柴油乳状液的制备

以HLB值选择乳化剂制备柴油乳状液，系统地考察了复合乳化剂HLB值，乳化温度、极性添加物、搅拌方式、乳化时间、水质等对乳状液稳定性的影响．     

生物油/柴油乳化燃料的稳定性及理化性质

利用非离子表面活性剂复配,对热解生物油/柴油混合液进行一系列乳化实验,测量乳化油的密度、热值、pH值.以乳化油的稳定性为实验指标,研究乳化剂种类、乳化剂用量、生物油含量对乳化油稳定性的影响.实验结果表明:在乳化温度为40℃(水浴),乳化时间为30min的条件下,以2%用量的Span80和Tween80复配乳化剂乳化生物油含量为20%的生物油/柴油混合液效果最佳.另外,随着生物油含量的增加,乳化油密度逐渐增加,热值与pH值逐渐减小.     

机械搅拌制备柴油-甲醇-水乳化燃料的研究

探讨了用机械搅拌法制备柴油－甲醇－水复合乳化燃料的机理，认为乳化过程是在强制对流作用下的强制混合过程，是主体对流扩散和涡流扩散两种扩散机理综合作用的结果，但混合速度取决于涡流扩散的速度。对采用SG－2乳化剂在机械搅拌乳化装置上配置柴油－甲醇－水复合乳化液的工艺进行了试验研究，结果表明，搅拌槽的挡板，搅拌器的叶轮转速，搅拌时间，乳化剂含量和甲醇中的含水量等参数对乳化液的稳定性有重要的影响。     

重油掺水乳化稳定性的实验研究

采用机械搅拌+乳化剂的乳化方法和高温静置的检测方法,对重油进行乳化研究。对比了三种复配乳化剂的乳化效果,确定了影响乳化重油稳定性因素的最佳参数。结果表明:TS-2型乳化剂比其他两种乳化剂乳化效果更好;随着乳化剂含量的增加,乳化油的稳定时间先增大后减小;掺水率越大,乳化油的稳定性越差;搅拌速率增大、乳化时间加长、乳化温度升高,有利于乳化油的稳定,但同时能耗也增加。本实验得出乳化重油的理想工艺条件为:TS-2型乳化剂,乳化剂含量约为0.2%,掺水率为10%～20%,搅拌速率为700～900r/min,乳化时间为30min左右,乳化温度为70～80℃。     

柴油-甲醇乳化燃料乳化剂的最佳HLB值及水含量的影响

柴油机中掺烧醇的最大难点之一在于难以获得价廉、稳定的柴油-甲醇乳化燃料。作者研究了柴油-甲醇乳化燃料乳化剂的最佳HLB值以及不同含水量对最佳HLB值的影响。研究结果表明：柴油-甲醇乳化燃料乳化剂的最佳HLB值在3．5左右，当柴油甲醇乳化燃料中含水形成了甲醇-水-柴油三元乳化燃料时，其最佳HLB值与柴油-水的最佳HLB值相同，且三元乳化燃料乳化剂的最佳HLB值不随含水量的增加而变化，但随着含水量增加，乳化燃料分层时间会产生变化；在柴油-甲醇-水乳化液中，当水在甲醇-水混合液中的比例为40％左右时，甲醇-水-柴油三元乳化燃料(柴油：甲醇 水=8：1)的分层时问最长，即在柴油-甲醇乳化燃料中加水有利于提高乳化燃料的稳定性。     

柴油机燃用柴油－甲醇－水复合乳化燃料的研究

本文介绍柴油机燃用柴油－甲醇－水复合乳化燃料的研究。采用自行研制的复合型乳化剂、使用机械搅拌分步乳化法和超声乳化法配制了多种配比的复合乳化燃料。通过台架试验得出了复合乳化燃料的最佳配比，分析了燃用不同配比的复合乳化燃料对柴油机的经济性、动力性、燃烧过程和排放特性的影响；使用全气缸取样系统研究了柴油机燃用不同燃料时缸内微粒生成历程。试验表明，燃用复合乳化燃料时缸内微粒生成量大幅度减少，下降值最大可达４０．７％，首次以实验手段揭示了柴油机燃用乳化燃料时烟度降低的关键原因。试验也表明，这种复合乳化燃料具有乳化剂用量少、稳定性好的特点；ＺＨ１９０Ｗ型柴油机燃用Ｄ８５Ｍ７．５Ｗ７．５复合乳化燃料时获得了满意的性能．     

乳化柴油的应用研究

采用HLB值法进行筛选，复配出乳化效果和稳定性均较好的三种混合乳化剂。将乳化剂按1％、水20％掺入纯柴油，采用乳化剂在油中法，手工振荡制备出的油包水型乳化柴油，其稳定时间可达1个月。经过大量的台架试验表明：配制的乳化柴油与原纯柴油相比，平均节油率超过10％，主要排放物NOx降低超过10％、碳烟降低50％以上。     

生物质焦油/柴油超声乳化工艺及其燃烧特性研究

文章利用超声波乳化技术将焦油与柴油进行乳化提质,分别从焦油含量、HLB值、乳化剂添加量、助乳剂种类4个乳化参数以及超声功率密度、超声作用时间两个超声参数对生物质焦油/柴油乳化体系进行优化工艺研究,并利用热重方法对乳化油进行燃烧特性分析。研究结果表明:当焦油体积含量为7%,HLB值为5,乳化剂的体积含量为5%,助乳剂为甲醇,超声功率密度为0.96 W/mL,超声作用时间为20 min时,乳化油的稳定性最好,稳定时间达到104 min,浊度值为226.08;对生物质焦油、柴油、乳化油进行燃烧特性分析,发现乳化油与柴油具有相似的燃烧特性。     

生物柴油-生物质油乳化燃料最佳HLB值研究

生物质油是生物质快速热解液化的产物,与生物柴油乳化后可得到一种新的可再生清洁燃料.利用超声波乳化装置制备生物柴油-生物质油乳化燃料,首先采用亲油亲水平衡(HLB)值法确定了生物柴油-生物质油乳化燃料乳化剂的最佳HLB值,然后研究了乳化燃料制备过程中各种乳化条件对乳化燃料稳定性的影响.结果表明,生物柴油-生物质油乳化燃料乳化剂的最佳HLB值为4.3～4.7,乳化时间、乳化温度、生物质油浓度及乳化剂浓度等对乳化燃料的稳定性均有一定的影响.     

微乳化重油助燃效果研究与表征

采用所研制的微乳化剂乳化重油，重油的燃烧性能得到了一定程度的改善，在掺水量为3％～12％时，重油的热值提高了2．5％～6．0％。通过TEM观察，微乳化重油呈油包水W／O型乳液结构，油水界面清晰，界面膜较厚，乳化油粒径大约为20-30nm，油水分散均匀，并且分散后的重油粘度增幅小，稳定性好，室温下至少可保存3个月，80℃高温3天不破乳。     

钻井液用两性离子P(AM-AMPS-DAC)共聚物反相乳液的制备与性能评价

作为钻井液处理剂,反相乳液聚合物与粉状聚合物相比,能够减少聚合物在烘干、粉碎过程中由于降解、交联等反应造成的不利影响,产品可以直接加入钻井液并快速分散,在达到同样效果的前提下,可减少用量,降低钻井液处理费用,且更容易实现绿色环保生产。以丙烯酰胺、2-丙烯酰胺-2-甲基丙磺酸、丙烯酰氧乙基三甲基氯化铵为原料,采用氧化还原引发剂体系,通过反相乳液聚合,制备了两性离子P(AM-AMPS-DAC)反相乳液聚合物。研究了复合乳化剂的HLB、乳化剂用量、引发剂用量、油水体积比、AMPS和DAC用量对共聚物的水溶液表观黏度及所处理钻井液的流变性和滤失量的影响,测定了聚合物的红外光谱和TG曲线。结果表明,当油水体积比为1.0,单体质量分数为30%,复合乳化剂质量分数为5%~6%,复合乳化剂HLB值为7.1,引发剂用量为0.2%,n(AM)∶n(AMPS)∶n(DAC)=0.59∶0.35∶0.06时,能够制得热稳定性好的反相乳液聚合物,且在淡水、盐水、饱和盐水和复合盐水基浆中具有较好的增黏、降滤失能力,抗温、抗盐能力强,同时具有较强的润滑和防塌能力。     

PREPARATION AND EVALUATION OF A NOVEL SOLAR STORAGE MATERIAL: MICROENCAPSULATED PARAFFIN

Microencapsulated paraffin, a novel solar storage material, was prepared by complex coacervation technique and its performance was evaluated in terms 1of encapsulation ratio, hydrophilicity, energy storage capacity, and size distribution. The experiments were designed, based on surface response method, to optimise the processing conditions. The sizes of the microencapsulated paraffin particle were 50–100 μm. For an emulsification time of l0min and the addition of 6–8 ml (2.9?3.8% w/w) of formaldehyde (HCHO), the paraffin encapsulation ratio was found higher in different ratio of paraffin wax to coating (menu). It was also found that a higher coating to paraffin ratio leads to a higher paraffin encapsulation ratio. The hydrophilicity value of microencapsulated paraffin depended mainly on the ratio of paraffin to coating. The higher the ratio, the lower was its product hydrophilicity. In the same ratio of paraffin wax to coating, the higher concentration of HCHO led to a lower hydrophilicity of the product. The microencapsulated paraffin has shown large energy storage and release capacity (20–90 J/g) during its phase change depending on different ratios of paraffin wax to coating.     

Thermal energy recovery of air conditioning system––heat recovery system calculation and phase change materials development

Latent heat thermal energy storage systems can be used to recover the rejected heat from air conditioning systems, which can be used to generate low-temperature hot water. It decreases not only the consumption of primary energy for heating domestic hot water but also the calefaction to the surroundings due to the rejection of heat from air conditioning systems. A recovery system using phase change materials (PCMs) to store the rejected (sensible and condensation) heat from air conditioning system has been developed and studied, making up the shortage of other sensible heat storage system. Also, PCMs compliant for heat recovery of air conditioning system should be developed. Technical grade paraffin wax has been discussed in this paper in order to develop a paraffin wax based PCM for the recovery of rejected heat from air conditioning systems. The thermal properties of technical grade paraffin wax and the mixtures of paraffin wax with lauric acid and with liquid paraffin (paraffin oil) are investigated and discussed, including volume expansion during the phase change process, the freezing point and the heat of fusion.     

Thermally moderated hollow fiber sorbent modules in rapidly cycled pressure swing adsorption mode for hydrogen purification

We describe thermally moderated multi-layered pseudo-monolithic hollow fiber sorbents entities, which can be packed into compact modules to provide small-footprint, efficient H₂ purification/CO₂ removal systems for use in on-site steam methane reformer product gas separations. Dual-layer hollow fibers are created via dry-jet, wet-quench spinning with an inner “active” core of cellulose acetate (porous binder) and zeolite NaY (69 wt% zeolite NaY) and an external sheath layer of pure cellulose acetate. The co-spun sheath layer reduces the surface porosity of the fiber and was used as a smooth coating surface for a poly(vinyl-alcohol) post-treatment, which reduced the gas permeance through the fiber sorbent by at least 7 orders of magnitude, essentially creating an impermeable sheath layer. The interstitial volume between the individual fibers was filled with a thermally-moderating paraffin wax. CO₂ breakthrough experiments on the hollow fiber sorbent modules with and without paraffin wax revealed that the “passively” cooled paraffin wax module had 12.5% longer breakthrough times than the “non-isothermal” module. The latent heat of fusion/melting of the wax offsets the released latent heat of sorption/desorption of the zeolites. One-hundred rapidly cycled pressure swing adsorption cycles were performed on the “passively” cooled hollow fiber sorbents using 25 vol% CO₂/75 vol% He (H₂ surrogate) at 60 °C and 113 psia, resulting in a product purity of 99.2% and a product recovery of 88.1% thus achieving process conditions and product quality comparable to conventional pellet processes. Isothermal and non-isothermal dynamic modeling of the hollow fiber sorbent module and a traditional packed bed using gPROMS^® indicated that the fiber sorbents have sharper fronts (232% sharper) and longer adsorbate breakthrough times (66% longer), further confirming the applicability of the new fiber sorbent approach for H₂ purification.     

大连石化提升全精炼石蜡质量措施综述

大连石化全精炼石蜡产品2006年和2012年相继获得中国名牌产品称号。全精炼石蜡生产是一个复杂的系统生产过程,在保证全精炼石蜡质量措施方面,主要采取加强蒸馏头道装置控制,对生产石蜡的原油尽量采用大庆原油,对替代原油提出了约束要求。酮苯脱蜡脱油联合装置是石蜡生产的核心装置,不仅决定石蜡收率和产量,其石蜡含油量的控制也是全精炼石蜡生产最为关键的质量指标。在加强装置工艺管理方面,以确定关键工序质量控制点,优化装置滤机温洗操作,制定酮苯脱蜡温差的优化控制指标,加强酮苯溶剂组成的调配管理为重点,确保全精炼石蜡生产精细化。另外,重视石蜡白土精制装置的操作控制,确保了下游石蜡加氢装置催化剂的活性和加氢装置长周期运行;在石蜡加氢装置方面,重视装置改造和操作运行的控制管理,保证了全精炼石蜡质量的稳定性。     

Comparative study on the multistage solar still performance utilizing PCM in variable thicknesses

In the present experimental research, a five-stage solar still was investigated using phase change material paraffin wax. Owing to Iran's climatic conditions and its location in a dry area and nonexistence of fresh water sources, producing this water from saline water sources is essential. In this research, thus, a multistage solar still was planned and examined as a commonly used freshwater source via (phase change material) paraffin wax. On the back of the collector absorber plate, paraffin wax (phase change material) was used as an additional energy source for the sun. The volume of water produced in different thicknesses of 2.5 cm, 5 cm, and without PCM was investigated. The study results specified that the application of phase change material paraffin wax in the thickness of 2.5 cm agent led to a 15% increase in freshwater production. The quantity of water generated in the flow rates of 0.7, 1.3, and 1.8 L/min was also studied. The highest quantity of water produced was obtained in the 1.3 L/min flow rate. Moreover, the quantity of water generated in the five stages of the desalination process was separately measured that the highest amount of production was associated with the first stage.     

Evaluation of paraffin/water emulsion as a phase change slurry for cooling applications

A Phase Change Slurry (PCS) is a latent heat storage and transfer medium consisting of a Phase Change Material (PCM) as a dispersed phase and a carrier fluid as a continuous phase. PCSs have a high energy density because they use not only the sensible heat capacity of the carrier fluid, but also the latent heat capacity of the PCM during the phase transition. In this paper, a paraffin/water emulsion has been studied as a PCS for comfort cooling applications in a temperature range of 0–20 °C. A paraffin blend having a melting temperature range of 2–12 °C was used for preparing the emulsion. The properties of the emulsion were studied in view of the application requirements on PCSs. The dependence between the paraffin fraction and emulsion properties was investigated. The stability of the emulsion was examined both during the storage period and under mechanical–thermal loads in a test rig by determining the change in the properties. The results indicate that the paraffin/water emulsion containing a paraffin weight fraction of 30–50 wt.% is an attractive candidate for cold storage and distribution applications.     

高桥石化炼厂8.0MPa氢气管网改造优化与应用

通过对高桥炼厂现有重整氢、制氢氢和膜分离氢三种产氢装置产氢量和氢纯度的分析,对柴油加氢、蜡油加氢等三套加氢装置用氢氢源、氢纯度、氢压力及新氢增压机能力的分析,说明三套加氢装置用氢来源基本相同(为重整氢和制氢氢),氢纯度一致(为92%~93%),装置系统压力一致(为7.2MPa),且新氢增压机有余量。据此提出,在炼厂相同压力等级的三套加氢装置之间,建立一套8.0MPa氢气管网。具体做法:将装置新氢增压机出口原新氢管线上接出新增管线并相互连通,根据氢气平衡和节能最大化原则,停用某套装置的一台新氢增压机,节约电耗,同时减少了泄漏耗氢。新氢管网投用与否,受装置处理量和产品质量平衡的制约,新氢管网投用不影响原生产装置操作及其产品质量。日常生产数据表明,优化后的氢气管网运行稳定,操作简单,年创效益450万元。     

Phase change emulsions for latent heat transportation:Preparation and characterization

采用相转化乳化法,以Tween80+Span80为复配乳化剂,通过优化复配乳化剂的比例以及优选不同的助乳化剂(稳定剂),制备了固含量高达40%的石蜡相变乳状液.分别采用NDJ-1黏度仪和DSC-Q10热流式差示扫描量热仪测试了石蜡相变乳状液的黏度和潜热.结果表明:当复配乳化剂的HLB值在10附近时,即Span80占46.8%(质量分数),Tween80占53.2%(质量分数),以正丁醇为助乳化剂,可制得分散均匀稳定,流动性好的石蜡相变乳状液,该相变乳状液的黏度随石蜡含量的增加而急剧增大,而潜热则在油相/水相共存时达到最大.当乳状液为油相时,潜热随含水量的增加而增大;当乳状液为水相时,潜热随含水量的增加而减小.