工业聚合反应装置 Ⅳ．乳液聚合反应器（上）

比较了乳液聚合用间歇聚合釜和连续搅拌釜式反应器操作中的反应工程特性，并根据这些特性介绍了间歇式和连续式乳液聚合反应器，除釜式外还有环管式和脉冲填料塔等新型反应器，同时还相应讨论了乳液聚合过程反应热的撤除以及传热设备。     

连续搅拌釜式丙烯聚合反应器的模拟：（Ⅱ）的反应器的动态模拟

建立了丙烯液相本体聚合搅拌釜式反应器的动态数学模型，通过计算机模拟，研究了进夹套冷却水流量、丙烯蒸汽冷凝量、催化剂浓度及进料温度４个变量在矩形波和阶跃两种干扰方式下反应器的动态行为，为反应器控制系统的设计提供了定量依据。     

连续搅拌釜式丙烯聚合反应器的模拟：（I）反应器的定态模拟

以实验工业装置为背景，建立了丙烯液相本体聚合连续搅拌釜式反应器的定态数学模型，通过模拟计算，考察了诸工艺参数－－进料温度、进料流量、夹套冷却水入口温度和流量、丙烯汽冷凝量、催化剂浓度以及反应器中的氢浓度对聚合反应釜反应结果的影响，并对其定态操作行为作了理论上的解释和分析。     

连续搅拌釜式反应器的鲁棒最优控制

针对一类带不确定性的连续搅拌釜式反应器,提出基于滑模控制理论的鲁棒最优控制算法。输入输出线性化方法用于线性化对象模型,假设系统的不确定因素有界,滑模面采用积分型滑模面以确保系统稳态误差为零,将线性二次型理论用于等效控制律的设计中,保证了系统的性能指标最优,自适应滑模切换控制增益的选取在降低系统抖振的前提下补偿了系统的不确定因素及外部扰动,实现了控制器的鲁棒最优。通过仿真实验表明,提出的控制器对匹配的不确定性因素及外部扰动具有鲁棒性,且闭环系统的性能指标最优。     

生物反应器放大因素与方法研究

搅拌式生物反应器是最重要的一类生物反应器,广泛应用于生物化工、食品、医药等领域。由于同时涉及到生物化学反应和物理过程,因此由实验室规模到工业装置设计的放大问题成为生物工程技术的关键问题之一。对搅拌式生物反应器放大过程的影响因素进行了分析,并着重讨论了反应器内的传质、传热、混合、剪切以及表观气速等因素对放大设计的影响规律。在该基础上,就生物反应器的放大方法进行了初步总结。     

烷氧基化釜式反应器设计探讨

合理地进行烷氧基化釜式反应器的设计,对于提高非离子表面活性剂和聚氨酯聚醚生产能力和产品质量具有显著意义。因此本文从流程设计、反应器的结构尺寸、搅拌器的型式选择、搅拌器的功率计算、反应器的传质以及反应器的传热等方面详细论述了烷氧基化釜式反应器的设计过程。     

塔式反应器连续合成5,5-二甲基海因材质选择及其耐腐蚀性研究

对 5 ,5 二甲基海因的连续合成方法中采用的塔式反应器及塔填料材质的选择及其耐腐蚀性进行了深入探讨。选取钛片、紫铜片、黄铜片、玻璃片、瓷质环、不锈钢片等六种材质分别浸泡于DMH合成反应后的母液中 ,定期考察它们的耐腐蚀性能。结果表明 :选用不锈钢作为塔材质 ,瓷质环作为塔填料效果较好 ,设备投资低。为工业化生产DMH的设备选材提供了可靠的数据。     

Continuous emulsion polymerization of vinyl acetate. I. Operation in a single continuous stirred tank reactor using sodium lauryl sulfate as emulsifier

Continuous emulsion polymerizations of vinyl acetate were carried out at 50 °C in a single continuous stirred‐tank reactor using sodium lauryl sulfate as emulsifier and potassium persulfate as initiator. It was found that (1) the so‐called limit cycles could take place in monomer conversion, the number of polymer particles and the molecular weight of polymers produced under certain operating conditions, (2) the time‐average steady‐state monomer conversion was proportional to the 0.31 power of the emulsifier concentration in the feed, to the 0.50 power of the initiator concentration, to the ?1.0 power of the monomer concentration, and to the 0.90 power of the mean residence time, and (3) the time‐average steady‐state number of polymer particles produced was proportional to the 2.1 power of the emulsifier concentration in the feed, to the ?0.80 power of the initiator concentration, to the 0 power of the monomer concentration, and to the ?0.92 power of mean residence time. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 86: 2748–2754, 2002     

A new approach to continuous emulsion polymerization

The application of a continuous Couette-Taylor vortex reactor to continuous emulsion polymerization was studied. First, the mixing characteristics of the reactor were examined by the stimulus-response method. It was found that the reactor performance was similar to that of a continuous flow reactor consisting of more than 60 well-stirred tanks in series if the reactor was properly designed and operated near the critical Taylor number. It was also demonstrated by a comparison of the particle size distributions of the latexes produced in a batch reactor and in the continuous Couette-Taylor vortex reactor that the continuous reactor could produce latex particles with fairly narrow size distribution. Furthermore, since no stirrer is involved, this continuous reactor is suited for the purpose of avoiding coagulation of latex particles that are very sensitive to mechanical shear.     

Continuous emulsion polymerization of styrene in a single Couette–Taylor vortex flow reactor

The effect of the geometrical and operational parameters on the mixing characteristics of a Couette–Taylor vortex flow reactor (CTVFR) were investigated and were correlated with the same parameters by using the tank‐in‐series model. Continuous emulsion polymerization of styrene was conducted at 50°C in a CTVFR to clarify the effects on kinetic behavior and reactor performance of operational parameters such as rotational speed of inner cylinder (Taylor number), reactor mean residence time, and emulsifier and initiator concentrations in the feed streams. It was found that steady‐state monomer conversion and particle number could be freely varied only by varying the Taylor number. In order to explain the observed kinetic behavior of this polymerization system, a mathematical model was developed by combining the empirical correlation of the mixing characteristics of a CTVFR and a previously proposed kinetic model for the continuous emulsion polymerization of styrene in continuous stirred tank reactors connected in series (CSTRs). On the basis of these experimental results, it was concluded that a CTVFR is suitable for the first reactor (prereactor) of a continuous emulsion polymerization reactor system. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 80: 1931–1942, 2001     

Study of different types of monomer emulsion feedings to semibatch emulsion polymerization reactors

Semibatch emulsion polymerization processes with a monomer emulsion feed are of great importance in both academia and industry. Monomer emulsion feeds can be applied to semibatch reactors using either a stream of an emulsified monomer or two streams of a neat monomer feed and an aqueous solution of an emulsifier. The effect of the feeding policy on the rate of polymerization and on the secondary particle formation was studied for a seeded semibatch emulsion polymerization of styrene. When a single-stream monomer emulsion feed is applied to a semibatch process, the monomer-swollen micelles formed in the feed might become the locus of initiation upon entering the reaction vessel. Under the conditions of this study, the application of monomer emulsion feed in either one stream or two streams did not result in secondary particle formation. The incoming monomer-swollen micelles were disintegrated to supply emulsifier molecules for the stability of growing particles, before they can capture radicals and become polymer particles. The rate of polymerization was found to be independent of the way that the monomer emulsion feed is added. In the absence of nitrogen, the rate of polymerization decreased more appreciably for the monomer emulsion feed, due to the oxygen dissolved in the emulsified monomer. The number of particles, however, was not affected by the purging policy. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 82: 2472–2477, 2001     

New emulsion polymerization tubular reactor with internal angular baffles: Reaction temperature effect

Deterministic models of physicochemical, mathematical, and computational sciences were used for modeling and simulation of emulsion homopolymerization process of styrene with baffles into tubular reactor (TR) as static mixer. Modeling and simulation were approximate to steady state, cylindrical one‐dimensional model, fully developed laminar plug flow, and they were solved with finite volume method and programmed with Fortran language. Also, the Smith‐Ewart model was considered to estimate the monomer conversion and Arrhenius chemical kinetics was considered as laminar finite‐rate model to compute chemical source. The experimental‐inductive and mathematical‐deductive methods were applied for obtaining mass balance results and properties characterization. The objective is to model, to simulate, and to analyze the emulsion polymerization reactor performance with internal‐inclined angular baffles, and to compare with continuous TR in variable reaction temperature. The predictions were validated with experimental results for the isothermic and TR, with a good concordance. The results in no isothermal conditions without and with baffles were better than in isothermal conditions without and with baffles in relation to the desired properties. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 2572–2581, 2006     

Continuous tubular reactors for latex production: Conventional emulsion and miniemulsion polymerizations

An investigation of the use of continuous tubular reactors for the production of polymeric latices is presented. In an initial step, it is demonstrated that tubular reactors can be used to produce latices by conventional emulsion polymerization at solids contents of up to 30% by volume. Under these conditions, the kinetics are identical to those found in batch reactors (as expected), and stable operating conditions are obtained, usually after one to two residence times. The use of a miniemulsion in a tubular reactor was also investigated, and it is demonstrated that in this case, solids contents of at least 60% can be obtained under stable operating conditions. It is therefore proposed that difficulties in operating tubular reactors with conventional emulsion polymerization arise essentially from the presence of monomer droplets in the early stages of the reaction. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 2195–2207, 2004     

有机硅氧烷 -丙烯酸酯乳液聚合研究进展

介绍了有机硅-丙烯酸酯乳液聚合物的3种制备方法及各种乳液的特点,对各种乳液的近期研究成果进行了总结。     

Bulk polymerization in tubular reactors I. Experimental observations on fouling

Conditions under which fouling (polymer deposition) occurs in tubular polymerization reactors were studied using bulk methyl methacrylate polymerizations at 70°. It was demonstrated that reactor orientation and flow direction have a significant effect on fouling behaviour. Natural convection becomes increasingly important as concentration gradients in the reactor increase. Using the optimum reactor configuration determined in the first part of the study, a feasible operating region for the reactor was established, thereby permitting selection of conditions which will prevent reactor fouling.     

工业聚合反应装置 Ⅱ.溶液聚合反应器

讨论了间歇式和连续式溶液聚合反应器的特点，并相应推荐了一些新型溶液聚合反应器。针对间歇操作中反应物料粘度激增的特点，选择的基点应是在很宽粘度域内部都有高效混合和传热能力的搅拌器，如泛能式、最大叶片式、超级叶片式和组合搅拌器等；而对连续式溶液聚合反应器，则重点推荐选用带刮壁机构的搅拌器。     

乙烯基化合物乳液聚合的研究

研究了多种因素对乙烯基化合物乳液聚合的影响,发现十二烷基苯磺酸钠的乳液化学稳定性远不如十二烷基硫酸钠。分析证明,聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯胶乳粒子由于具有极性,粒子粒径及分布除受乳化剂浓度影响外,主要受粒子合并控制,受温度的影响则不明显。用计算机精确控制的量热反应器检测所得的动力学数据表明,易水溶性（极性）单体均相（水相）成核显著,难水溶性单体则甚微。