拆坝对河流生态环境影响利弊研究综述

为研究拆坝对生态环境影响的利弊,介绍了拆坝对水文情势、泥沙输运、河道地貌、河道水质、栖息地质量及生物多样性等生态的影响,综述了拆坝后河道物理化学及重要生态特性之间响应关系的研究进展。拆坝对生态环境的影响具有时空复杂性,且各生态因子相互影响;水文情势的变化是所有生态响应的触发条件,泥沙输运是生态响应的关键性因子。为了河道长期连续性的开发与利用,研究泥沙输运及泥沙污染物的释放规律,预测拆坝后河道水质时空变化过程,分析流域尺度上生态系统之间的响应关系等对拆坝的评估决策十分重要。     

拆坝措施在河流修复中的运用

大坝对社会具有重大效益,但同时造成了河流功能的显著变化和生态系统的退化.另外,许多大坝经过长期的运行,已丧失了原设计的功能,大坝的老化产生安全问题也需要考虑拆坝.对拆坝的理论研究和管理还处于起步阶段,对拆坝的标准、措施研究都不够深入.介绍了国外有关拆除大坝的管理实践,讨论了建坝和拆坝对生态系统产生的主要影响.对拆坝在未来作为河流修复措施在我国的应用前景进行了分析.     

退役坝拆除现状及其影响研究进展综述

我国降等与报废水库逐年增加,大坝退役拆除成为必然趋势。针对退役坝拆除问题,从各国拆坝数量、拆坝地区分布、拆坝原因和拆坝相关政策入手,对国内外大坝拆除现状进行分析总结,并对拆坝后对生态环境和社会经济产生的影响进行综述。研究发现国内外关于拆坝影响研究多为定性分析,缺少定量分析和一套切实可行的计算方法,且多为单因素研究,缺乏综合影响因素评估分析。由此展望未来的拆坝影响研究中应由定性分析向定量分析转变,并耦合水动力、泥沙、生物响应、水生环境等多方面因素,构建拆坝影响的综合评估体系。     

多元因子分析模型在河流健康评价中的应用——以苏子河水质特性研究为例

为顺应河流生态可持续发展,提出健康河流、生命河流等概念,维持河流生态系统健康已经成为流域综合管理的必然趋势。综合运用水文学、水力学、泥沙地貌学和水生生态学的基本理论和方法研究河流生态健康的表征因子,确定各因子的阈值,建立流域性水体水质可续发展评价体系。以河流可持续发展为基础,引用代表性的相关指标进行筛选,对流域水质指标进行数值化分析,以苏子河流域水质特性为研究对象,选取出评估河流健康状况的环境因子,客观反映出中小河流域健康状况,为河流的可持续管理和生态环境建设提供参考。     

大坝的河流生态效应及对策研究

在河流上建坝改变了河流的水文、水力特性,物理化学特性以及河流生态学特性,严重影响河流生态系统的结构和功能,成为河流生态系统研究中的热点问题.研究表明,大坝对河流生态系统的生态效应是规划、建造、设计以及大坝泄流等过程的复合函数,需要在大坝的规划、设计、建造、运行过程中,根据河流生态系统的特点,充分考虑流域土地利用、生态恢复、流量适应性管理等措施,减轻大坝对河流生态系统的影响,实现流域水资源的可持续发展,从而达到人与自然和谐发展的目的.     

河流生态研究热点与进展

随着人们对河流生态环境要求的提高,河流生态研究引起了广泛关注,也取得了很大的进步。在广泛查阅国内外相关文献的基础上,对河流生境、河流生态流量、河流生态系统健康评价、河流生态修复4个热点问题的研究进展进行了总结和分析,并根据当前研究中的不足,提出了今后应加强的方面,主要包括:(1)流域尺度的生境因子变化规律及其累积影响、河流生境与多种河流生物适配性关系、多尺度河流生境质量评价等;(2)多目标河湖生态流量计算方法、分区分时生态流量的确定、生态流量动态过程、生态流量管理机制等;(3)长期河道生态因子监测、河流生态健康评价标准的制定、大尺度河流健康评价等;(4)多种修复技术的优化组合、流域尺度生态修复、河流生态修复后评估指标和标准的确定、修复后的生态系统动态演变过程等。     

河流生态功能综合评价的层次决策分析方法

介绍了基于层次决策分析的河流生态功能综合评价方法,提出了在河流水文评估、物理化学评估、生物栖息地质量评估和生物评估4个单项评估的基础上,构建以河流生态功能综合指数为目标、4个单项因子为准则、5个等级标度为决策标准的层次递阶模型,应用模型进行了河流综合评价的两种情景分析。     

水库报废生态环境影响及其修复

为研究水库报废对生态环境的影响,将水库报废拆坝影响划分为三个层次:以水沙过程为初始影响,视社会和经济影响为最终效应,两者之间为次生影响,并揭示了拆坝影响的综合性、矛盾性、时空延续性及不确定性等特点。从物理、化学、生态三方面明晰了拆坝生态环境影响:物理影响体现对水文、泥沙和地形地貌的影响,拆坝可完全逆转建坝带来的水文影响,淤积的泥沙将重新运移,通过溯源侵蚀使大坝上下游河段逐渐达到相对稳定的坡降;化学影响主要表现为对河流水质的影响;生态影响即可能使水生生物的生境质量得以改善,也可能由于水质退化、物种入侵对水生生境产生负面影响。针对性地提出了拆坝生态修复对策和措施:应通过重新引入乡土植物群落、控制外来物种及顺应植被演替规律修复库区及下游河道濒水植被;清除或降低污染物对生态环境的不利影响;重建河流近岸水文、地貌环境,保护和恢复水生生物;通过生态环境监测,应适时对修复措施进行调整。研究所得成果为报废水库的生态修复提供参考。     

水电工程生态损益评估技术方法初探

本文通过概念辨析,梳理了河流生态系统服务功能、生态价值及生态损益三个概念之间的定位及范畴,进一步明晰了水电工程生态损益评估概念;以生态系统服务功能和生态价值理论及方法为基础,提出了水电工程生态损益评估技术路线,将水电工程生态损益评估划分为河流生态系统服务功能评价、生态价值核算、生态损益分析三个阶段,并提出了各阶段的评价内容和方法;建立了水电工程生态损益评估定量计量模式,该模式可用于以货币形式定量评估水电工程的生态损益净值.研究结果将为综合研究水电工程的生态效益、生态影响及生态损益净值提供技术支撑     

生态友好型水库调度及其研究进展

讨论水库调度对河流生态系统的影响机制;总结水库调度生态目标的4种设定和量化方法,即流量控制法、水力因子(水质)控制法、生物指标法和综合指标法;对生态友好型水库调度的模拟法和优化方法进行了较全面的评述;讨论了生态友好型水库调度需要进一步研究的问题。     

Effects of dams in river networks on fish assemblages in non‐impoundment sections of rivers in Michigan and Wisconsin,USA

Regional assessment of cumulative impacts of dams on riverine fish assemblages provides resource managers essential information for dam operation, potential dam removal, river health assessment and overall ecosystem management. Such an assessment is challenging because characteristics of fish assemblages are not only affected by dams, but also influenced by natural variation and human‐induced modification (in addition to dams) in thermal and flow regimes, physicochemical habitats and biological assemblages. This study evaluated the impacts of dams on river fish assemblages in the non‐impoundment sections of rivers in the states of Michigan and Wisconsin using multiple fish assemblage indicators and multiple approaches to distinguish the influences of dams from those of other natural and human‐induced factors. We found that environmental factors that influence fish assemblages in addition to dams should be incorporated when evaluating regional effects of dams on fish assemblages. Without considering such co‐influential factors, the evaluation is inadequate and potentially misleading. The role of dams alone in determining fish assemblages at a regional spatial scale is relatively small (explained less than 20% of variance) compared with the other environmental factors, such as river size, flow and thermal regimes and land uses jointly. However, our results do demonstrate that downstream and upstream dams can substantially modify fish assemblages in the non‐impoundment sections of rivers. After excluding river size and land‐use influences, our results clearly demonstrate that dams have significant impacts on fish biotic‐integrity and habitat‐and‐social‐preference indicators. The influences of the upstream dams, downstream dams, distance to dams, and dam density differ among the fish indicators, which have different implications for maintaining river biotic integrity, protecting biodiversity and managing fisheries. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Fish and Benthic Macroinvertebrate Assemblage Response to Removal of a Partially Breached Lowhead Dam

Dam removal is an increasingly common restoration technique in lotic ecosystems. Potential dam removal benefits include improved aquatic organism passage, restoration of natural flow dynamics and a general improvement in habitat for native species. However, understanding potential dam removal outcomes requires data on ecosystem response in a wide variety of settings. We evaluated fish and benthic macroinvertebrate response to removal of the Spruce Pine dam in western North Carolina, USA. This dam was partially breached prior to removal, and impounded a coolwater river, both scenarios under which dam removal has been under‐studied. Post‐removal shifts in fish and benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages did not occur, suggesting that previously documented patterns of assemblage change in response to dam removal, particularly in the area upstream from the dam, are not universal, and may depend upon factors such as river gradient and water temperature, and the available species pool. Such information can aid managers in identifying conditions under which an expectation of significant instream habitat improvement in response to dam removal may not be warranted. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The Importance of Riparian Forest Cover to the Ecological Status of Agricultural Streams in a Nationwide Assessment

Forested riparian corridors are a key management solution for halting the global trend of declining ecological status of freshwater ecosystems. There is an increasing body of evidence related to the efficacy of these corridors at the local scale, but knowledge is inadequate concerning the effectiveness of riparian forests in terms of protecting streams from harmful impacts across larger scales. In this study, nationwide assessment results comprising more than 900 river water bodies in Finland were used to examine the importance of adjacent land use to river ecological status estimates. Random forest models and partial dependence functions were used to quantify the independent effect of adjacent land use on river ecological status after accounting for the effects of other factors. The proportion of adjacent forested land along a river had the strongest independent positive effect on ecological status for small to medium size rivers that were in agricultural landscapes. Ecological quality increased by almost one status class when the adjacent forest cover increased from 10 to 60%. In contrast, for large rivers, adjacent forested land did not show an independent positive effect on ecological status. This study has major implications for managing river basins to achieve the EU Water Framework Directive (WFD) goal of obtaining good ecological status of rivers. The results from the nationwide assessment demonstrate that forested riparian zones can have an independent positive effect on the ecological status of rivers, indicating the importance of riparian forests in mitigating the impacts of catchment-level stressors. Therefore, forested buffer zones should be more strongly considered as part of river basin management.

     

我国库坝建设对河流生态系统服务功能的影响与战略对策

客观地分析了我国库坝建设对河流生态系统社会经济服务功能和自然生态服务功能正负两方面的影响。库坝建设大大提高了河流生态系统的社会经济服务功能,而降低了自然生态服务功能。由于调蓄洪水、供水、水力发电、减少温室气体排放和发展低碳经济等的需要,继续建设水库和大坝是我国未来一定时期的必然选择。提出了提高我国河流生态服务功能的战略对策。     

Assessment of impact of water diversion projects on ecological water uses in arid region

In arid regions, large-scale water diversion from rivers leads to significant changes in river flow regimes, which may have large impacts on ecological water uses of river-dependent ecosystems, such as river, lake, wetland, and riparian ecosystems. To assess the integrated impact of water diversion on ecological water uses, we proposed a hierarchy evaluation model composed of four layers representing the evaluation goal, sub-areas of the influenced region, evaluation criteria, and water diversion schemes, respectively. The evaluation criteria for different types of ecological water uses were proposed, and the analytical hierarchy process was used for the integrated assessment. For a river ecosystem, the percentage of mean annual flow was used to define the grade of environmental flow. For a lake ecosystem, water recharge to the lake to compensate the lake water losses was used to assess the ecological water use of a lake. The flooding level of the wetland and the groundwater level in the riparian plain were used to assess the wetland and riparian ecological water uses, respectively. The proposed model was applied to a basin in northern Xinjiang in northwest China, where both water diversion and inter-basin water transfer projects were planned to be carried out. Based on assessment results for the whole study area and two sub-areas, an appropriate scheme was recommended from four planning schemes. With the recommended scheme, ecological water uses of the influenced ecosystems can be maintained at an acceptable level. Meanwhile, economical water requirements can be met to a great extent.     

Sedimentology of New Fluvial Deposits on the Elwha River,Washington, USA,Formed During Large‐Scale Dam Removal

Removal of two dams 32 m and 64 m high on the Elwha River, Washington, USA, provided the first opportunity to examine river response to a dam removal and controlled sediment influx on such a large scale. Although many recent river‐restoration efforts have included dam removal, large dam removals have been rare enough that their physical and ecological effects remain poorly understood. New sedimentary deposits that formed during this multi‐stage dam removal result from a unique, artificially created imbalance between fluvial sediment supply and transport capacity. River flows during dam removal were essentially natural and included no large floods in the first two years, while draining of the two reservoirs greatly increased the sediment supply available for fluvial transport. The resulting sedimentary deposits exhibited substantial spatial heterogeneity in thickness, stratal‐formation patterns, grain size and organic content. Initial mud deposition in the first year of dam removal filled pore spaces in the pre‐dam‐removal cobble bed, potentially causing ecological disturbance but not aggrading the bed substantially at first. During the second winter of dam removal, thicker and in some cases coarser deposits replaced the early mud deposits. By 18 months into dam removal, channel‐margin and floodplain deposits were commonly >0.5 m thick and, contrary to pre‐dam‐removal predictions that silt and clay would bypass the river system, included average mud content around 20%. Large wood and lenses of smaller organic particles were common in the new deposits, presumably contributing additional carbon and nutrients to the ecosystem downstream of the dam sites. Understanding initial sedimentary response to the Elwha River dam removals will inform subsequent analyses of longer‐term sedimentary, geomorphic and ecosystem changes in this fluvial and coastal system, and will provide important lessons for other river‐restoration efforts where large dam removal is planned or proposed. Published 2013. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.     

河流生态修复评价方法探讨

目前,有关河流生态修复评价指标体系研究中缺乏对经济可行性因素的考虑。在分析河流生态修复评价和相关经济可行性研究成果的基础上,通过识别河流生态环境的自然因素和社会因素,探讨了河流周边社会经济因素对河流生态系统修复产生的影响,并从修复必要性评价和经济可行性评价两方面着手构建了适用于河流生态修复评价的指标体系。采用层次分析法对河流生态修复评价指标赋予权重,建立了模糊综合评价模型,为河流生态修复评价研究提供了一种新的方法。最后,以河南省贾鲁河郑州段和周口段为例开展实际应用研究,结果证明本评价方法可行。