基于改进灰色关联度的液压系统可靠性模型优选方法

针对目前以假设检验等方法进行模型优选区分度和准确性不高的问题,提出了基于斜率相似和中值相近的灰色关联度模型优选方法,研究了该优选方法的算法。根据采集的数控磨床液压系统的可靠性数据,分别用5种概率密度函数对液压系统进行了建模,并利用所提模型优选方法对5种分布模型进行了拟合优度检验,结果显示液压系统最适合于伽马分布。与相关系数法、传统灰色关联度法、K-S检验等方法进行模型优选相比,基于改进灰色关联度的模型优选方法的区分度分别提高了86.42%、67.27%、2.59%,且准确性很高,优选效果良好。所述的模型优选方法可以用于可靠性模型的优选,也可以为其他曲线拟合的优选提供参考。     

基于混合威布尔分布的数控折弯机可靠性评估

在收集国产WEHK 110/3100型数控折弯机故障数据的基础上,选用两参数混合威布尔模型进行数据建模,采用最大期望值(EM)算法进行参数估计,通过拟合优度检验确定,机床故障过程服从混合威布尔分布,最后通过计算获得该型机床的可靠性指标。结果表明,机床可靠性指标与企业实际运行非常契合,可作为该型机床可靠性水平的参考,为国内关于数控折弯机的可靠性评估提供了一种新方法。     

高档数控装备多层贝叶斯可靠性评估模型研究

为实现少量故障数据样本下五轴联动数控机床精确的可靠性评估,通过对贝叶斯估计方法进行研究,设计实现数控机床可靠性建模。该方法首先设定威布尔模型参数服从伽玛分布,为解决无先验信息问题,引入两层贝叶斯方法。为解决积分求解后验分布计算困难问题,使用MCMC方法计算模型参数估计值,最终建立起威布尔模型。引用某机床一年的历史故障数据,使用所设计方法与最小二乘法实现建模,用拟合优度检验将两个方法结果进行比较判断出所设计方法具有可行性。最后依据建立的可靠性模型对机床进行可靠性评估。     

基于故障关联度的数控系统可靠性建模北大核心

为了研究高可靠长寿命高档数控系统可靠性,提高数控系统可靠性模型的拟合效果,提出一种基于故障关联度的数控系统可靠性建模方法。首先,基于关联规则,利用FP-Growth算法挖掘频繁项集,通过对故障数据的挖掘建立一个既满足最小支持度又满足最小置信度的关联规则;其次,提出基于故障关联度的数控系统建模方法并给出故障关联因子的计算公式,通过故障关联因子对Weibull分布模型进行优化,建立改进模型,并与Weibull分布模型进行了对比。结果表明,改进模型的均方误差远小于Weibull分布模型,且在超过400 h之后改进模型与故障数据的拟合效果优于Weibull分布模型,该模型完善了数控系统可靠性评估方法,提高了数控系统的故障预测能力。     

数控磨床头架系统的FMECA和FTA可靠性分析

鉴于目前国产数控磨床可靠性较低,以某机床厂生产的某系列数控磨床为研究对象,进行可靠性分析。经过现场采集的故障数据分析可知头架系统是该系列数控磨床发生故障率最高的系统,并对头架系统故障数据进行了FMECA和FTA可靠性分析。通过对头架系统的FMECA分析计算出头架系统对数控磨床的危害度为0.003344169。通过对头架系统的FTA可靠性分析确定了头架系统的最小割集和发生故障原因。为提高数控磨床的可靠性,经过故障数据的分析提出了几点可靠性提升方案,对提高国产数控磨床可靠性具有重要意义。     

基于FMECA与FTA的数控磨床数控系统可靠性分析

数控系统是数控磨床的关键子系统之一，其可靠性水平决定数控磨床整体质量。采集某系列数控磨床的故障数据，对数控系统进行可靠性分析。采用故障模式和影响性分析法，求出数控系统对整机的危害度；利用故障树分析法进行分析，求出最小割集，确定造成数控系统故障的直接原因。针对故障原因，提出改善措施，以提高数控磨床整体可靠性。研究结果能够为数控磨床的设计和制造提供参考。     

基于遗传算法的数控磨床可靠性优化分配技术研究

可靠性设计是保证产品质量的重要环节,可靠性分配是可靠性设计的主要内容,可靠性指标分配受到成本的制约。数控磨床是精密制造系统中最后一个加工设备,其可靠性的高低对加工质量和生产效率有重要影响。为了确保数控磨床在一定的系统可靠性水平下成本最低,提出了可靠性优化分配技术。建立了数控磨床的可靠性优化分配模型,利用遗传算法对数控磨床的各个子系统进行可可靠性指标分配,并将分配后的成本与现有数控磨床的成本进行了比较,结果表明:总成本可以降低3.7%,优化效果明显;该方法可以应用在数控磨床的可靠性设计中,也可以为其他类似机电产品的可靠性设计提供参考。     

基于GA与RBF神经网络的工程陶瓷点磨削表面硬度数值模拟

基于RBF神经网络理论,对工程陶瓷点磨削表面硬度HV与切削速度vc、进给速度f、切削深度ap、倾斜角α、和偏转角β五个工艺参数的关系进行了单因素数值拟合,并以拟合优度对拟合结果进行了检验,检验结果表明模型具有较高可信度。基于遗传优化算法,对点磨削表面硬度关于五个工艺参数的多元模型进行了优化建模,设计了正交实验对模型进行检验,最大误差在10%以内,表明模型具有较高的可靠性。     

面向最小维修的数控机床可靠性评估

为了解决数控机床最小维修的可靠性评估问题,提出了基于幂律过程的可靠性评估方法,建立了基于幂律过程的故障数据模型。对故障数据进行趋势检验和更新过程检验,验证了幂律过程应用的前提条件成立。提出CBT与CLT的分步检验方法对评估涉及的多台机床的同质性进行了验证。用极大似然估计法和Fisher信息矩阵法给出了模型参数的点估计与区间估计,并给出了机床可靠性指标的点估计和基于Delta法的区间估计。应用Cramér-von Mises法对模型进行拟合优度检验。实例分析表明:幂律过程能够反映出数控机床的瞬时与累积可靠性特性,提出的CBTCLT分步检验方法能够有效地对多台机床同质性做出判断,得到的结果更符合实际。     

数控微磨床热误差的时序分析法建模及应用

提出了采用时间序列分析法进行数控微磨床热误差建模的基本原理及方法,及其在微磨床热误差补偿建模中的应用.使用实时过余温度序列建立时序分析模型并进行预测.再通过由微机和微磨床控制器构成的补偿系统,根据建立的时序分析模型,由微机算出补偿值送入微磨床控制器,对砂轮进行附加进给运动.通过对热误差补偿模型补偿效果的分析,证明了以实时过余温度为自变量的时序分析法在数控微磨床热误差建模中的有效性与可行性.     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。