Description of transport mechanism during the elimination of copper(II) from wastewaters using supported liquid membranes and Acorga M5640 as carrier

The kinetics of copper facilitated transport through a flat-sheet supported liquid membrane is investigated, using the commercially available oxime Acorga M5640 as ionophore, as a function of hydrodynamic conditions, stripping phase composition, concentration of copper(II), and pH of the source phase and carrier concentration in the membrane phase. The performance of the system is also compared using organic diluents of different nature (aliphatic or aromatic) and against other available oxime extractants (LIX 860, LIX 622, LIX 973N and LIX 84-I). A model is presented that describes the transport mechanism, consisting of diffusion through source side aqueous diffusion layer, a fast interfacial chemical reaction, and diffusion carrier and its metal complex through the organic membrane. The organic membrane diffusional resistance (delta(org)) and aqueous diffusional resistances (delta(aq)) were calculated from the proposed model, and their values were 9.3 x 10(-7) and 46565 s/cm, respectively. It was observed that the copper flux across the membrane tends to reach a plateau at high concentration of copper or low concentration of H+ owing to carrier saturation within the membrane and leads to a diffusion-controlled process. The values of the apparent diffusion coefficient (Dorg(a)) and limiting metal flux (Jlim) were calculated from the limiting conditions and found to be 5.2 x 10(-11) and 1.9 x 10(-9) mmol/cm2 s, respectively. The values of the bulk diffusion coefficient (Db,org) and diffusion coefficient (Dorg) calculated from the model were 4.8 x 10(-10) and 1.3 x 10(-10) cm2/s,respectively. The method had proven its feasibility to recover copper(II) from wastewaters.     

Biodegradation of alpha-pinene in model biofilms in biofilters

Treatment of air pollutants in a biofilter requires that the compound be effectively transported from the gas phase to the organisms that reside in a biofilm that forms upon a packing material. Models of biofiltration generally treat the biofilm like water by using a Henry's law constant to predict mass transfer rates into the biofilm where degradation occurs and, hence, predict low rates for hydrophobic compounds. However, some compounds that are virtually insoluble in water are also treated unusually well. The objective of this study was to develop a fundamental understanding of the apparent enhanced degradation of hydrophobic pollutants in biofilms. Specifically, the goals of this study were to experimentally determine transport and reaction rates of hydrophobic pollutants in artificial biofilms. We studied the transport and reaction rates of alpha-pinene (as a model hydrophobic pollutant) in a headspace in contact with a well-defined biofilm made up of biomass immobilized in low melting point agarose and found that reaction rates were similar in order of magnitude to biofilter rates. The transport rates through these films once deactivated were found to be the same as through agar (diffusion coefficient between 2.6 and 3.4 x 10(-6) cm2/s). The degradation rates through model biofilms ranged from 2 to 4 x 10(-7) (g/(cm2 min)). A new explanation of high degradation rates was put forth whereby a biologically mediated transformation is taking place in which alpha-pinene is oxidized into a more soluble, less volatile compound that can then penetrate deeper into the biofilm. The formation of this more soluble byproduct was confirmed with batch kinetics experiments using filtered samples, and its proposed identity is cis-2,8-p-menthadien-1-ol, a menthadienol, a novel metabolite of alpha-pinene degradation. A simple conceptual model based on these results is also presented.     

Arsenate removal by nanostructured ZrO2 spheres

A new zirconium oxide-based media for arsenate removal from water was fabricated and evaluated in batch and continuous flow experiments. Highly porous (epsilonp approximately 0.9) nanostructured zirconium oxide spheres were fabricated by the impregnation of macroporous ion-exchange media (CalRes 2103, Calgon) with zirconium salt; the media was then ashed at T > 750 +/- 50 degrees C to remove the organic polymer resin and obtain ZrO2 spheres. The spheres generally ranged from 200 to 800 microm in diameter, and consisted of ZrO2 nanoastructures generally ranging between 20 and 100 nm. They also exhibited monoclinic and tetragonal crystalline structures, and had an isoelectric point of 5.6. Equilibrium batch experiments were conducted in 10 mM NaHCO3 buffered nanopure water at three pH values (6.4,7.3, and 8.3) with 120 microg/L As(V). Data were fit with the Freundlich isotherm equation (q(e) = Kx CE(1/n)), resulting in an intensity parameter (1/n) of approximately 0.33 and capacity parameters (K) ranging from 115 to 400 (microg As(V) g(-1) dry media)(L microg(-1))1/n. The pore diffusion coefficient and toruosity were estimated to be 6.4 x 10(-6) cm2 s(-1) and 1.3, respectively. For a packed bed adsorbent operating at a loading rate of 11.5 m3 m(-2) hr(-1) in a realistic continuous flow experiment, the external mass transport coefficient was estimated to be kf approximately 6.3 x 10(-3) cm s(-1). The pore diffusion coefficient and the external mass transport coefficient were used with the pore surface diffusion model (PSDM) to predict the arsenate breakthrough curve. A short bed adsorbent (SBA) test was conducted under the same conditions to validate the model. In this study, surface diffusion was ignored because the particles have a very high porosity. The validated model was used to predict arsenate breakthrough in a simulated full-scale system. The overall combined use of modeling, material characterization, equilibria, and kinetics tests determined the suitability of the media for arsenate treatment cheaper, easier, faster, and with less media than a long duration pilot test would have. Although the fabricated zirconium oxide spheres exhibited adsorption capacity comparable to some commercially available media such as iron based (hydr)oxides, the high cost of fabrication may render the media not feasible for wide use in commercial applications. However, the very high porosity of this media provides for improved pore diffusion and faster overall mass transport, which may be critical for applications where mass transport is the limiting factor.     

Estimation of ethanol mass delivery to groundwater from silicone polymer mats

Hollow-fiber silicone tubing, coiled and shaped as mats, has been evaluated for its potential to provide predictable delivery of ethanol to aquifers to promote reducing conditions for enhanced bioremediation of a range of contaminants in groundwater. A model was developed to predict the steady-state mass flux of diffusional ethanol delivery to an external aqueous phase from an aqueous ethanol solution present inside the polymer tubing mat, and an effective diffusion coefficient of ethanol through the silicone tubing of 1.22 x 10(-6) cm2 s(-1) was determined experimentally. The model was then validated in column-scale laboratory and field experiments where polymer mats configured as permeable reactive barriers maintained uniform diffusive delivery of ethanol. Steady-state mass flux delivery ratios of ethanol through the polymer tubing wall of 1.45 (+/-0.18) x 10(6) to 1.64 (+/-0.17) x 10(6) s cm(-1) were determined under laboratory conditions, and 2.43 (+/-1.47) x 10(6) s cm(-1) under field conditions, which were found to be statistically similar to model-predicted ethanol mass flux delivery ratios.     

Radiation chemistry of methyl tert-butyl ether in aqueous solution

The chemical kinetics of the free-radical-induced degradation of the gasoline oxygenate methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) in water have been investigated. Rate constants for the reaction of MTBE with the hydroxyl radical, hydrated electron, and hydrogen atom were determined in aqueous solution at room temperature, using electron pulse radiolysis and absorption spectroscopy (*OH and e- aq) and EPR free induction decay attenuation (*H) measurements. The rate constant for hydroxyl radical reaction of (1.71 +/- 0.02) x 10(9) M(-1) s(-1) showed that the oxidative process was the dominant pathway, relative to MTBE reaction with hydrogen atoms, (3.49 +/- 0.06) x 10(6) M(-1) s(-1), or hydrated electrons, <8.0 x 10(6) M(-1) s(-1). The hydroxyl radical reaction gives a transient carbon-centered radical which subsequently reacts with dissolved oxygen to form peroxyl radicals, the rate constant for this reaction was (2.17 +/- 0.06) x 10(9) M(-1) s(-1). The second-order decay of the MTBE peroxyl radical was 2k = (6.0 +/- 0.3) x 10(8) M(-1) s(-1). These rate constants, along with preliminary MTBE degradation product distribution measurements, were incorporated into a kinetic model that compared the predicted MTBE removal from water against experimental measurements performed under large-scale electron beam treatment conditions.     

马氏珠母贝高F值寡肽在Caco-2细胞中吸收的初步研究

采用Caco-2单层细胞模型体外模拟马氏珠母贝高F值寡肽(PHFP)小肠吸收,研究结果显示:无论是AP面→BL面还是BL面→AP面,PHFP的吸收量均呈增加趋势。添加P-糖蛋白的专属抑制剂维拉帕米后,AP→BL的渗透系数由原来的6.83×10-7cm/min提高到8.16×10-7cm/min,而BL→AP渗透系数由8.84×10-7cm/min降低到2.20 10-7cm/min,说明PHFP溶液在Caco-2细胞中的转运存在外排泵的作用。并且,PHFP在Caco-2细胞转运过程中被细胞中所存在的代谢酶所代谢,而添加维拉帕米后,PHFP的代谢量有所降低。     

白杨素及其衍生物在Caco-2细胞模型中的转运规律

目的 研究白杨素（chrysin,ChR）及其衍生物6,8-二-三氟甲基-7-乙酰氧基白杨素（dFMAChR）在人源结肠腺癌细胞系Caco-2细胞单层模型的转运规律.方法 建立精确灵敏、重复性好的ChR及dFMAChR的高效液相色谱（HPLC）检测方法;MTT（四甲基偶氮唑盐）法测定ChR和dFMAChR对Caco-2细胞的毒性作用.体外培养Caco-2细胞,用Transwell建立单层细胞模型;确定ChR和dFMAChR转运的最佳pH条件.评价时间、浓度对dFMAChR和ChR的双向转运的影响,计算转运速率及表观渗透系数（Papp）,并与阳性对照药普萘洛尔进行比较.结果 ChR和dFMAChR的转运最佳介质pH分别为6.0和6.5,两者的转运无论是Apical侧（A侧）到Basolateral侧（B侧）还是B侧到A侧,均具有时间依赖性和浓度依赖性.ChR和dFMAChR的平均Papp （A-B）分别是（1.60±0.15）×10-6 cm/s和（10.63±0.35）×10-6 cm/s,平均Papp （B-A）分别是（1.22±0.17）×10-6 cm/s和（10.43±0.28）×10-6 cm/s,两者Papp （A-B） ＞Papp （B-A）,且Papp （A-B） /Papp（B-A） ＜2.结论 在Caco-2模型中,dFMAChR和ChR均由被动扩散方式转运,dFMAChR的转运速率明显高于ChR,吸收接近普萘洛尔,属于吸收良好的化合物.     

Mechanistic characterization of adsorption and slow desorption of phenanthrene aged in soils

Long-term adsorption of phenanthrene to soils was characterized in a silt-loam (LHS), a sandy soil (SBS), and a podzolized soil (CNS) by use of the Polanyi-Manes model, a Langmuir-type model, and a black carbon-water distribution coefficient (K(BC)) at a relative aqueous concentration (C(e)/S(w)) of 0.002-0.32. Aqueous desorption kinetic tests and temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) were also used to evaluate phenanthrene diffusivities and desorption activation energies. Adsorption contribution in soils was 48-70% after 30 days and 64-95% after 270 days. Significant increases in adsorption capacity with aging suggest that accessibility of phenanthrene to fractions of SBS soil matrix was controlled by sorptive diffusion at narrow meso- and micropore constrictions. Similar trends were not significant for LHS silt-loam or CNS podzol. Analysis of TPD profiles reveal desorption activation energies of 35-53 kJ/mol and diffusivities of 1.6 x 10(-7-)9.7 x 10(-8) cm2/s. TPD tests also indicate that the fraction of phenanthrene mass not diffusing from soils was located within micropores and narrow width mesopores with a corresponding volume of 1.83 x 10(-5-)6.37 x 10(-5) cm3/g. These values were consistent with the modeled adsorption contributions, thus demonstrating the need for such complimentary analytical approach in the risk assessment of organic contaminants.     

In situ MTBE biodegradation supported by diffusive oxygen release

Microcosm studies with sediments from Vandenberg Air Force Base, CA, suggest that native aerobic methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE)-degrading microorganisms can be stimulated to degrade MTBE. In a series of field experiments, dissolved oxygen has been released into the anaerobic MTBE plume by diffusion through the walls of oxygen-pressurized polymeric tubing placed in contact with the flowing groundwater. MTBE concentrations were decreased from several hundred to less than 10 microg/L during passage through the induced aerobic zone, due apparently to in situ biodegradation: abiotic MTBE loss mechanisms were insignificant. Lag time for initiation of degradation was less than 2 months, and the apparent pseudo-first-order degradation rate was 5.3 day(-1). Additional MTBE was added in steps to raise the influent concentration to a maximum of 2.1 mg/L. With each step, MTBE was degraded within the preestablished aerobic treatment zone at rates ranging from 4.4 to 8.6 day(-1). Excess dissolved oxygen suggested that even higher MTBE concentrations could have been treated. Continued flow through the treatment zone was repeatedly confirmed through tracer and other tests. These and others' results suggest that it is possible to create permeable in situ treatment zones solely by releasing oxygen to support native microbial degradation of MTBE.     

超声场强化渗透脱水传质机理模型研究

研究超声场强化芋头渗透脱水,探讨芋头失水速率和干物质增加率随溶液质量浓度、温度、超声功率、材料厚度以及超声场下处理时间段的变化规律。分析超声空化泡在相间的传质过程,由此建立超声空化气泡强化相间传质数学模型Km≈ DABπtmRδAfφ(BI－cf2)(A为经验常数(10-8～10-15m2);B、C为超声波作用液体的有关常数,数量值分别在1014、106左右;f为声波频率/s-1;DAB为扩散系数/(m2/s) ;tm为时间/s;R为半径/m;δ为边界层厚度/m;φ为半径为R的气泡数占生成空化气泡总数百分比;I为声强/(W/cm2)),与实验结果相吻合,能较好地描述超声空化泡在液体中的传质行为。该关系式为超声波强化传质过程提供了理论依据。     

纳米乳液提高氧化白藜芦醇口服生物利用率及透皮吸收效率

本研究制备纳米乳液改善氧化白藜芦醇在水溶液中的溶解性能,通过体外药物溶出实验、脂解实验、Caco-2跨膜细胞转运实验、透皮吸收实验评价了纳米乳液对氧化白藜芦醇生物利用率的改善效果。结果表明:氧化白藜芦醇纳米乳液和氧化白藜芦醇化合物自身的生物利用率在进食状态下分别为61.22%和23.47%,禁食状态下为56.12%和22.45%。纳米乳液使氧化白藜芦醇在小肠上皮细胞的扩散速度由中速上升至快速,扩散形式为被动渗透,表观渗透系数Papp(AP-BL)值1.69×10^-5 cm/sec,Papp(BL-AP)值8.94×10^-6cm/sec,ER=Rpapp(AP-BL)/(BL-AP)=1.89。6 h时氧化白藜芦醇纳米乳液和化合物的经皮扩散透过量分别为51.76和5.73μg/cm^2 skin。结论:氧化白藜芦醇纳米乳液比化合物本身的生物利用率提升了3倍,显著提升氧化白藜芦醇在小肠上皮细胞内的吸收转运量(提升2~4倍)和透皮吸收效率(p<0.05),本实验为氧化白藜芦醇的应用奠定研究基础,为其有效地发挥生物活性提供理论依据。     

High inoculation cell density could accelerate the differentiation of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells to chondrocyte cells

The effects of the density of human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) on their differentiation to chondrocytes in a differentiation medium supplemented with dexamethasone, TGFbeta3, and IGF-1 were investigated for the regenerative therapy of cartilage. The increase in the initial density of MSCs from 0.05 x 10(4) to 0.9 x 10(4) cells/cm(2) accelerated the increase in the expression level of aggrecan mRNA during the differentiation culture for 7 d. The conditioned medium harvested at 7 d from the differentiation culture with an initial MSC density of 0.3 x 10(4) cells/cm(2) accelerated the initial increase in the expression level for 3 d in the differentiation culture with an initial MSC density of 0.3 x 10(4) cells/cm(2), whereas the conditioned medium harvested at 7 d in the differentiation culture with an initial MSC density of 0.05 x 10(4) cells/cm(2) did not. The differentiation culture after 14 d with an initial MSC concentration of 0.3 x 10(4) cells/cm(2) showed an expression level 1.7-fold that in the case of the culture with an initial MSC concentration of 0.05 x 10(4) cells/cm(2). Thus, a high MSC inoculum density might be appropriate for the rapid differentiation of MSCs to chondrocytes.     

Iron optimization for Fenton-driven oxidation of MTBE-spent granular activated carbon

Fenton-driven chemical oxidation of methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE)-spent granular activated carbon (GAC) was accomplished through the addition of iron (Fe) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) (15.9 g/L; pH 3). The Fe concentration in GAC was incrementally varied (1020-25 660 mg/kg) by the addition of increasing concentrations of Fe solution (FeSO4-7H2O). MTBE degradation in Fe-amended GAC increased by an order of magnitude over Fe-unamended GAC and H2O2 reaction was predominantly (99%) attributed to GAC-bound Fe within the porous structure of the GAC. Imaging and microanalysis of GAC particles indicated limited penetration of Fe into GAC. The optimal Fe concentration was 6710 mg/kg (1020 mg/kg background; 5690 mg/kg amended Fe) and resulted in the greatest MTBE removal and maximum Fe loading oxidation efficiency (MTBE oxidized (microg)/ Fe loaded to GAC (mg/Kg)). At lower Fe concentrations, the H2O2 reaction was Fe limited. At higher Fe concentrations, the H2O2 reaction was not entirely Fe limited, and reductions in GAC surface area, GAC pore volume, MTBE adsorption, and Fe loading oxidation efficiency were measured. Results are consistent with nonuniform distribution of Fe, pore blockage in H2O2 transport, unavailable Fe, and limitations in H2O2 diffusive transport, and emphasize the importance of optimal Fe loading.     

Estimation of membrane diffusion coefficients and equilibration times for low-density polyethylene passive diffusion samplers

Passive diffusion (PD) samplers offer several potential technical and cost-related advantages, particularly for measuring dissolved gases and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in groundwater at contaminated sites. Sampler equilibration is a diffusion-type process; therefore, equilibration time is dependent on sampler dimensions, membrane thickness, and the temperature-dependent membrane diffusion coefficient (Dm) for the analyte of interest. Diffusion coefficients for low-density polyethylene membranes were measured for He, Ne, H2, O2, and N2 in laboratory experiments and ranged from 1.1 to 1.9 x 10(-7) cm2 sec(-1) (21 degrees C). Additionally, Dm values for several commonly occurring VOCs were estimated from empirical experimental data previously presented by others (Vroblesky, D. A.; Campbell, T. R. Adv. Environ. Res. 2001, 5(1), 1.), and estimated values ranged from 1.7 to 4.4 x 10(-7) cm2 sec(-1) (21 degrees C). On the basis of these Dm ranges, PD sampler equilibration time is predicted for various sampler dimensions, including dimensions consistent with simple constructed samplers used in this study and commercially available samplers. Additionally, a numerical model is presented that can be used to evaluate PD sampler concentration "lag time" for conditions in which in situ concentrations are temporally variable. The model adequately predicted lag time for laboratory experiments and is used to show that data obtained from appropriately designed PD samplers represent near-instantaneous measurement of in situ concentrations for most field conditions.     

Electrolyte management for effective long-term electro-osmotic transport in low-permeability soils

Electro-osmosis, a coupled-flow phenomenon in which an applied electrical potential gradient drives water flow, may be used to induce water flow through fine-grained sediments. Test cell measurements of electro-osmotic transport in clayey cores extracted from the 27-31 m depth range of the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory site indicate the importance of pH control within the anode and cathode reservoirs. In our first experiment, pH was not controlled. As a result, carbonate precipitation and metals precipitation occurred near the cathode end of the core, with acidification near the anode. The combination of these acid and base reactions led to the decline of electro-osmotic flow by a factor of 2 in less than one pore volume. In a second experiment, long-term water transport (>21 pore volumes) at stable electro-osmotic conductivity (k(eo) approximately 1 x 10(-9) m2/s-V) was effected with anode reservoir pH > 8, and cathode reservoir pH < 6. Hydraulic conductivity (k(h)) of the same core was 4 x 10(-10) m/s under a 0.07 MPa hydraulic gradient without electro-osmosis. Stable electro-osmotic flow was measured at a velocity of 4 x 10(-7) m/s under a 4 V/cm voltage gradient, and no hydraulic gradient-3 orders of magnitude greater than the hydraulic flow. We also observed chloroform production in the anode reservoir, resulting from electrochemical production of chlorine gas reacting with trace organics. The chloroform was transported electro-osmotically to the cathode, without measurable loss to adsorption, volatilization, or degradation.     

Multiphase chemical kinetics of NO3 radicals reacting with organic aerosol components from biomass burning

Multiphase reactions with nitrate radicals are among the most important chemical aging processes of organic aerosol particles in the atmosphere especially at nighttime. Reactive uptake of NO(3) by organic compounds has been observed in a number of studies, but the pathways of mass transport and chemical reaction remained unclear. Here we apply kinetic flux models to experimental NO(3) exposure studies. The model accounts for gas phase diffusion within a cylindrical flow tube, reversible adsorption of NO(3), surface-bulk exchange, bulk diffusion, and chemical reactions from the gas-condensed phase interface to the bulk. We resolve the relative contributions of surface and bulk reactions to the uptake of NO(3) by levoglucosan and abietic acid, which serve as surrogates and molecular markers of biomass burning aerosol (BBA). Applying the kinetic flux model, we provide the first estimate of the diffusion coefficient of NO(3) in amorphous solid organic matrices (10(-8)-10(-7) cm(2) s(-1)) and show that molecular markers are well-conserved in the bulk of solid BBA particles but undergo rapid degradation upon deliquescence/liquefaction at high relative humidity, indicating that the observed concentrations and subsequent apportionment of the biomass burning source could be significantly underestimated.     

天麻蒸制后红外干燥特性及失水动力学研究

为研究蒸制后天麻红外干燥特性,采用红外干燥技术研究不同干燥温度(40、60、80℃)及不同天麻切块半径(0.8、1、1.2 cm)对天麻干燥特性及有效水分扩散系数的影响,并建立干燥动力学模型。结果表明,干燥温度越高,天麻块半径越小,干燥速率越快,天麻干燥过程主要为降速过程。通过对6种模型拟合分析,得出Page模型为最优模型,其决定系数R2值最大、卡方检验值χ2和均方根误差RMSE值最小,分别为0.9991、7.633×10-5和0.0011。通过Fick第二定律计算出有效水分扩散系数,其范围在1.9251×10-8~4.0528×10-8 m2/s之间,天麻红外干燥活化能为17.1374 kJ/mol。该研究为天麻的采后加工及其综合利用提供了理论依据。     

Comparison of copper speciation in coastal marine waters measured using analytical voltammetry and diffusion gradient in thin-film techniques

The diffusion gradient in thin-film hydrogel (DGT) probe is a promising tool for metal speciation work. Based on a passive sampling principle, it provides the potential for large data sets in complex regimes. DGT probes were deployed in waters characterized independently using competitive ligand exchange-adsorptive cathodic stripping voltammetry (CLE-ACSV). The CLE-ACSV used benzoyl acetone as the competitive ligand in discrete water samples collected during the deployment of the DGT probes. The DGT probes used a 15% polyacrylamide/0.4% bis-acrylamide cross-linker hydrogel and a Na-form of Chelex-100 to complex metal that fluxed into the probe through the hydrogel. Probes were deployed in locations characterized by the degree of pollution impact: the relatively pristine Vineyard Sound, MA, [Cu]total approximately 6 nM, small seasonally active harbors on Cape Cod, MA, [Cu]total = 12-64 nM, as well as a large polluted estuary, the Elizabeth River, VA, [Cu]total = 44-58 nM, and a large polluted port, San Diego Harbor, CA, [Cu]total = 23-103 nM. This is the first study where DGT probes have been compared with an independent speciation technique in marine systems and used to establish the diffusion coefficient of Cu-complexing ligands in situ. Results showed that the probes produced highly precise data sets, with substantial differences in copper accumulation between contaminated and pristine waters. Comparison of DGT results with CLE-CSV indicate that at least 10-35% of the organically complexed copper derived by CLE-ACSV measurements was DGT-labile. Diffusion coefficients (corrected to 25 degrees C) of organically complexed DGT-labile Cu through the hydrogel ranged from 0.77 x 10(-6) cm2 s(-1) in Vineyard Sound to 2.16 x 10(-6) cm2 s(-1) in the Elizabeth River estuary. Accumulation rates of copper were substantially higher in contaminated waters than in pristine waters, suggesting that the probes in their current form may be useful as tracking tools to detect episodic sources of contamination.     

Caco-2细胞模型用于乳源ACE抑制肽LL、LPEW的小肠吸收研究

通过建立并验证Caco-2细胞模型,分析血管紧张素转化酶(angiotensin-I converting enzyme,ACE)抑制肽LL、LPEW在小肠中的转运量,研究LL、LPEW的小肠吸收机制。从细胞形态、跨膜电阻和碱性磷酸酶活性3个方面验证Caco-2细胞模型可用性。分析ACE抑制肽LL、LPEW的Caco-2细胞转运量,LL的表观渗透系数(P_(app))为(275.17±8.28)×10~(-7 )cm/s,肠道吸收良好;LPEW的P_(app)为(5.13±1.49)×10~(-7) cm/s,相比于LL,肠道吸收量较低。加入旁路转运促进剂去氧胆酸钠、内吞抑制剂渥曼青霉素(Wortmannin)、肽转运载体竞争性抑制剂Gly-Pro,对比无抑制剂时LL的转运量,分析得到LL的跨膜转运机制可能为内吞途径。加入ATP能量生成抑制剂叠氮化钠、多药耐药蛋白抑制剂MK-571、P-糖蛋白抑制剂维拉帕米,对比无抑制剂时肽LL的转运量,得出LL没有外排作用,所以LL肠道吸收较好。     

Diffusion of NaCl in meat studied by (1)H and (23)Na magnetic resonance imaging

The effect of sodium chloride (NaCl) diffusion into meat was investigated. Proton and sodium magnetic resonance imaging were used to determine the diffusion behaviour of brine (NaCl) in porcine Longissimus dorsi and semitendinosus. NaCl diffusion was visualized through images and diffusion coefficients were determined to be in the range 3-7×10(-10)m(2)s(-1), which is in agreement with values reported in the literature. The diffusion coefficient was found to increase during curing, suggesting microstructural changes in the meat. A supplementary experiment proved that the diffusion behaviour of sodium chloride in regions of meat with connective tissue/fat is distinctive from regions with pure myofilament tissue, as anticipated. Apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) maps showed that meat microstructures shrunk when cured with 20% (w/w) NaCl brine. ADC across (⊥) the main muscle fiber direction decreased more than ADC along (‖) the main muscle fiber direction. The greater shrinkage in the direction across muscle fibers suggests that the curing induced shrinkage of the transverse structures rather than reduction in longitudinal structures.