不同密度硬质聚氨酯泡沫的力学性能和本构关系

目的 不同密度的硬质聚氨酯泡沫(RPUF)适用于不同的工程应用,通过对不同密度RPUF力学性能开展研究,并对现有的本构模型加以修正,得到材料真实的本构关系。方法 通过开展不同密度RPUF材料的准静态压缩实验(0.001 s⁻¹)及不同加载速率(100~1 000 s⁻¹)下的动态压缩力学性能实验,得到材料的应力-应变曲线,在此基础上分析RPUF材料的密度效应及应变率敏感性,得到其真实本构关系。结果 RPUF材料力学性能受到密度和应变率的耦合影响,随着密度以及应变率的增大,RPUF材料的屈服应力呈指数函数形式增大;给出了RPUF材料屈服应力与应变率及密度之间的函数关系式。结论 得到了基于实验数据以及横向惯性效应修正后的Sherwood-Frost模型(M-S-F模型),研究结果可为RPUF材料在抗冲击方面的工程应用提供指导。     

ZL205A铝合金动态力学性能及其本构模型

目的 研究ZL205A铝合金在不同温度和不同应变速率下的流动应力行为,为材料数值模拟提供参数依据。方法 利用高低温电子万能材料实验机和霍普金森压杆设备,在不同变形温度(20~400 ℃)和应变速率(10⁻⁴~2 200 s⁻¹)下进行准静态拉伸实验、高温拉伸实验以及高应变率动态压缩实验。对实验所得真应力-应变曲线进行力学性能分析,考虑到霍普金森实验下的材料绝热温升,构建了ZL205A铝合金的Johnson-Cook本构模型,并将该模型与实验数据进行比对验证。结果 在室温低应变率(20 ℃、10⁻⁴~10⁻¹ s⁻¹)条件下,随应变率的增大,材料的流动应力变化不明显;当材料屈服后,随着应变的增大,材料流动应力增大的趋势变大,应变硬化作用占主导。在室温高应变率(20 ℃、500~2 200 s⁻¹)条件下,材料的屈服强度和流动应力与室温低应变率时的数据变化不大,考虑到高应变率下的实验时间短、变形大,材料变形产生的热量来不及散出,受温度升高的影响,材料在高应变率范围内的应变率强化效应不明显。在高温低应变率(100~400 ℃/0.001 s⁻¹)条件下,材料的屈服强度和流动应力随温度的升高而迅速降低,表现出较高的温度敏感性,当温度高于200 ℃时,材料产生拉应力回调现象。结论 根据材料真应力-应变曲线,获得了材料的Johnson-Cook本构参数,该模型能较准确地预测材料在不同状态下的流动应力行为。     

7075铝合金冷搓成形本构关系及有限元分析应用研究

目的 研究7075铝合金在高应变速率下的本构关系,并将其应用于有限元仿真分析中,以实现对7075铝合金环槽铆钉冷搓成形过程的精确预测。方法 利用霍普金森压杆(SHPB)实验获得7075铝合金在1 000~4 500 s⁻¹应变速率下的真实应力-应变曲线。结合静态压缩实验在0.001 s⁻¹应变速率下的结果构建了优化的Johnson-Cook(J-C)本构模型,并应用有限元仿真对7075铝合金环槽铆钉冷搓成形过程进行模拟预测。结果 当应变速率由0.001 s⁻¹上升至3 000 s⁻¹时,7075铝合金的屈服强度增长较少,但当应变速率由3 000 s⁻¹上升至4 500 s⁻¹时,屈服强度提高了45 MPa。利用优化的J-C本构模型对真实应力进行预测,其平均相对误差与相关系数分别为0.35%和0.999 2。有限元分析结果显示,在成形过程中,铆钉零件任意部位的最大应变速率基本低于4 500 s⁻¹。外形预测结果与实际测量值的最大绝对误差为0.08 mm,最大相对误差为3.45%。结论 当应变速率由3 000 s⁻¹上升至4 500 s⁻¹时,7075铝合金展现出了明显的应变率强化效应,优化的J-C本构模型能够准确预测7075铝合金在0.001 ~4 500 s⁻¹应变速率范围内的真实应力。将其应用于有限元分析能够准确预测7075铝合金环槽铆钉冷搓成形过程。     

蔗渣-淀粉发泡缓冲材料的本构方程及有限元仿真

目的研究蔗渣-淀粉发泡缓冲材料的缓冲性能,建立此类缓冲材料的本构方程,方便此类材料的应用。方法对不同密度的蔗渣-淀粉复合材料,在不同湿度和应变率条件下对其进行静态压缩试验,并在Sherwood-Frost本构模型的基础上加以扩展,加入湿度对应变的影响项,建立该复合材料的静态压缩本构方程。根据实验数据,采用Origin拟合的数学方法确定相关系数。以该静态压缩本构方程拟合出的应力-应变曲线作为材料特性载入Abaqus软件中,模拟淀粉-蔗渣纤维发泡缓冲材料并进行静态压缩试验仿真,得到仿真曲线,并与实际试验曲线进行对比。结果仿真实验与实际实验的数据误差较小,整体误差在10%以内。结论建立的静态压缩本构方程可以很好地表征该复合材料的缓冲性能,避免了设计缓冲衬垫时需要大量试验才能得到材料曲线的问题。     

冷拔态GH4738合金热变形本构方程及热加工图

目的 研究紧固件用冷拔态GH4738合金棒材在不同工艺参数下的热变形行为,为紧固件热加工工艺参数优化提供理论指导。方法 采用Gleeble-3500热模拟实验机对冷拔态GH4738合金棒材在变形温度1 000~1 080 ℃、应变速率1~10 s⁻¹条件下进行了热压缩实验,变形量为50%。计算了该合金的材料常数和变形激活能Q,建立了基于峰值应力的冷拔态GH4738合金的本构方程,根据动态材料模型理论绘制了冷拔态GH4738合金的能量耗散图和失稳图,获得了合金在不同应变下的热加工图,并讨论了显微组织演变情况。结果 冷拔态GH4738合金的流变应力随着变形温度的增加或应变速率的减小而降低。线性回归的相关系数证实了描述该材料热变形行为的本构方程的准确性。基于冷拔态GH4738合金的热加工图及显微组织验证结果可得,冷拔态GH4738合金的主要失稳区工艺参数区间为1 000~1 035℃/0.12~3 s⁻¹,1 030~1 072℃/ 0.25~10 s⁻¹和1 075~1 080 ℃/2.72~10 s⁻¹。热加工较佳工艺条件为1 000~1 028 ℃/0.02~0.14 s⁻¹和1 040~1 080 ℃/ 0.06~0.74 s⁻¹。结论 通过对冷拔态GH4738合金热变形本构方程和热加工图进行研究,获得了冷拔态GH4738合金优化的热变形工艺参数,可用于指导冷拔态GH4738合金的紧固件热加工成形。     

Ti−6Mo−5V−3Al−2Fe−2Zr合金热变形行为及热加工图

目的 建立近β钛合金Ti−6Mo−5V−3Al−2Fe−2Zr(质量分数)的热变形本构方程,绘制热加工图,确定该合金的流变失稳区和适宜加工区,为其在工业生产中热加工工艺参数的制定提供指导。方法 在变形温度700~ 850 ℃、应变速率0.000 5~0.5 s⁻¹、真应变0.7的条件下,对近β钛合金Ti−6Mo−5V−3Al−2Fe−2Zr进行热压缩实验;基于Arrhenius方程建立该合金的热变形本构方程,并对方程进行验证;根据Prasad失稳准则,构建该合金的热加工图。结果 该合金的流变应力随着变形温度的升高而减小,随着应变速率的增大而增大;其热变形激活能为226.29 kJ/mol,本构方程为;通过热变形本构方程得到的峰值应力计算值与实验值平均误差为4.21%。结论 建立的热变形本构方程预测了流变应力,描述了该合金的热变形行为;通过叠加合金的能量耗散图和流变失稳图,获得了该合金的热加工图。基于热加工图确定该合金的流变失稳区为变形温度700~755 ℃与784~850 ℃、应变速率0.5~0.05 s⁻¹,最佳加工区为变形温度836~850 ℃、应变速率0.000 5~0.005 s⁻¹。     

循环压缩和冲击下聚氨酯发泡塑料的能量吸收

基于聚氨酯发泡塑料的准静态压缩和落锤冲击试验,分析其在中低应变率下的力学性能和能量吸收性能,得到了该材料的应力-应变曲线和能量吸收图,研究了不同应变率和循环静动态试验对该材料缓冲性能的影响。随着初始应变率由2.56×10-3s-1(准静态)增加至4.01×101s-1、5.08×101s-1和5.68×101s-1,材料的应力和能量吸收明显增大,应变为0.4时动态应力分别比静态应力增加了54.34%、79.35%和114.49%,所吸收的能量分别比静态增加了18.98%、30.09%和65.74%。对同一试样先后进行五次循环准静态压缩或落锤冲击试验,与首次试验相比第二、三、四、五次试验应力和能量吸收明显下降,应变为0.4时静态应力分别下降了18.48%、32.97%、36.59%和39.49%,动态应力分别下降了20.81%、28.48%、34.75%和34.75%,准静态压缩能量吸收分别下降了24.54%、37.50%、40.74%和43.52%,落锤冲击能量吸收分别下降了15.30%、24.20%、30.25%和30.96%。中低应变率下,聚氨酯发泡塑料的应变率效应十分明显,循环准静态压缩和落锤冲击效应同样十分明显。循环试验达到一定次数后,材料缓冲性能基本保持不变,可用此数据作为缓冲包装设计的依据。研究结果对于聚氨酯发泡塑料的合理缓冲包装设计有指导意义。     

基于纤维解离水曲柳压缩解离特征与能量耗散机制研究

目的 以水曲柳为研究对象,研究高应变率压缩载荷作用下水曲柳试件的解离特征和能量耗散机制。方法 利用压缩加载试验分析应变率、加载方向对受载水曲柳的形态特征影响和动力学特性,并利用弹塑性基本原理分析其受压解离的能量耗散机制。结果 解离后径向加载试件主要呈火柴棍状,弦向加载试件主要呈片状,轴向加载试件主要呈不规则块状,试件的解离程度随应变率的增大而增大;当应变率在400~1 000 s⁻¹时,水曲柳试件的应力-应变曲线由弹性阶段和屈服后弱线性强化阶段两部分组成;水曲柳试件的屈服强度随应变率的增大而增大,当应变率从400 s⁻¹增加到1 000 s⁻¹时,径向、弦向和轴向加载试件的屈服强度分别增加了0.45倍、1.34倍和0.71倍;木材原料沿径、弦向解离时主要依靠木材细胞的压缩变形来耗散能量,沿轴向解离时主要依靠木材细胞纵向结构的弯曲来耗散能量。结论 弦向最易解离,轴向最难解离;水曲柳是一种应变率敏感材料;木材原料径、弦向解离主要依靠压缩变形来耗散能量,轴向解离主要依靠弯曲变形来耗散能量,木材原料解离能够耗散能量的多少主要受加载方向、木材细胞的结构尺寸和力学性能的影响。     

2195铝锂合金热变形流变行为与热加工图研究

目的 研究2195铝锂合金在实验温度360~510 ℃、应变速率0.01~10 s⁻¹条件下的热压缩变形行为,建立其本构模型及热加工图,获取该合金的安全加工工艺参数。方法 采用Gleeble−3500热模拟试验机进行热变形实验,分析合金的流变行为及热加工图,结合微观组织阐述其热变形机理,并对所得最优参数进行热挤压实验验证。结果 2195铝锂合金的流变应力随变形温度增加而减小,随应变速率增加而增加;其热激活能Q为203.643 9 kJ/mol、结构因子A为1.943 9×10¹⁴、应力因子α为0.013、应变硬化指数n为5.883 9。确定合金的主要失稳区工艺参数区间为379~420 ℃、0.75~10 s^–1和480~510 ℃、1～10 s⁻¹,安全加工区间为440~510 ℃、0.01~0.25 s⁻¹。铸态2195铝锂合金的屈服和抗拉强度分别仅为(179±6)MPa和(239±11)MPa,经热挤压实验后分别达到(605±6)、(633±3)MPa,分别提高了3.5和2.6倍;铸态合金的显微硬度仅为(115±1)HV,热加工后型材达到(178±4)HV,相较于铸态合金增加了54%。结论 2195铝锂合金的流变行为符合正应变速率敏感特征,其安全加工区域集中在高温低应变速率区,主要发生了动态再结晶,实验型材在此区域表现出卓越的力学性能。     

冲击速度和应变率对六边形蜂窝共面缓冲性能的影响

目的通过改变压缩方向的厚度,即共面方向的蜂窝层数,来研究冲击速度和应变率对六边形蜂窝共面缓冲性能的影响。方法借助软件Ansys/LS-DYNA来模拟六边形蜂窝在应变率恒定时冲击速度对蜂窝共面缓冲性能的影响,以及六边形蜂窝在速度值恒定时应变率对蜂窝共面缓冲性能的影响。结果设定3组应变率恒值(300,500,1000 s-1)研究不同冲击速度对蜂窝动态峰应力的影响,随着速度的增加,动态峰应力也增加。设定3组冲击速度恒值(3,50,100 m/s)研究不同应变率对蜂窝动态峰应力的影响,随着应变率增加,动态峰应力基本不变。结论在试件材料选用双线性硬化的铝基材料,壁材视为应变率不敏感的模型下,应变率对正六边形蜂窝的动态力学性能和缓冲性能基本无影响。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...