三维大纵横比目标散射的快速精确求解

采用积分方程法严格求解三维大纵横比目标的电磁散射。在积分方程法的迭代求解中用快速我极子法（ＦＭＭ）加速矩阵与矢量的相乘计算,同时运用快速傅里叶变换（ＦＦＴ）进一步提高快速多极子方法中的转换预计算,数值结果表明：这种快速多极子法－快速傅立叶变换方法（ＦＭＭ－ＦＦＴ）特别适合于三维大纵横比目标的散射求解。     

导体介质组合体电磁分析的建模与计算

为提高导体介质复合目标电磁散射分析的效率,采用一类新的表面混合场积分方程进行求解,该方程通过伽略金方法建立的阻抗矩阵具有良好的条件数.分析了多区域连接边上的电磁流分布和基函数的定义,然后根据边界条件推导了广义EFIE-CFIE-JMCFIE方程形式,最后比较了不同积分方程建立阻抗矩阵的收敛性.数值算例表明该方法能明显提高计算效率,实现导体介质复合目标电磁散射分析快速、准确的求解.     

采用分部外推BCGS-FFT方法快速求解电磁散射问题

为了快速求解电磁散射问题中具有震荡性、奇异性、慢收敛性的索末菲积分,提出了一种利用分部外推算法加速索末菲尾部积分计算,并结合稳定双共轭快速傅里叶变换(stabilized biconjugate gradient fast Fourier transform,BCGS-FFT)算法求解电磁散射问题场分布情况的新方法. 首先给出电场积分方程(electric field integral equation, EFIE)的表达形式,且在求解过程的索末菲积分中应用一种便捷的椭圆积分路径来最小化索末菲积分的震荡性与奇异性,在索末菲尾部积分使用Levin分部外推法来提高积分收敛速度,以此来快速填充并矢格林函数矩阵. 然后对新方法进行了多种数值实验,验证算法的精确度,并对比了新方法与传统BCGS-FFT方法的计算效率,发现在保持相同计算精度的条件下,新方法可节省20%～37%的计算时间. 该方法能应用于复杂散射体嵌入多层空间的电磁散射计算,为快速求解目标区域的电磁散射场提供了一种新的方法.     

基于MT-SIE法求解电大介质目标电磁散射

介绍了一种用于均匀介质目标电磁散射求解的新型多区域表面积分方程(MT-SIE)方法。不同于传统的用于介质目标散射求解的积分方法,该方法将均匀介质目标分解为内、外2个独立的子区,通过在介质表面强加Robin传输条件来保证电流和磁流的连续性。由于介质目标被分解为内外2个独立的子区,不同的子区允许非共形剖分。相较于传统方法,该方法可以更高效地与多层快速多级子(MLFMA)相结合求解电大尺寸目标。为进一步加速矩阵的迭代求解,提出了一种高斯-赛德尔型预条件技术,可以有效改善矩阵的收敛,加快迭代求解速度。     

三维电磁散射问题区域分解技术研究进展

区域分解算法（domain decomposition method,DDM）是实现大规模电磁散射问题求解的有效途径,其易于并行,与非共形技术结合后,可进一步降低实际应用中目标建模与网格划分的难度,近年来在计算电磁领域引起广泛关注.本文介绍了电磁计算领域有限元法（finite element method,FEM）和积分方程法区域分解技术的研究进展,以及它们在合元极技术中的应用.最后,对区域分解合元极技术当前仍然存在的挑战和未来发展方向进行了讨论.     

基于积分方程区域分解算法的研究进展

介绍了近年来用于电磁建模的积分方程区域分解算法（domain decomposition method,DDM）.DDM是一种基于"分而治之"策略的框架性算法,为复杂电磁问题的求解提供了一种灵活的技术途径.结合国内外研究动态详细介绍了三类积分方程DDM,即重叠型积分方程DDM,非共形、非重叠型积分方程DDM以及基于等效原理的积分方程DDM,并通过数值算例说明了这些算法的优缺点.最后总结了积分方程DDM的主要挑战以及展望.     

结合P-FFT算法和特征基函数分析大型阵列散射

特征基函数方法利用特征值分解提取目标散射特征,构造基于特征向量的基函数可以高效的缩减矩量法分析所需的未知量数目,有利于分析有限周期阵列电磁散射或辐射问题。然而,对于电大尺寸电磁阵列散射问题,直接求解由特征基函数组成的矩阵方程,仍然面临着计算量较大等问题,难以适用于单机计算。本文结合特征基函数和预修正傅里叶快速算法求解体面结合积分方程,分析了大型金属介质混合有限周期阵列的散射特性,该算法有效减少了计算量和计算时间,并且改善了迭代求解收敛性能。     

适用于电磁混合源散射求解的新型积分方程数值方法

含腔导电目标电磁散射的混合场积分方程求解方法中,将出现电场积分方程算子和磁场积分方程算子同时作用于待求混合源的复杂情况,使计算复杂度大为提高.本文导出"均衡混合场积分方程"及其数值方法,使作用于电流和磁流的积分算子完全相同,大大简化了计算.均衡混合场积分方程与多层快速多极子方法(MLFMA)结合使用,可以方便地求解含腔导体目标的电磁散射.本文给出的数值实例充分证明了这一方法的高精度和高效率.     

基于阻抗边界条件建模的涂敷目标电磁散射分析

针对飞行器上常用的涂敷吸波材料结构开展电磁散射数值建模和散射特性分析。利用涂敷结构表面电磁场的阻抗边界条件,建立表面电流和表面磁流的新型积分方程形式,并利用快速算法进行求解。数值结果表明:该型积分方程在不增加额外计算量和存储量的条件下,显著改善了迭代求解收敛性,为复杂涂敷结构的电磁散射分析提供了快速、可靠的技术途径。     

一种分析多目标散射问题的区域分解方法

提出了一种用于分析复杂多目标散射问题的区域分解方法. 在该方法中,每个目标作为一个独立的计算区域采用矢量有限元方法进行分析;各个区域之间通过基于格林函数的边界积分方程进行耦合;所得到的耦合矩阵方程采用基于Foldy-Lax多径散射方程的特征基函数方法进行求解. 由于矢量有限元方法的灵活性,该区域分解方法特别适合于求解多个具有相同结构复杂目标的散射问题. 数值算例验证了该方法的准确性和处理复杂多目标散射问题的能力.     

A near-field preconditioner and its performance in conjunction with the BiCGstab(ell) solver

This paper describes a simple physically-motivated "near-field" preconditioning scheme that is effective in accelerating convergence of surface, volume, and combined surface/volume integral equations for a broad variety of electromagnetic scattering problems. It can be easily implemented numerically in method of moment (MoM) solvers (both conventional and those employing matrix-compression techniques), irrespective of the analytical form of the integral-equation kernel. It has low memory and CPU requirements, both of which scale linearly with the number of unknowns, and is easily amenable to efficient parallelization. We demonstrate the preconditioner's performance (in conjunction with the BiCGstab(ell) iterative solver) on two representative geometries, and observe a significant reduction in the number of iterations required for convergence.     

Analysis of Low-Frequency Electromagnetic Transients by an Extended Time-Domain Adaptive Integral Method

A stable and fast marching-on-in-time based integral-equation solver for analyzing low-frequency electromagnetic transients is presented. Stability and computational efficiency are achieved by using a frequency-normalized and diagonally balanced loop-tree decomposition scheme in concert with a novel fast Fourier transform (FFT)-based acceleration scheme. The proposed algorithm extends the time-domain adaptive integral method (TD-AIM) into the low-frequency regime by accelerating the computations of not only (discrete) "delayed" interactions due to fields observed one or more time steps after being generated but also "instantaneous" interactions due to fields observed less than one time step after being launched. This is realized by augmenting the four-dimensional blocked space-time FFTs in the TD-AIM recipe with three-dimensional space-only FFTs. Application of the extended TD-AIM accelerated integral-equation solver to the analysis of package geometries demonstrates its accuracy, stability, and efficiency.     

Fast and Rigorous Analysis of EMC/EMI Phenomena on Electrically Large and Complex Cable-Loaded Structures

A fast and comprehensive time-domain method for analyzing electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) and electromagnetic interference (EMI) phenomena on complex structures that involve electrically large platforms (e.g., vehicle shells) along with cable-interconnected antennas, shielding enclosures, and printed circuit boards is proposed. To efficiently simulate field interactions with such structures, three different solvers are hybridized: (1) a time-domain integral-equation (TDIE)-based field solver that computes fields on the exterior structure comprising platforms, antennas, enclosures, boards, and cable shields (external fields); (2) a modified nodal-analysis (MNA)-based circuit solver that computes currents and voltages on lumped circuits approximating cable connectors/loads; and (3) a TDIE-based transmission line solver that computes transmission line voltages and currents at cable terminations (guided fields). These three solvers are rigorously interfaced at the cable connectors/loads and along the cable shields; the resulting coupled system of equations is solved simultaneously at each time step. Computation of the external and guided fields, which constitutes the computational bottleneck of this approach, is accelerated using fast Fourier transform-based algorithms. Further acceleration is achieved by parallelizing the computation of external fields. The resulting hybrid solver permits the analysis of electrically large and geometrically intricate structures loaded with coaxial cables. The accuracy, efficiency, and versatility of the proposed solver are demonstrated by analyzing several EMC/EMI problems including interference between a log-periodic monopole array trailing an aircraft's wing and a monopole antenna mounted on its fuselage, coupling into coaxial cables connecting shielded printed circuit boards located inside a cockpit, and coupling into coaxial cables from a cell phone antenna located inside a fuselage.     

隐身目标的P 波段电磁散射特性仿真研究

介绍了敌方隐身目标的威胁、P 波段反隐身的基本原理及该频段电磁散射特性的研究现状,分析了基于快速多极子技术的全波数值仿真方法在隐身目标散射特性精确求解中的独特作用;阐释了基于快速多极子技术的全波数值仿真方案实施的矩量法原理、快速多极子技术、预处理算法及高效迭代求解技术,通过与标准体的测量结果对比,验证了仿真方案的可靠性及精度;利用文中提出的仿真框架对几种典型的隐身目标进行数值仿真,讨论了隐身目标在P 波段的电磁散射特性。     

介质目标电磁散射特性的多层特征基函数法分析

特征基函数法是近几年提出的一种基于分块和高阶基函数概念求解电磁散射问题的快速算法.为了更有效地分析电大尺寸多目标的电磁散射问题,将基于Foldy-Lax多径散射方程的特征基函数法扩展为多层特征基函数法,通过对子域进行多层划分来控制生成矩阵维数的大小和计算精度.应用多层特征基函数法计算了介质目标的远区散射场,数值结果与传统特征基函数法的计算结果吻合良好,且计算效率明显提高.     

Solving the cardiac bidomain equations for discontinuous conductivities

Fast simulations of cardiac electrical phenomena demand fast matrix solvers for both the elliptic and parabolic parts of the bidomain equations. It is well known that fast matrix solvers for the elliptic part must address multiple physical scales in order to show robust behavior. Recent research on finding the proper solution method for the bidomain equations has addressed this issue whereby multigrid preconditioned conjugate gradients has been used as a solver. In this paper, a more robust multigrid method, called Black Box Multigrid, is presented as an alternative to conventional geometric multigrid, and the effect of discontinuities on solver performance for the elliptic and parabolic part is investigated. Test problems with discontinuities arising from inserted plunge electrodes and naturally occurring myocardial discontinuities are considered. For these problems, we explore the advantages to using a more advanced multigrid method like Black Box Multigrid over conventional geometric multigrid. Results will indicate that for certain discontinuous bidomain problems Black Box Multigrid provides 60% faster simulations than using conventional geometric multigrid. Also, for the problems examined, it will be shown that a direct usage of conventional multigrid leads to faster simulations than an indirect usage of conventional multigrid as a preconditioner unless there are sharp discontinuities.     

Parallel in-core and out-of-core solution of electrically large problems using the RWG basis functions

Currently, the problem size that can be solved in reasonable time using the Method of Moments is limited by the amount of memory installed in the computer. This paper offers a new development that not only breaks this memory constraint, but also maintains the efficiency of running the problem in-core. In this paper, highly efficient parallel matrix-filling schemes are presented for parallel in-core and parallel out-of-core integral-equation solvers with subdomain RWG basis functions. The parallel methodology for matrix filling is quite different when using a subdomain basis as opposed to using a higher-order basis. The parallel in-core solver uses memory, which is often expensive and limited in size. The parallel out-of-core solver is introduced to extend the capability of MoM to solve larger problems that can be as large as the amount of storage on the hard disk. Numerical results on several typical computer platforms show that the parallel matrix-filling schemes and matrix-equation solvers introduced here are highly efficient and achieve theoretical predictions. The implementation of these advancements with the widely used RWG basis functions creates a powerful tool for efficient computational electromagnetics solution of complex real-world problems.     

Block Diagonalization of the Electromagnetic Impedance Matrix of a Symmetric Buried Body Using Group Theory

A major problem with the volume-current integral-equation technique of three-dimensional electromagnetic modeling is the computational time and-storage required to form and solve the impedance matrix equation for the scattering currents. If the horizontal cross sections of a body with vertical sides all possess a certain symmetry, the matrix contains information about the effect of the symmetry on the scattering currents. This information can be deduced easily using group representation theory independent of any numerical computation or particular incident field geometry, and the original matrix, containing redundant informnation, can be replaced by a block-diagonal matrix. A straightforward example is used to illustrate this general technique. The computer storage requirements and solution time for the block-diagonalized matrix equation are significantly smaller than those for the original matrix equation.     

并行多层快速多极子的高效预条件技术

多层快速多极子法是基于矩量法的快速算法,具有较低的计算复杂度和存储复杂度,被广泛应用于目标电磁散射特性分析。对于复杂结构电磁目标,由于矩阵条件数较差,往往存在迭代收敛慢甚至不收敛的问题。针对这一情况,文中利用快速多极子的近区矩阵,结合稀疏矩阵方程求解构造了一种高效预条件。数值实例表明该方法相比于块对角预条件效果更好,能有效加速多层快速多极子迭代过程。