NaCl处理对养殖大黄鱼肌原纤维蛋白风味吸附及结构的影响

该文选取养殖大黄鱼中肌原纤维蛋白,结合12种典型的风味化合物(醇类、醛类、酮类、酯类),采用拉曼光谱等技术,分析不同浓度NaCl处理后,肌原纤维蛋白对风味物质的吸附作用及其结构变化。结果表明,随着NaCl浓度增大,肌原纤维蛋白表面疏水性先显著上升,浓度达到0.4 mol/L时,表面疏水性最大,为67.18μg,之后随着NaCl浓度的增大,表面疏水性呈下降趋势。而在NaCl浓度为0～1.0 mol/L时,肌原纤维蛋白的巯基含量不断增大,α-螺旋不断减少,β-折叠、无规则卷曲等相应增多。随着NaCl浓度的增大,肌原纤维蛋白对酮类、醛类、醇类、酯类的吸附能力相对减弱,在0～0.4 mol/L时,肌原纤维蛋白对丁酮的吸附能力显著降低,之后无显著性变化;在0～0.8 mol/L时,肌原纤维蛋白对醇类的吸附能力显著降低。随着NaCl浓度的增大,肌原纤维蛋白对乙酸乙酯的吸附能力显著下降,而当NaCl浓度为0.6～1 mol/L时,对乙酸辛酯的吸附能力变化不显著。该研究结果可以为改善水产品风味提供理论依据。     

NaCl浓度对肌原纤维蛋白-食用胶混合物功能特性的影响

将卡拉胶、亚麻籽胶、黄原胶和魔芋胶以0.25%(W/W)的添加量分别添加到猪肉肌原纤维蛋白中,制备肌原纤维蛋白-食用胶混合物,通过测定不同浓度NaCl(0~0.6mol/L)条件下混合物的乳化特性和凝胶特性,研究NaCl浓度对肌原纤维蛋白-食用胶混合物功能特性的影响。结果表明:NaCl浓度在0~0.4mol/L范围内,肌原纤维蛋白-食用胶混合物的乳化能力、凝胶硬度和保水性均显著增加(p<0.05),并在NaCl浓度为0.4mol/L达到最高值,而当NaCl浓度继续升高至0.6mol/L时,乳化能力、凝胶硬度和保水性均降低;NaCl浓度为0~0.6mol/L时,肌原纤维蛋白-食用胶混合凝胶的弹性和白度值始终随NaCl浓度的增加而逐渐增加。因此,NaCl浓度对肌原纤维蛋白-食用胶混合物功能特性具有显著的影响。     

EGCG浓度对肌原纤维蛋白侧链结构和凝胶水分分布的影响

以猪肉肌原纤维蛋白为研究对象,在羟自由基氧化体系中添加不同浓度（0、0.1、0.2、0.5、1.0、2.0 mmol/L）表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯（epigallocatechin gallate,EGCG）,以未加EGCG和氧化剂的肌原纤维蛋白溶液作为空白对照组,研究肌原纤维蛋白侧链结构以及蛋白凝胶水分分布的变化规律。结果表明,EGCG降低了肌原纤维蛋白游离巯基和总巯基含量,0.1 mmol/L～2.0 mmol/L EGCG组显著低于空白对照组（P＜0.05）;肌原纤维蛋白侧链形成的羰基和二聚酪氨酸含量随EGCG浓度的增加而逐渐下降,2.0 mmol/L EGCG组下降最明显。凝胶储能模量（G''）随EGCG浓度的增加而升高。随EGCG浓度的增加,凝胶保水性逐渐升高,凝胶中不易流动水含量增加,自由水含量降低,2.0 mmol/L EGCG组降低效果最显著。相关性分析表明,EGCG浓度与蛋白质侧链羰基含量、游离氨基含量和表面疏水性呈极显著负相关（P＜0.01）,凝胶保水性与游离巯基含量、总巯基含量、羰基含量、表面疏水性呈极显著负相关（P＜0.01）。     

NaCl对大菱鲆肌原纤维蛋白特性的影响

以大菱鲆肌原纤维蛋白为对象,考察不同NaCl浓度（0.1、0.2、0.3、0.4、0.5、0.6?mol/L）下肌原纤维蛋白的溶解度、乳化性、化学作用力（离子键、氢键、疏水相互作用）、巯基的变化,并对其二级结构以及流变学特性进行测定。结果表明,随着NaCl浓度的增加,大菱鲆肌原纤维蛋白的溶解度、乳化活性、乳化稳定性、总巯基和活性巯基含量均不断增加;离子键、氢键呈先增加后下降趋势,疏水性相互作用呈先下降后增加的趋势;蛋白质二级结构呈现由螺旋向折叠转化的趋势,其他二级结构无明显变化;肌原纤维蛋白储能模量（G’）不断增加,其中以NaCl浓度0.6?mol/L的实验组储能模量最大。综上所述,NaCl浓度为0.6?mol/L时,大菱鲆肌原纤维蛋白的各项指标良好。     

羟自由基氧化对牛肌原纤维蛋白结构与乳化性能的影响

采用Fenton氧化体系构建羟自由基模拟氧化体系,探究不同氧化强度下牛肌原纤维蛋白结构与乳化性能的变化及其内在联系.结果表明:随H2O2浓度(0、0.5、1、5、10、20?mmol/L)的增加,肌原纤维蛋白的氧化程度加剧,羰基含量、二聚酪氨酸和表面疏水性逐渐增加,总巯基和游离巯基含量逐渐下降;α-螺旋相对含量呈下降趋...     

自由基氧化对中国对虾肌原纤维蛋白的影响

本实验研究经自由基氧化体系处理过的中国对虾肌原纤维蛋白,由于蛋白质氧化而引起的中国对虾肌原纤维蛋白结构以及性质的变化,包括羰基含量,二聚酪氨酸含量、巯基含量以及肌原纤维蛋白表面疏水性,并通过SDSPAGE来观察蛋白质氧化后的降解情况。其中,模拟氧化采用自由基氧化体系(包含FeCl_3和抗坏血酸浓度为0.1 mmol/L,过氧化氢浓度为0、1、5、10 mmol/L)分别氧化1、3和5 h。实验结果显示,经自由基氧化体系氧化后的中国对虾肌原纤维蛋白的羰基含量、二聚酪氨酸含量和表面的疏水性随着氧化剂浓度的增加以及氧化时间的增长而显著升高(p0.05),并且自由巯基含量显著下降(p0.05)。由SDS-PAGE凝胶可以看出,不同氧化剂浓度处理后的蛋白质降解情况也有显著差异。由此可以得出,自由基氧化可以影响中国对虾肌原纤维蛋白的羰基含量、二聚酪氨酸含量、巯基含量、肌原纤维蛋白表面疏水性以及蛋白质的降解程度。     

羟自由基氧化对草鱼肌原纤维蛋白结构和凝胶性质的影响

以草鱼肉为研究对象,采用芬顿反应体系(H_2O_2浓度分别为0.1、1.0、5.0、10.0 mmol/L)产生不同浓度·OH对其肌原纤维蛋白进行模拟氧化,研究·OH氧化对草鱼肌原纤维蛋白结构及凝胶性质的影响。结果表明,氧化使肌原纤维蛋白羰基含量显著增加(P0.05),当氧化剂H_2O_2的浓度为10.0 mmol/L时,羰基含量比对照组增加了111.35%;随着H_2O_2浓度的提高,肌原纤维蛋白总巯基、活性巯基、游离氨基含量显著下降(P0.05);二聚酪氨酸水平和表面疏水性显著增加(P0.05)。十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分析表明氧化使蛋白质分子间发生交联和聚集,产生了分子质量大于200 ku的蛋白聚集体。可见,·OH氧化使草鱼肌原纤维蛋白中巯基、酪氨酸、色氨酸等氨基酸残基发生了显著氧化修饰,蛋白质分子产生了交联和聚集,蛋白质构象发生了显著变化。此外,氧化可进一步影响肌原纤维蛋白的凝胶性质,使其凝胶网络结构变疏松、凝胶孔隙增大,凝胶中部分不易流动水转变为自由水,最终导致凝胶强度和凝胶持水性显著降低。     

儿茶素对肌原纤维蛋白氧化、结构及凝胶特性的影响

采用羟自由基氧化体系（10 μmol/L FeCl3、100 μmol/L VC和1 mmol/L H2O2）研究不同添加量儿茶素（10、50、100、150 μmol/g）对肌原纤维蛋白氧化、结构及凝胶特性的影响,同时以未氧化和氧化后未添加儿茶素（0 μmol/g）肌原纤维蛋白作为对照组,对肌原纤维蛋白羰基含量、总巯基含量、表面疏水性、溶解度、粒径分布、凝胶强度、凝胶保水性及肌原纤维蛋白流变特性进行测定,并观察凝胶微观结构。结果表明：添加儿茶素能减少羰基化合物的产生,但添加量过高会促进肌原纤维蛋白氧化;与未氧化和未添加儿茶素组相比,添加儿茶素降低了肌原纤维蛋白表面疏水性;随着儿茶素添加量增加,肌原纤维蛋白巯基含量逐渐降低,溶解度显著降低,粒径逐渐增大,凝胶强度和保水性逐渐下降,凝胶微观结构更加疏松多孔,蛋白胶束聚集,中、高添加量（50、100、150 μmol/g）儿茶素使得肌原纤维蛋白失去典型的流变曲线。中、高添加量儿茶素与肌原纤维蛋白发生共价交联,并导致肌原纤维蛋白发生疏水性聚集,最终削弱了肌原纤维蛋白的凝胶特性。     

高铁肌红蛋白氧化对牦牛肉肌原纤维蛋白生化特性的影响

为探究高铁肌红蛋白(metmyoglobin,MetMb)氧化处理对宰后牦牛肉成熟24 h肌原纤维蛋白生化特性的影响,以不同浓度(0、0.01、0.05、0.5 mmol/L)MetMb氧化体系氧化孵育24 h的牦牛肉肌原纤维蛋白为研究对象,以未加氧化剂的肌原纤维蛋白为空白对照,测定不同氧化浓度下肌原纤维蛋白的羰基浓度、巯基浓度、二硫键浓度、表面疏水性、Ca/K-ATPase活性、二聚酪氨酸等指标的变化规律。结果表明,随着MetMb浓度的增加,不同处理组间牦牛肉肌原纤维蛋白均表现出不同程度的氧化水平,其中羰基浓度、二硫键浓度、表面疏水性、二聚酪氨酸含量和Ca-ATPase活性均呈显著增加趋势(P0.05),巯基浓度和K-ATPase活性则显著降低(P0.05)。当氧化液浓度增加至0.5 mmol/L时,羰基浓度较空白对照组升高了近4倍,而巯基浓度较空白对照组下降31.5%。综上,MetMb氧化促使肌原纤维蛋白发生了不同程度的氧化,增加了蛋白的氧化程度。本研究结果为牦牛肉生产加工过程中蛋白氧化控制提供了一定的参考。     

羟自由基氧化对海鲈鱼肌原纤维蛋白生化特性及其乳化性能的影响

采用羟自由基氧化体系对海鲈鱼肌原纤维蛋白进行体外模拟氧化,研究羟自由基氧化氧化对肌原纤维蛋白生化特性和乳化性能影响。结果显示:随氧化时间的延长,羰基含量、表面疏水性和肌原纤维蛋白(MPI)平均粒径增加,总巯基和活性巯基含量下降,生色氨基酸含量减少,二聚酪氨酸含量在4 h达到最大值。H2O2浓度在1 mmol/L时上述指标变化显著,H2O2浓度在5 mmol/L和10 mmol/L条件下,前4 h乳化活性和乳化稳定性显著下降,活性巯基含量较对照组分别下降了51.93%和65.88%,MPI平均粒径较对照组分别增加了47.87%和72.38%,4 h后变化不明显,且不同氧化剂浓度之间差异性显著。SDS-PAGE电泳图谱表明经羟自由基氧化后蛋白质发生交联,形成大量高分子凝集体,在200 ku上方区域堆积,肌球蛋白重链含量减少。结果表明,羟自由基氧化体系能使海鲈鱼肌原纤维蛋白结构发生改变,导致其乳化性能下降。     

Co-precipitation of whey and pea protein – indication of interactions

The aim was to optimise the yield of co-precipitation of whey protein isolate (WPI) and pea protein isolate (PPI) and compare co-precipitates and protein blends with respect to solubility. The yield of co-precipitates was tested with different protein ratios of WPI and PPI in combination with different temperatures and acid precipitation (pH 4.6). The highest precipitation yield was obtained at protein ratios WPI < PPI, high temperature and alkaline protein solvation. The solubility was measured by an instability index and absorption spectroscopy of re-suspended precipitated proteins at pH 3, 7 and 11.5. Co-precipitates had significantly lower solubility than protein blends. Protein ratios WPI > PPI, low precipitation temperature and high pH showed the highest solubility. Differences in protein composition between co-precipitates and protein blends were observed with SDS-PAGE and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionisation time-of-flight, and indicated different protein–protein interaction in samples, which needs further investigations.     

大豆蛋白溶解性研究

该文概述大豆蛋白溶解特性及其与一般物质溶解差异,介绍提高大豆蛋白溶解性改性方法及研究现状,对比不同改性增溶方法优、缺点,并提出今后大豆蛋白改性研究方向。     

细菌中蛋白质样品制备方法研究进展

细菌在生长繁殖时,细菌蛋白的表达受到环境影响而存在较大差异,使得细菌蛋白表达具有复杂性.在食品生产加工过程中可能会受到致病菌污染,细菌产生的内毒素和外毒素均会对人体健康构成威胁,因此需要高灵敏度和高特异性的检测方法来定量分析和鉴定食品中的细菌毒素.蛋白组学方法可以揭示细菌蛋白组成及其潜在的生物学功能,感染过程中菌体蛋白...     

Physicochemical and Functional Properties of Soy Protein Substrates Modified by Low Levels of Protease Hydrolysis

ABSTRACT: Endo-protease treatments achieving low degrees of hydrolysis (DH 2% and 4%) were used to improve functional properties of hexane-extracted soy flour (HESF), extruded-expelled partially defatted soy flour (EESF), ethanol-washed soy protein concentrate (SPC), and soy protein isolate (SPI). These substrates had protein dispersibility indices ranging from 11% to 89%. Functional properties, including solubility profile (pH 3 to 7), emul-sification capacity and stability, foaming capacity and stability, and apparent viscosity were determined and related to surface hydrophobicity and peptide profiles of the hydrolysates. Protein solubilities of all substrates increased as DH increased. Emulsification capacity and hydrophobicity values of the enzyme-modified HESF and EESF decreased after hydrolysis, whereas these values increased for SPC and SPI. Emulsion stability was improved for all 4% DH hydrolysates. Hydrolyzed SPC had lower foaming capacity and stability. For substrates other than SPC, foaming properties were different depending on DH. Hydrolysis significantly decreased the apparent viscosities regardless of substrate. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) indicated differences in the molecular weight profiles of the hydrolysates. HESF and EESF, which had high proportions of native-state proteins, showed minor changes in the peptide profile due to hydrolysis compared with SPC and SPI.     

大豆蛋白生产与应用现状

该文综述大豆蛋白制品—大豆蛋白粉、大豆分离蛋白、大豆浓缩蛋白、大豆组织蛋白生产现状、存在问题及大豆蛋白在面制品、肉制品、乳制品、饮料制品等中应用现状。     

Effects of silage protein degradability and fermentation acids on metabolizable protein concentration: A meta-analysis of dairy cow production experiments

A meta-analysis was conducted using data from dairy cow production studies to evaluate silage metabolizable protein (MP) concentrations. The data consisted of 397 treatment means in 130 comparisons, in which the effects of silage factors (e.g., date of harvest, wilting, silage additives) were investigated. Within a comparison, a fixed amount of the same concentrate was fed. A prerequisite of data to be included in the analysis was that silage dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), ammonia N, lactic acid (LA), and total acid (TA) concentrations and digestibility were determined. A smaller data set (n = 248) comprised studies in which silage water-soluble N concentration was also analyzed. The supply of MP was estimated as amino acids absorbed from the small intestine using a model with constant values for ruminal effective protein degradability (EPD) and intestinal digestibility of rumen undegraded protein. Microbial protein was calculated on the basis of digestible carbohydrates and rumen degradable protein (RDP). Alternative models were used to estimate microbial protein formation, assuming the energy values of RDP and TA to be equivalent to 1.00, 0.75, 0.50, 0.25, and 0 times that of digestible carbohydrates. Because EPD values are seldom determined in production trials, they were derived using empirical models that estimate them from other feed components. The goodness of fit of models was compared on the basis of root mean squared error (RMSE) of milk protein yield (MPY) predicted from MP supply (adjusted for random study effect) and Akaike's information criterion. Metabolizable protein supply calculated from basal assumptions predicted MPY precisely within a study (RMSE = 16.2 g/d). Variable contribution of RDP to the energy supply for microbial synthesis influenced the precision of MPY prediction very little, but RMSE for MPY increased markedly when the energy supply of rumen microbes was corrected for TA concentration. Using predicted rather than constant EPD values also increased RMSE of MPY prediction. These observations do not mean that the supply of MP from undegraded feed protein is constant. However, it suggests that our current methods overestimate the range in EPD values and that the techniques have so many inherent technical problems that they can mask the true differences between the feeds. Including new elements in feed protein evaluation models may not improve the precision of production response predictions unless the consequent effects on the supply of other nutrients are taken into account.     

The structures and functions of ice crystal-controlling proteins from bacteria

Many organisms have evolved into unique mechanisms which minimize freezing injury due to extracellular ice formation. Specifically, certain bacteria have produced a few proteins each with different functions. For example, the ice nucleation protein acts as a template for ice formation, which is responsible for imparting ice nucleating activity. The anti-nucleating protein inhibits the fluctuation of ice nucleus formation by a foreign particle in the water drop. Also, the antifreeze proteins depress the freezing temperature, modify or suppress ice crystal growth, inhibit ice recrystallization, and protect the cell membrane from cold-induced damage. In this article, a review on the current knowledge of the structure and the function of these three types of proteins, which are capable of interacting with ice itself or its nuclei from bacteria.     

Effect of amidation on the foaming and physico-chemical properties of bovine serum albumin

Amidation of bovine serum albumin (BSA) was achieved by a water-soluble carbo-diimide, ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDC)-mediated reaction using ammonium chloride as the nucleophile. Partial and substantial amidation of 0.5% (w/v) BSA in 5.5 m ammonium chloride solution with 1 times 10-²mmol EDC over 120 min and 1 times 10^-1mmol EDC over 10 min respectively was achieved on a large scale using diafiltration for rapid termination of the reaction and purification. Residual ammonium chloride otherwise enhanced foaming properties. The amidated proteins were characterized by isoelectric focusing, electrophoresis and hydrophobicity and disulphide- and sulphydryl-group measurements. Compared with native BSA, partially amidated BSA (PA-BSA) produced enhanced foam expansion and foam stability values. This was attributed to minimal denaturation and to the presence of both acidic and basic components (pI range 5.25–7.50) within the single protein. In contrast, substantially amidated BSA (SA-BSA) (pI range 7–9.1) had similar foaming properties to those of the ultrafiltered BSA control which were slightly lower than those of native BSA. However SA-BSA interacted synergistically with native BSA producing enhanced foaming properties particularly at the 1:1 ratio through electrostatic interactions, conformational changes and increased hydrophobicity.     

大豆分离蛋白改性对其功能性质影响

大豆分离蛋白是大豆蛋白最为精制形式,广泛应用于食品工业,并在不同产品中表现出不同功能。该文综述近年来大豆分离蛋白物理、化学、酶法及基因工程改性对其功能性质影响,经不同方式改性可产生合适功能性质,从而拓宽大豆分离蛋白在食品工业中应用。     

芝麻蛋白研究概况

简述芝麻蛋白的结构及氨基酸组成、蛋白质性质和应用,并展望进一步研究芝麻蛋白的 前景。