt % CA content was the opposite. Furthermore, the addition of CA increased the elastic modulus of membranes slightly. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 90–100, 2006