生态建筑设计中绿化技术的运用探究

本文首先是对绿化技术、生态建筑以及生态建筑设计进行简单介绍,接着主要是分析了绿化技术在生态建筑设计中的应用,从而促进建筑与环境的协调发展。     

谈适宜技术生态建筑

介绍了＂适宜技术生态建筑＂的技术特征、应用价值和设计策略,并结合设计实例对技术策略进行了具体的阐述,强调了＂适宜技术生态建筑＂对化解环境危机的重要性,以促进适宜技术生态建筑的推广应用。     

探析生态建筑设计的运用和发展

生态建筑就目前而言已经算不上一个新理念,生态建筑设计从20世纪中期就已经开始发展,直至今日,可以说生态建筑设计是将来建筑发展的一个必然趋势,所以眼下必须重视生态建筑设计,跟上时代发展的步伐,让生态建筑设计技术预计运用方法上取得进一步实践,本文就是以生态建筑为主体,对该技术的运用和发展进行探讨。     

生态建筑设计初探

对生态建筑的概念、特征及设计原则进行了介绍,对当今比较关注的、与生态有关的建筑问题进行了探讨,从太阳能新技术、新材料、雨水收集和水的循环利用几方面阐述了生态建筑设计的现代技术,以促进生态建筑设计的可持续发展。     

生态建筑设计

我国正在实施可持续发展战略,生态建筑设计将可持续发展观念融入到社会的建设中,是以后建筑的主流发展方向。本文从生态建筑的设计理念,生态建筑的设计特点和生态建筑常用技术三个方面来探讨生态建筑设计。强调了生态建筑设计的以人为本、节能高效、绿色友好等原则;并简单谈及了一些目前生态建筑常用的新兴建材。总结了目前生态建筑设计的常用策略,主要为对可再生自然资源的回收利用,使用新型环保材料,建筑废物的处理系统等。     

生态建筑设计中的自然光利用技术探讨

从生态技术与设计方法入手,对诱导式采光设计、诱导式恒温恒湿围护结构设计、诱导式中庭气候交换系统等生态建筑设计中自然光利用的方法进行了介绍,为生态建筑中的自然光利用技术设计提供重要依据。     

智能生态建筑思想与设计方法

智能生态建筑思想是高技建筑和生态建筑两种建筑设计思想相互融合、影响而产生的高技术生态建筑设计思想。这一全新的设计思想以可持续发展的生态策略为思想基础、以智能控制技术和新型材料技术为设计基础。本文试从智能生态建筑设计思想的产生背景、智能控制与智能建筑、智能生态建筑概念的演变、智能生态建筑设计方法、设计实践等方面谈谈这一全新的建筑设计思想及其发展状。     

建筑设计中适宜技术生态策略的研究

该文分析了目前我国生态建筑实践的现状,通过对适宜技术生态建筑概念的界定,介绍了适宜技术生态建筑的特征,并结合在实际工程中的实践经验,总结了适宜技术生态建筑设计中所运用的一些手法和策略.     

关于生态建筑的认识与思考

介绍了生态建筑对人类可持续发展的作用及重要性,讲述了生态建筑的由来,阐述了生态建筑的设计准则及其道德基础,呼吁与环境共呼吸的建筑生态设计观,提倡各种建筑生态技术的应用,以发展生态建筑。     

生态建筑集成设计体系研究

"集成设计"是现代生态建筑设计的重要原则。生态建筑集成设计体系涵盖建筑优化、能源优化、材料优化、环境优化、控制优化和经济优化等六个方面,每个方面又有各自的子系统和技术体系。利用生态建筑集成设计体系,建筑师可以全面把握生态建筑设计。     

城外造景：清末广州景园营造与岭南 园林的近代转型

清末广州中西交汇,景园营造新旧共存互动,推 动岭南园林的近代转型。其中,在繁荣的中西贸易和文化交 流,以及书院文化、士绅文化等的影响下,清末岭南形成了 以广州为中心、十三行行商为代表、官商士绅竞相造园的特 殊历史时期,其造园数量、规模、意匠等均在该时期达到岭 南古典园林发展的巅峰。这一时期也是岭南园林近代转型的 关键时期。在西方文化和清末洋务运动思想的影响下,广州 开始出现洋务花园、公园、市政绿化,以及校园绿地等新型 园林形式。这些具有公共性质的城市景致与新建私园一道广 泛分布在城墙以外,成为清末广州城市空间拓展与风景体系 形成的重要参与者。由于清末广州城外造景的繁荣,从时间 上开启了岭南园林的近代转型,在空间上使岭南园林的地域 性特征得以形成和辨识,其空间性与时间性界定了清末岭南 园林近代转型的物质及文化维度。梳理了清末广州具有代表 性的景园营造活动,在分析其动力机制的同时,探讨城外造 景之于岭南园林近代转型的意义。     

Alteration of arsenopyrite in soils under different vegetation covers

The weathering of arsenopyrite (FeAsS) has been monitored in soils using an in situ experimental approach. Arsenopyrite in nylon experimental bags was placed in individual horizons in soils in spruce (litter, horizons A, B, and C), beech (litter, horizons A, B, and C) and unforested (horizons A, B, and C) areas and left in contact with the soil for a period of 1 year. The individual areas on the ridge of the Krušné hory Mts., Czech Republic, had the same lithology, climatic and environmental conditions. Scorodite (FeAsO₄·2H₂O) was identified as a principal secondary mineral of arsenic (As) formed directly on the surface of the arsenopyrite. Scorodite was formed in all the areas in all soil horizons. The amount of scorodite formed decreased in the series beech, spruce and unforested areas. In forested areas, there was a larger amount of scorodite on arsenopyrites exposed in organic horizons (litter, A horizon). The greater rate of arsenopyrite alteration in organic horizons in the beech stand compared to spruce stand is probably a result of faster mineralization of organic material with resulting production of nitrate and better seepage conditions of soil in this area. Speciation of As determined using the sequential extraction technique demonstrated that As was bonded in the soils primarily in the residual fractions prior to the experiment. The As content in the mobile fractions increased in the organic horizon in the forested areas after the experiments.     

化学溶液和干湿循环作用下砂岩抗剪强度劣化试验及化学热力学分析

 为研究化学溶液和干湿循环共同作用下砂岩抗剪强度的劣化机制,在不同pH环境下,通过不同干湿循环次数后的单轴、三轴试验,计算出砂岩的黏聚力和内摩擦角,同时得到其与循环次数的关系式,进而获得砂岩在浸泡环境下抗剪强度随干湿循环次数的变化公式。根据砂岩的组成矿物及其百分含量,得到各种主要组成矿物在中性、碱性、酸性溶液中溶解的化学反应方程式,利用化学热力学的基本原理,确定各主要矿物在中性、碱性、酸性溶液浸泡下能否稳定。为了验证分析的正确性,对浸泡溶液中的部分离子(Ca2+,SiO2,Na+,K+)浓度进行测试。结果表明,酸性环境下,砂岩抗剪强度劣化最为严重,碱性次之,中性最轻。在酸性环境中,对抗剪强度影响较大的胶结物主要组成成分(长石、方解石)的性质不稳定,溶解反应能自发进行,而碱性环境中,对强度影响较小的骨料主要组成成分(石英)的性质不稳定,溶解反应能自发进行。酸性浸泡液中,方解石、钾长石、钠长石溶解出的Ca2+,K+,Na+的浓度明显高于中性和碱性液中Ca2+,Na+,K+的浓度,而碱性溶液中,石英溶解出的SiO2的浓度明显高于中性和酸性液中SiO2的浓度,与热力学分析结果一致。     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in agricultural soil and vegetables from Tianjin

Several types of vegetables were collected from two contaminated sites in Tianjin, China. The bulk soil and the rhizosphere soil samples were also collected from the same plots. Sixteen PAHs in the samples were measured. The total concentrations of PAH16 in the bulk soil from the two sites were 1.08 and 6.25 microg/g, respectively, with similar pattern. The concentrations of PAH16 and individual compounds in the rhizosphere were significantly higher than those in the bulk soil with mean values of 2.25 and 7.82 microg/g for the two sites, respectively. The contents of both total and dissolved organic matter in the rhizosphere were also higher than those in the bulk soil. Almost all PAH compounds studied were detected in both roots and aerial parts of the vegetables studied. Abundance of higher molecular weight PAHs in vegetable, however, was lower than that in soil. Concentrations of PAH16 in vegetable were higher than those reported in the literature for other areas. It appears that agricultural soils and vegetables in Tianjin, especially those from the site located immediately next to an urban district and irrigated with wastewater for several decades, are severely contaminated by PAHs. Among the eight types of vegetable studied, the highest concentration of PAHs was found in cauliflower. By average, the concentration of PAH16 in the aerial part of vegetables was 6.5 times higher as that in vegetable root, suggesting that foliar uptake is the primary transfer pathway of PAHs from environment to vegetables.     

Levels, fluxes and time trends of persistent organic pollutants in Lake Thun, Switzerland: Combining trace analysis and multimedia modeling

Levels, mass fluxes, and time trends of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in Lake Thun, a peri-Alpine lake, are investigated. We present measurements of PBDEs and PCBs in air, lake water, lake sediment, and tributary water. These measurements are combined with a multimedia fate model, based on site-specific environmental parameters from the lake catchment. Measured loadings of PBDEs and PCBs in air and tributaries were used to drive the model. The model satisfactorily reproduces PBDE and PCB congener patterns in water and sediment, but it tends to yield concentrations in water below the measurements and concentrations in sediment exceeding the measurements. A sensitivity analysis reveals that partitioning of PBDEs and PCBs between the aqueous dissolved phase and suspended particulate matter in the water column strongly affects the model results, in particular the concentrations in water and sediment. For lower-brominated PBDEs, approximately 70% and 30% of input into the lake stems from atmospheric deposition and from tributaries, respectively. For heavier PBDEs and all PCBs, rivers appear to deliver the major load (64-92%). Waste water effluents are of minor importance. 50-90% of the total input is buried in the permanent sediment. Sediment burial makes PBDEs and PCBs less available for recycling in the environment, and reduces concentrations in the outflowing river. If use of deca-BDE increases in the future, levels in Lake Thun will follow the same trend. If the use and resulting environmental emissions decrease, concentrations in water will rapidly decline, according to our calculations, while sediment levels will decrease at a considerably slower rate.     

中国绿道规划建设实践——从提级统筹到制度并轨

绿道在中国经过多年实践发展,在理论内涵、规划选线、综合效益等各方面都已有许多成果支撑.基于可公开获取的一系列文献资料,立足于绿道在中国各省市近20年的具体实践过程,梳理绿道在规划体系中的角色转变、在指标设置中的逐步细化和在管控上的落实方式,总结绿道实践在中国从提级统筹、常态认同到制度并轨3个阶段的发展变化,在展望绿道后...     

城市化进程下的南京近代园林类型与 分布演变

近代南京是中国最早开启近代化建设和提出绿地系统的城市之一,园林类型主体由私家园林向公共绿地扩展,绿地的功能与权属发生变化。基于Arc GIS平台,结合空间句法和分形理论,探讨了城市化进程下南京近代园林的类型和分布演变。研究表明：1)近代园林数量呈倒“V”形生长,清末主要为私家园林和宗教园林,民国以别墅园林、城市公园、公建附属园林为主;2)清末集中于城南,民国向城北扩展;城东园林较少,近代园林南北方向扩展能力远大于东西方向;3)近代园林主要分布于城北住宅和文教区及路网整合度较高、公共交通发达且地价小于30元/方丈的区域。总结了近代园林类型、分布与城市近代化转型背景、社会生活的变迁及中西文化交流融合的影响关系,为划定近代园林保护范围、塑造“民国文化看南京”的城市品牌提供依据。     

Cell phones for the spirits: ancestor worship and ritual economies in vietnam and its diasporas

Religion has been thriving in the Socialist Republic of Vietnam since ??i m?i, the onset of market reforms in the late 1980s. Votive paper offerings, part of spiritual and economic well-being, play a crucial role in performing religious practices in the socialist country as well as among diasporic Vietnamese. In urban Hanoi, material objects made from paper are traded in marketplaces and later burned in the streets, in temples and pagodas, in private yards and other places on special occasions in order to be transmitted to the ancestors. In the past few years, the range of votive paper offerings produced, traded, and sent to the deceased has expanded to include new forms and references to new media. Drawing on recent debates in the role of media in religion and in particular on technologies of mediation, I focus on the use of votive paper offerings in the sociocultural context of the Vietnamese spirit world. I explore how new media and media technologies are embedded in multilayered processes of mediation in Vietnam and its diasporas. Taking religious practices of burning votive paper offerings as an ethnographic example, this essay aims to contribute to ongoing debates on popular religion and the sacred life of material goods in late socialist Vietnam, on its transnational ties, and on the entanglements between religion, media and materiality.     

舒适·安全·经济──新世纪住宅的构想

随着住宅由福利分配型向商品型转化，社会对住宅设计提出了更高的要求。本文较全面分析论述了新世纪住宅设计应注意的问题。文章从以下几方面论述：1．居住生活的舒适性；2．居住空间的适应性；3．居住建设的经济性；4．居住行为的安全性；5、居住环境的整体性；6．居住技术的科学性；7．居住形态的地方性。     

承德黑山钒钛磁铁矿矿集区土壤重金属空间结构特征与生态风险评价

矿区土壤重金属来源、空间分布特征对矿山周围的生态环境脆弱区土壤环境保护、修复以及生态风险评价具有重要意义。本文以承德市隆化县韩麻营镇黑山钒钛磁铁矿所在小流域为研究区,利用地累积指数法、内梅罗污染指数法验证矿区周围土壤重金属污染程度,利用潜在生态危害指数法对土壤重金属的生态环境风险做了全面评价,利用变异函数、相关性分析、金属元素主成分和聚类分析等方法明确了研究区重金属来源及空间分布特征。研究结果表明:研究区土壤中重金属元素Mn、Ti、V、Zn、Co、Cu、Mo、Cd和SOM的平均含量均高于河北省背景值;重金属元素As、Cr、Ni、Sb、Pb的平均含量均略低于河北省背景值;土壤重金属元素的空间分布十分均匀。研究区大量土壤重金属元素为轻度污染,少量为中度污染,只在极少量的局部地区土壤重金属元素Ti、Cu、Co、Hg、Cr显示出重污染特性。研究区整体处于较清洁水平,并且研究区土壤重金属元素高值点主要分布在矿区周围和人类活动区域,钒钛磁铁矿矿区及其伴生矿物和人类生产活动对重金属元素含量分布有较大影响。