变频调谐的动力减振镗杆的设计与仿真实验

针对大长径比镗杆刚性差,在镗削加工过程经常出现颤振,难以保证加工质量和影响刀具寿命,文章设计结构新颖的变频调谐动力减振器。通过不同角度的弹性质量块位置安装可改变减振器的固有频率;依据减振理论分析不同固有频率比下系统幅频特性曲线的变化规律,运用ANSYS有限元计算所设计的弹性质量块安装不同角度的减振器的一阶固有频率值,确定固有频率比的变化范围,得到减振镗杆的最佳参数;通过ADAMS仿真实验,验证抑振效果,结果表明:减振器安装在最佳位置时的频响函数峰值得到较大削弱,由未安装减振器时的高幅值单峰变为安装减振器之后的低幅值双峰,安装减振器的镗杆的减振幅度约为未安装的两倍以上。     

基于模态试验的两种减振镗杆动态特性测试

深孔加工中刀具颤振是影响加工效率、加工精度和表面质量的主要因素,采用具有减振功能的镗杆是解决深孔加工颤振的有效技术途径.针对两种不同类型的减振镗杆,采用模态试验的方法测试其动态特性,给出其模态参数和固有振型,为大长径比深孔加工用减振镗杆的研制与使用提供参考.     

一种减振精镗刀结构设计及动态特性仿真研究

针对大长径比镗刀精镗深孔出现的振动问题,根据动力学理论建立了减振镗杆的数学理论模型,得出了影响减振效果的几个关键参数:动力吸振器和主振动系统的质量比、固有频率比、阻尼器的阻尼比等。完成了减振镗杆结构尺寸设计,确定了动力吸振器的参数值、几个核心部件的关键尺寸和材料、减振块的外形尺寸和材料、弹簧橡胶的内外径和轴向长度尺寸及相关材料和刚度值、阻尼液的阻尼系数及相关材料等。建立了减振镗杆的实体三维模型。通过ADAMS软件对减振镗杆作了仿真验证,得到了减振镗杆的幅频响应曲线,仿真验证了将弹簧刚度值和黏性阻尼比作为影响减振效果关键参数的正确性;针对两种不同类型镗杆作了仿真对比,得出所设计的减振镗杆减振幅度约为实心镗杆的3倍以上,可以大幅抑制镗杆的振幅并迅速缩短振动周期,对机床切削颤振具有很好的抑制作用。     

钢结硬质合金抗振镗杆设计及应用研究

通过钢结硬质合金镗杆材料优选和结构设计,开展一种新材料镗杆在深孔加工的抗振性能研究。对比钢结硬质合金和普通钢两种不同材料,钢结硬质合金镗杆硬度更高,弹性模量更大,静刚度更高。静态模态锤击试验发现,钢结硬质合金镗杆的模态频率更低,其一阶模态频率598 Hz,明显低于普通钢710 Hz,模态阻尼和模态刚度更高,其一阶模态阻尼4.08%,一阶模态刚度3.00 E+08 N/m,抗振性能更好。动态实际镗削试验表明,在同等切削状态下,钢结硬质合金镗杆镗削时,镗孔精度和表面质量更好。结合模态锤击试验和实际镗削试验,钢结硬质合金镗杆抗振性能都比普通钢镗杆更好,模态分析与实际加工结论一致。通过切削参数对深孔镗削影响的研究,确定了在试验参数范围内,两种材质镗杆各自的最佳切削参数,其中,钢结硬质合金最佳切削参数为Vc=350 m/min、ap=0.15 mm、f=0.1 mm/r;钢结硬质合金镗杆最佳切削速度远高于普通钢杆,加工效率是普通钢杆的2倍以上。     

一种新型的加工锥孔的装置

１　前言锥孔通常可在普通车床、仿形车床、数控车床上加工。如果在一个零部件上有不同锥度的孔，用上述万能设备加工，则生产率低，质量不稳定。我厂新研制的镗锥孔工艺装置安装在组合机床上，加工不同锥度的孔，取得了很好的效果。２　结构与原理该结构（图１）是由大镗杆２、推杆３、导向定位键４、销轴５、导向套６和小镗杆７等主要零部件组成，安装在相应规格的镗削头或专用多轴镗削头的主轴１上。镗削头按表１中的型号配置。小镗杆７装配在按技术要求加工成斜度的大镗杆２内，由导向套６保证小镗杆７的轴向运动精度和润滑，导向定位键…     

一种用于大长径比铣刀杆减振的新型动力减振器

针对大长径比铣刀杆刚性差、加工中极易出现切削颤振的特点,提出一种新型动力减振装置。设计了铣刀杆整体结构,建立了减振铣削系统的铣削动力学模型。运用机械振动学和动力减振的定点理论推导出最优频率比和最佳阻尼比公式,利用MATLAB软件验证所建立模型的准确性;计算出减振装置的最优参数,进行动力减振器的结构设计;通过ADAMS软件进行了仿真实验,验证所设计的减振装置的减振效果,同时进行了实际的切削实验。结果表明:所设计的减振装置具有很好的减振效果。     

重切龙门镗铣加工中心结构静动态特性分析

为了在设计阶段精准评估重切龙门镗铣加工中心结构的动静态特性,建立加工中心整机结构有限元仿真模型,分析其静、动态特性。通过模态测试验证动态仿真模型的准确性和有效性,根据分析结果提出加工中心的结构优化建议。结果表明：由于滑枕的静刚度不足,导致加工中心 Y 方向的静刚度较低,在1 500 N切削力作用下,最大变形可达0.008 137 mm;加工中心的前6阶实测固有频率分别是41.87、55.69、88.06、103.45、129.68、159.41 Hz,前6阶固有频率的平均仿真计算误差为6.5%,立柱和滑枕位置在外部激振力作用下易发生较大的动态变形响应。     

龙门铣床双摆头动力学特性实验研究

结合实验模态分析技术对龙门铣床双摆头的动力学特性进行研究。对双摆头结构进行模态测试，获取频率响应函数，并进行拟合，分析得到结构固有频率、阻尼比与振型等动力学参数；对安装在双摆头上的螺旋立铣刀进行锤击实验，获取机床-主轴-刀具系统的加速度频率响应函数，结合再生颤振理论，预测其铣削颤振稳定域。根据可视化的整机振型，提出改进机床结构的方案，并提供合理的切削参数。     

基于结构静动态设计方法的数控机床滑座结构改进

对单自由度系统，其静刚度与固有频率的平方有正比关系。复杂机械结构的静、动刚度与结构的布局有关，但对其某一低阶固有频率和该方向的静刚度，适用上述结论。故通过提高结构的固有频率，可同时改善结构静、动刚度。有限元分析（FEA）方法应用于结构的静、动态设计中，可大大提高结构设计效率。以一数控机床滑座结构为实例，基于结构静、动刚度的关系和FEA方法，对结构进行了改进，使滑座重量减少一半的同时，提高了其结构的静、动态特性。     

如何强化小孔冲头

当使用细长的小冲头在抗剪强度较高、厚度较大的坯料上冲孔时,冲头承受了很大的压缩应力和弯曲应力。当冲头的长径比大于5时,在使用中就会产生种种麻烦,因此必须采用特殊的方法加以强化。 1.单件圆形冲头在下列情况下必须对小孔冲头采取强化措施: (1)冲孔直径小于0.100in; (2)板料抗剪强度较低,孔径:料厚<1.5; (3)板料抗剪强度较高,孔径;料厚<2。强化方法为:(1)加粗冲头杆部;(2)附加支承套管。首先可以采用较大直径的冲头杆部和较短的冲切部分。这类冲头常用的尺寸比例参见图     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。