Formation mechanism of surface corona on dielectric plates under negative impulse voltage in atmospheric air

The formation mechanism of the surface corona on dielectric plates under negative impulse voltages has been investigated with a high-speed gated image intensifier in atmospheric air. An acrylic plate was inserted perpendicularly to the axis of a rod-plane electrode system, and as a backside electrode, a translucent electric conductive film was used to observe the luminosity of the surface corona. The size and shape of the negative surface corona were measured using acrylic plates of 1, 2, 5 and 10 mm thick and rod electrode with diameters of 10, 20, 50 and 125 mm. Experiments show that the negative surface corona occurred just after the impulse voltage application and formed a ring-like luminescence. The diameter of the ring increased with the thickness of the acrylic plate and the diameter of rod electrode. The formation mechanism of the negative surface corona is studied using a numerical analysis of the electron avalanche developing along the electric line of force around the rod electrode. As a result, it is found that the occurrence positions of the surface corona agree with the theoretical computed points of the maximum linear density of positive ion.     

脉冲电声法空间电荷测量波形恢复的数据处理

采用脉冲电声法（PEA）测量固体电介质中空间电荷的分布时，由于受介质特性和系统硬件的影响，测量波形会发生畸变。文中用高斯函数模拟低场强下界面电荷波形衰减前后峰形的变化，建立了波形衰减模型。把介质的衰减因子看作一个传导矩阵，获得了恢复整个介质中空间电荷分布曲线的方程式。通过对信号在介质和放大器中传输过程的分析和建模，以Matlab软件对实测波形进行了恢复。结果表明：在电荷分布波形中电极A处的峰值可恢复到90％，而且被掩盖的异极性电荷得以显现。     

Computational and Experimental Study of Ionic Space Charge Generated by Combined Corona–Electrostatic Electrode Systems

Numerical computation of the electric field intensity and space charge density in electrode systems consisting of ionizing and nonionizing elements, connected at the same direct current (dc) high-voltage supply and facing a grounded plate, is a difficult problem, which is of interest to several electrostatic processes applications. The aim of the present paper is to demonstrate the effectiveness of an original method of field computation in the analysis of the factors that influence the distribution of the ionic space charge in such combined corona–electrostatic electrode systems. The computations and the experiments were carried out for an ionizing wire of diameter 0.3 mm, located at different distances$h$(10–30 mm) from a tubular support of diameter 25 mm. Several interelectrode distances (20–45 mm) were simulated. The extension of the zone at the surface of the grounded electrode, which is affected by the space charge, diminishes when reducing the intervals between these elements of the electrode system, and, at similar applied voltage, the density of the corresponding corona current increases. The experimental data were in good agreement with the computed results, validating the accuracy of the numerical method of space-charge calculation in this special electrode configuration.     

500kV港城变电站绝缘子均压环放电现象研究

为了提高有限元数值仿真计算方法在研究外绝缘设备电场分布的准确性,对均压环与绝缘子串电场进行仿真分析,并通过设置仿真参数来获得均压环管径和安装位置最佳尺寸的依据。针对湛江500 kV港城变电站均压环对玻璃绝缘子串放电现象,运用ANSOFT软件建立了500 kV交流杆塔上均压环与绝缘子串全三维模型,研究了均压环管径和安装位置对绝缘子串电场分布影响的规律,并通过对电场强度的仿真分析解释了均压环对绝缘子频繁放电的原因。仿真分析中研究了均压环管径及其安装位置对最大电场强度的影响,进而得出了满足实际工程应用的最佳的均压环管径和安装位置,通过实际运行验证仿真结果对于消除绝缘子均压环放电效果明显。     

向家坝左岸定子机座机坑内组装焊接工艺

向家坝电站水轮发电机定子机座是在工地现场完成组装焊接的,其结构特征为斜立筋支撑、大齿压板结构。定子机座在工地焊接成整体后钻定子铁心穿心螺杆孔。定子机座外径为21500mm,内径为20480mm（下环板19908mm）,高5885mm。机座分5瓣,每瓣重约43．6t,最大运输尺寸为13502×5885×2053mm。定子机座共分8层环板,每层环板之间对接焊接,机座组装后有20个支腿,每条支腿与基础板连接,基础板用地脚螺栓固定在混凝土基础上。     

原油含水率测量传感器性能优化实验研究

石油开采实际工况复杂多变,在利用电导法在线测量含水率时,环境因素温度、矿化度和传感器本身的电极结构会带来 测量上的偏差。 本研究设计不同电极环内径、激励电极间距的三电极和四电极进行对比实验并利用标定实验获取电导率和温 度信息。 在考虑到温度、信号调理电路等因素造成非线性的情况下,建立综合补偿函数并利用最小二乘法进行优化以求取温度 和非线性综合补偿参数。 通过电极结构的优化和得到的补偿参数实现对传感器的性能优化。 搭建含水率测试系统进行模拟测 试验证,实验表明,经过电极结构参数优化和补偿的传感器测量误差在 2%之内,稳定性较好,可满足原油含水率的测量。     

Laser‐induced discharge in a rod–plane electrode in the presence of a negative dc electric field

Discharge induction experiments were performed between a plate and a rod on a plate electrode configuration with a gap length of 1 m using a high‐power CO₂ laser and a dc voltage generator. The electrodes are parallel planes. Each plate electrode consists of a central flat part having a diameter of 3 m with a circular edge on a cross section. The length of the rod is 10 cm. A chain of plasma beads of length 10 cm was created on the tip of the rod by the CO₂ laser and used for artificial triggering of negative high‐voltage sparkover. The behavior of streamer, leader, and return stroke was observed by an image converter camera. It was found that a positive upward traveling leader can be triggered from the tip of the rod on the lower plane to the upper plane by the chain of plasma beads created by the CO₂ laser. This apparatus is useful for study for realization of laser‐induced lightning. © 2000 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 132(4): 19–27, 2000     

超/特高压交流输电线路电晕损失的数值仿真研究

电晕决定输电线路的电磁环境特性。采用模拟电荷法计算交流输电线路的电晕损失,交流导线用多根线电荷表示,导线表面场强超过起晕场强时令一定量电荷由导线表面发射到空间中。将交流周期分为若干时段,在每一时刻都考虑了导线表面电荷发射、空间电荷运动、空间电荷复合等效应,重复计算若干周期直至离子流场稳定。在已有方法的基础上改进了起晕条件和电荷发射的计算方法,考虑了导线表面电场不均匀性对电晕放电的影响,从而可以对多相多分裂导线离子流场进行仿真计算,进而计算得到线路电晕损失。对三相8分裂特高压交流线路电晕损失计算结果与试验结果有较好的一致性。     

DC corona discharge from a wire particle floated with a microgap in parallel plate electrodes

Conductive particles existing in a high-voltage system could deteriorate the system performance owing to an electric discharge via the particles. In case when the particles exist in a dc high-voltage electrode system, the location of the particle would inevitably affect the discharge aspect. A corona-onset and breakdown voltage from a metallic wire particle were measured in detail. The wire particle has a length ranging from 6 to 12 mm, and a diameter of 0.25 mm. It was fixed between a parallel plate electrode with a spacing of 20 or 30 mm. When the particle was close to the negative electrode, a corona discharge occurred stably, and the corona-onset voltage was increased as the gap length between the negative electrode, and the positive end of the particle increased up to 0.8 mm. In contrast, when the particle was close to the positive electrode, the breakdown always occurred without preceding the corona discharge. At the middle region between the electrodes, the corona onset occurred at almost constant voltage.     

Fast electrostatic discharges between a charged thin dielectricfilm and a spherical electrode with or without dielectric coating

Short-gap (less than 1 mm) electrostatic discharge (ESD) between a charged thin dielectric film on an earthed-plate electrode and a spherical electrode, connected to the plate, with or without an uncharged thin dielectric film coating was observed. Discharge-current waveform, discharge gap length, current rise time, discharging photograph, and current peak value were recorded by the authors' measuring system. The initial charge supply effects by irradiation of β-ray or ultraviolet light were found to be not highly apparent; that is, the reproducibility of ESD experiments was not greatly improved. Surface-charge-polarity dependence of surface ESD between charged and uncharged dielectric films decreases with increase of the film thickness. The discharge gap length of ESD with a 1.5 μm uncharged film coating on the spherical electrode decrease to 50 or 70% compared with that between a charged film and a bare spherical metal electrode. Peak current and transferred charge value of ESD also decrease to roughly one-third of that between the film and the spherical electrode     

直流叠加冲击电压试验回路保护电阻参数选择与外形优化

在最大900 kV直流叠加1800 kV操作或2400 kV雷电冲击电压的试验中,需要设计特殊的电阻元件保护直流电压发生器免受冲击电压的损坏.本文通过仿真计算,对直流叠加冲击电压试验回路中保护电阻的阻值进行了选取,同时基于试验时发生的外绝缘闪络,对电阻丝绕法与电极外形进行了优化,结果表明:保护电阻阻值选择500 kΩ,...     

Charging of insulating spheres on the surface of an electrodeaffected by monopolar ions

The charge acquired by an insulating sphere in a uniform monoionized electric field has been accurately evaluated by Pauthenier. In certain electrostatic applications, such as the electroseparation of mixed granular solids, the particles to be charged are on the surface of an electrode. Under these circumstances, Pauthenier's formula is no longer valid, because the field is nonuniform. This paper addresses this problem from both a computational and an experimental point of view. A numerical method of field analysis was employed for the evaluation of the charge acquired by spheres of various dielectric constants, on the surface of a plate electrode. The numerically computed values of the saturation charge in this situation were always greater than those given by Pauthenier's formula. The experiments were carried out on laboratory equipment provided with various types of corona electrodes. An electrometer was used to measure the charge acquired by calibrated spheres of polyamide (3 mm diameter) when subjected to the positive or negative corona discharge generated between these electrodes and a metallic rotating roll electrode (150 mm diameter) connected to the ground. The experimental data were in good agreement with the theoretical predictions; the saturation charge increases linearly with the applied voltage, up to a threshold at which the self discharge of the particle occurs. The efficiency of ionic charging was shown to depend on the type of corona electrode that is employed     

电晕笼交流单根导线电晕损失的计算分析

电晕损失是导线电晕特性研究的重要内容之一。为了建立电晕笼内导线电晕损失的计算模型,将模拟电荷法应用于电晕笼内导线电晕损失计算。采用线电荷模拟交流导线,对正方型截面笼壁分别作镜像处理。当导线模拟电荷量超过起晕电荷量时,分别计算导线上每个模拟电荷点向空间发射的电荷量。考虑空间电荷的影响,计算电晕笼空间的合成电场。仿真模拟电荷发射、迁移、复合过程,计算电晕笼中空间电荷运动,计算迁移过程中电荷运动产生的能量损失。进行电晕笼单根光滑导线、单根钢芯铝绞线LGJ—300/40、单根钢芯铝绞线LGJ—400/35电晕损失测量试验。仿真结果与试验结果对比,结果基本一致。因此采用模拟电荷法能够较好地建立电晕笼内单根导线电晕损失的计算模型。     

XLPE电缆中间接头局部放电电磁波特性仿真分析

为研究XLPE电缆中间接头中局部放电激发的电磁波特性,建立了10 kV XLPE电缆接头模型,采用有限积分法对中间接头中超高频(UHF)电磁波的模式特性、衰减特性以及检测信号与局放脉冲波形之间的关系进行了仿真分析。仿真结果表明:在中间接头中,电磁波主要以准TEM模式传播,在其内部各处横向电场分量明显大于纵向分量;激励产生的电场强度和信号能量整体上随检测距离的增大迅速衰减,仅在导电硅胶附近由于电磁波反射增强而略有增大;UHF信号的能量由局放脉冲的波形决定,局放脉冲波形越陡,幅值越大,激发的UHF信号越强。     

基于有限元方法的1 000 kV级特高压交流线路耐张串均压环优化设计

特高压输电线路绝缘子串电压分布极不均匀,均压环的优化设计对于改善绝缘子端部场强和改变电压分布具有重要意义。应用三维有限元法分别对1000kV特高压交流线路两联、三联和六联耐张串进行了电场计算,计算中考虑了杆塔、导线对电场分布的影响。通过不同屏蔽深度的均压环对电压分布影响的讨论和4种不同形式均压环的对比,建议1000kV特高压交流线路耐张串采用管径为120mm的跑道环,圆形部分中心径为1000mm,联接距根据绝缘子串中心间距决定,放置在第3、4片绝缘子之间。     

Fundamental study for assessment of surface resistivity based on waveform characteristics of partial discharge

The partial discharge (PD) waveform reflects the evolution process of electron avalanche in the discharge space. The authors expect to estimate the condition of the discharge space based on the PD waveform characteristics. The semi-conductive sheet was attached to the insulator to simulate the decrease in surface resistance due to deterioration. With the reduction of the surface resistivity, the shoulder appeared on the rising part of the PD waveform and the rise time of the PD waveform became longer. In addition, we simulated the change in the rise time using an equivalent circuit model. The displacement current was calculated from the surface potential distribution estimated by the diffusion equation, and the PD current was simulated by summing up all the current components. As a result, the shoulder was reproduced at the rising part of the PD waveform in the simulation as well. The surface resistance was estimated from the PD waveform by fitting with the experimental results.     

Discharge occurring at a grounded electrode located in a charged particle cloud

Electrical discharge phenomena from a grounded electrode located in a charged particle cloud have been investigated. Soil conditioning particles charged by corona charging were blown to form a space charge cloud. A grounded sphere electrode was placed at the center of the charged cloud to produce an electrical discharge. A positive pulse discharge extended from the sphere electrode toward the charged cloud with a strong luminescence. A brushlike streamer with a maximum length of 170 mm appeared at an interval of 30 ms. The maximum pulse height of the discharge was 2.4 A. The distribution of the electric field around the sphere electrode was obtained from field analysis using a concentric spherical model. It was found that the magnitude of the discharge depends on the radius of the grounded electrode and the size and charge density of the clouds. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 136(4): 7–14, 2001     

Experimental study on simulated lunar soil. High voltage breakdownand electrical insulation characteristics

A low-mass solution to electrical insulation in the lunar environment may be possible by embedding bare HV conductors within the lunar soil itself. In the paper, a `standard' NASA soil (lunar simulant) representing chemical and physical conditions found in some lunar samples was used in laboratory experiments, and its HV electrical breakdown data were presented for the first time. Insulation characteristics and leakage currents representative of variations in nonlinear resistivity of the soil were investigated. The data were compared to earlier published data for a typical lunar soil's electrical characteristics. A pair of bare planar transmission lines, having a parallel plate geometry, was buried in the lunar soil simulant and used to measure the simulant's electrical parameters. The soil simulant and the electrode assembly were in a high vacuum environment throughout the experiment series. For this parallel plate electrode configuration, electrical breakdown limits and temporal evolution of voltage breakdown of the simulated lunar soil were measured. The data were analyzed in terms of physical mechanisms. Results presented may find applications in terrestrial uses of porous ceramics as insulators as well as in future lunar colony transmission line insulation techniques and design purposes     

真空中典型沿面绝缘结构的电场分析

在高电压作用下,由复合绝缘介质构成的沿面绝缘结构的耐电强度远低于其绝缘材料自身的击穿场强,这一现象与其电场的分布特点密切相关。笔者针对真空中平行平板、平面和棒-板电极系统等多种典型沿面绝缘结构的电场分布进行了仿真计算,探讨了电极-介质结合处的间隙、圆台形绝缘子的圆锥角角度、平面电极的高度以及绝缘子介电常数等因素对电场分布的影响。仿真结果表明,接触间隙的存在导致局部电场的加强和电场方向的变化,间隙宽度越大、高度越小,间隙处电场畸变越大;圆锥角越大,绝缘子的介电常数越大,场强畸变也越大。该分析结果有利于真空中沿面绝缘结构的设计。     

杆塔雷电流多通道监测方法及其特性分析

通过采用多个罗氏线圈并联,模拟信号无源叠加的方式,可以对雷击时刻流经杆塔枝干的雷电流分量进行更精准地监测.通过建立多罗氏线圈并联外积分电路模型,根据外积分条件对电路模型进行动态特性(时域和频域)理论分析,可以得出电路模型输入输出关系的理论公式及应用条件.按照雷电流测量要求,对电路模型进行仿真分析;同时依据仿真参数制作传...