一种新型奥氏体耐磨钢

高锰钢(ZGMn13)长期来用于制作矿山机械、建材机械、电力机械中承受冲击磨料磨损的零件,使用很广泛。许多工况条件下由于冲击不强,加工硬化效果不好,使用后磨损表面硬度不高,不能形成高硬度的硬化层。工件表面迅速被磨损。本文介绍的是一种具有高塑性、韧性、好的强度,加工硬化能力更强,在冲击磨料磨损的条件下较ZG-Mn13的耐磨性更高的材料。     

热轧奥氏体中锰耐磨钢的磨料磨损性能研究

以热轧BTW中锰钢板为实验材料,借助ML-100磨料磨损试验机,研究以煤泥粉为软质磨料和石英砂为硬质磨料时其磨料磨损性能,利用SEM分析其磨损机制。实验结果表明,软质磨料磨损工况条件下,热轧奥氏体中锰钢和高锰钢的相对耐磨性低于马氏体耐磨钢,硬质磨料磨损工况条件下,热轧奥氏体中锰钢的相对耐磨性高于高锰钢和马氏体耐磨钢,因此热轧中锰钢更适用于硬质磨料磨损工况;无论软质和硬质磨料磨损工况,热轧中锰钢的加工硬化均高于热轧高锰钢,表现出更好的加工硬化性能。煤泥粉软质磨料对热轧中锰钢的磨损机制表现为微观切削磨损,伴随局部的疲劳剥落;石英砂硬质磨料对热轧中锰钢的磨损机制则为典型的凿削磨损和微观切削磨损。     

30CrMnSi钢的动载磨料磨损

对30CrMnSi钢的动载磨料磨损试验研究指出,30CrMnSi钢的淬火组织具有较高耐磨性。但在不同冲击功下,当冲击功为1.2J时,耐磨性出现了峰值,经与高锰钢的耐磨特性相比表明,在轻、中等载荷冲击下,该钢可以取代高锰钢。     

搅拌叶片表面原位合成TiC颗粒增强高锰钢复合层的制备及性能

采用燃烧合成反应铸渗结合真空消失模铸造工艺，在ZG120Mn13Cr2高锰钢搅拌叶片表面制备原位合成TiC颗粒增强高锰钢复合层，研究了该复合层的显微组织、硬度以及在湿砂磨损条件下的耐磨性能，并与BTMCr20高铬铸铁和ZG120Mn13Cr2高锰钢的硬度和耐磨性能进行对比，测试了复合层叶片在稳定土条件下的现场使用寿命。结果表明：复合层与高锰钢基体呈冶金结合，其组织由原位合成的细小TiC颗粒、外加的粗大TiC颗粒和高锰钢基体相构成，原位合成的TiC颗粒呈圆球或近圆球状均匀分布在基体相中；复合层的平均硬度为58 HRC,高于高锰钢低于高铬铸铁，磨损质量损失略高于高铬铸铁但远低于高锰钢。复合层叶片的现场使用寿命为1 700 h,为高锰钢叶片的2倍以上，略高于高铬铸铁叶片。     

变质高碳硼钢的冲击磨料磨损行为研究

对高碳硼钢进行稀土变质处理,在MLD-10动载磨料磨损试验机上研究了变质高碳硼钢的冲击磨料磨损性能,并与高铬铸铁(Cr26)进行了比较.结果表明,适量稀土元素的加入,能有效提高高碳硼钢的耐磨性和冲击韧度;冲击功为2.0 J时,变质高碳硼钢的耐磨性不如高铬铸铁,冲击功为2.5 J时,变质高碳硼钢的耐磨性相当于高铬铸铁(Cr26);在磨损过程中,高碳硼钢的冲击磨损机制主要是塑性变形及疲劳剥落,切削所占的比例较小.     

冷轧高锰钢耐磨性及磨损机制研究

通过对高锰钢进行冷轧变形,考察了不同变形量下冷轧高锰钢的硬度变化,利用自制三体磨料磨损试验机测试了不同磨料磨损工况下,固溶态及其冷轧态的磨损特性。结果表明,冷轧变形可以大幅提高高锰钢的硬度。在软磨料的磨损条件下,冷轧变形可以有效提高高锰钢的耐磨性;在硬磨料的磨损条件下,冷轧变形对耐磨性没有贡献。利用M M Khruschov的磨损区域理论和E Rabinnowicz的磨损模型解释了在软磨料磨损条件下,冷轧变形提高高锰钢耐磨性的机制;同时利用K H ZumGahr的磨损模型解释了在硬磨料磨损条件下,冷轧变形对高锰钢耐磨性没有贡献的机制。     

热轧高锰钢Mn13的冲滚磨料磨损性能

在M2000摩擦磨损试验机上,研究以煤矸石为磨料时热轧高锰钢Mn13冲滚耦合的磨料磨损性能,利用XRD和SEM分析其组织转变及磨损机制。实验结果表明,在较高冲滚载荷下,热轧Mn13钢表现出更好的抗冲滚磨料磨损性能;冲滚磨料磨损表面存在一定厚度的硬化层,且随冲滚载荷的增加,磨损面硬度增加,硬化层厚度增大,形变孪晶和马氏体相变是其加工硬化和耐磨损性能改善的主要原因;低载荷冲击时,磨损机制主要表现为凿削磨损并伴随犁沟切削磨损,较高载荷冲击时,磨损机制凿削磨损和犁沟划伤过渡到疲劳剥落和凿削磨损。     

ZGMn13磨料磨损特性的进一步研究

以石灰熟料为磨料,对ZGMn13在冲击磨料磨损条件下的磨面硬度及其耐磨性与冲击载荷的关系做了详细的试验研究。结果表明,磨面硬度与磨面单位面积所受的冲击功的关系是HRC=40.89+18.97lg p;磨损15 min 时,耐磨性(W~(-1))与单位面积所受冲击功(P)的关系是W~(-1)=57.1 P~(-0.63)+72.1。结合水泥磨机的生产实际,指出了在直径D≤0.1632r~(-1)+0.1(r 为最大磨球半径)的水泥磨机上,不应选用ZGMn13做衬板。型实际生产中合理选用高锰钢提供了依据。     

中锰球铁的抗磨性能与生产工艺要点

一、中锰球铁代替部分高锰钢抗磨件的可行性 1.抗磨件的工作条件一般矿山机械抗磨件的工作条件大体上分两类,一类为冲击性磨损,即高、低负荷冲击性磨损;一类为应力磨料磨损,即高应力磨料磨损和低应力磨料高速抛刮磨损。 2.高锰钢的抗磨特性众所周知,高锰钢抗磨能力的优劣随冲击负荷大小而异。冲击负荷大,表面硬化大,抗磨性强;反之,抗磨性差。由此可见,在低冲击负荷下应用高锰钢抗磨件是不合理的,没有充分发挥高锰钢的抗磨特性。经长期生产使用证实:在低冲击负荷下可以用中锰球铁代替高锰钢抗磨件,因为中锰球铁     

高锰钢生产技术问答（八）

96.高锰钢的耐磨性与其他耐磨材料有何不同?其影响因素有哪些? 答:高锰钢的原始硬度低,靠服役时产生加工硬化迅速形成高硬度层而耐磨,磨损一层硬化一层,直至失效为止。其他耐磨材料的原始硬度高,靠先天性的硬质相如复合碳化物、磷化物共晶体而耐磨。影响高锰钢耐磨性的因素有钢的化学成分、钢中夹     

破碎机环锤制造工艺及性能研究

针对环锤在使用过程中易出现裂纹、断裂、耐磨性差及使用寿命短的缺点,通过成分优化、新型铁砂造型—螺旋环冷铁的消失模铸造工艺及沉淀强化热处理工艺设计,成功开发一种以普通高锰钢为基础添加合金元素,经复合变质处理后,初始硬度达210HB,冲击韧度在215J·cm-2以上的高耐磨钢。研究结果表明,该钢经多元微合金化、复合变质处理后,奥氏体基内形成弥散分布的合金碳化物等第二硬质相颗粒,强化了基体,提高了材料的初始硬度。当采用铁砂造型时,铁砂既体现型砂的固有特性又充当金属型的作用,使铸件的晶粒得到细化,组织致密度得到提高。生产实践证明:按此工艺生产的环锤件,经1080℃保温4h水淬+320℃保温3h回火的沉淀强化处理,抗拉强度σb=724MPa,冲击韧度αk=219J·cm-2,断后伸长率δ=37%,布氏硬度210HB,可满足产品使用性能要求,在实际使用中获得良好的耐磨效果,具有明显的市场竞争优势。     

Three-body impact wear study on conventional and new P/M + HIPed wear resistant materials

A new hammer-mill type impact wear testing facility was built for impact wear testing and characterization. Tests with the hammer-mill impact wear device were carried out on conventional wear resistant materials such as Mn-steels of different compositions, white cast iron, and on new P/M+HIPed wear resistant materials. To verify the validity in using this laboratory wear testing apparatus, wear behavior and worn surfaces obtained on conventional and new Mn-steels generated from this device were compared with wear phenomena and worn surfaces developed in industrial applications, i.e. from certain types of rock crushers. The strain hardening effect in different Mn-steel grades was studied first. Second, the wear resistance of materials with different properties was studied using two different grades of abrasive. With silica sand (high hardness, low compressive strength), conventional Mn-steel and white cast iron perform in a manner comparable with the P/M+HIPed materials. With volcanite sand (low hardness, very high compressive strength), the P/M+HIPed wear resistant materials appear to have the best wear resistance.     

Effect of surface nanocrystallization on abrasive wear properties in Hadfield steel

A nanocrystalline surface layer was synthesized on a Hadfield steel by shot peening treatment. The microstructure evolvement of the surface layer of the shot peening treated sample was characterized by optical microscopy, X-ray diffraction and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. It has been shown that the grain sizes in surface layer were decreased to 11.1-17.4 nm after 60 min shot peening duration. Surface hardness was also increased greatly. Two- and three-body abrasive wear experiments were carried out for work hardening and original specimens, separately. The results showed that the wear resistance of the nanocrystallized Hadfield steel has distinctly been improved in case of soft particles used as two-body wear abrasives or light impact load applied for impact abrasive wear.     

General aspects for tribological applications of hard particle coatings

Hard coatings, consisting of WC, TiC or Cr₃C₂ particles with a nickel or cobalt matrix were compared with conventional wear-resistant materials like hardened steel 100 Cr6, Ferro TiC P143, WC-Co hard metal and a widely used thermal spray layer NiCrBSi. The coating procedure was flame spraying and diffusion welding. Some layers were remelted using an electron beam to improve their microstructural properties, porosity and binding to the bulk material.

Wear tests were performed under different degrees of severity to qualify the resistance of the coating, using abrasive, sliding and impact test methods representing different wear mechanisms. It is shown that the benefit of the hard particle content depends on the acting loading situation. Under abrasive and sliding conditions the advantage of a high hardness level, i.e. a high concentration of hard phases, could be demonstrated. For impact loading, causing severe surface fatigue, homogeneous materials with high toughness, such as martensitic steels, are beneficial; followed by coatings with a high concentration of ductile matrix. In some cases, the weaknesses, such as brittleness and limited strength of binding to the bulk, could be improved by electron beam remelting.     

Strain Hardening: Can it Affect Abrasion Resistance?

It has been largely reported in the literature that previous strain hardening has none or negligible effect on abrasive wear resistance. Those results are mainly obtained using sand rubber wheel tests and pin-on-disk tests, and have been attributed to the large strain hardening promoted by the abrasion phenomena themselves. The stresses involved in those tests are very high and the stress distributions spread toward subsurface regions at large depths. This work investigates the effects of strain hardening on low-severity (low stress at low depth) abrasive wear resistance. Microabrasion tests, normally regarded as lower stress tests, were used in order to impose low severity. Two types of stainless steels were tested: an austenitic AISI 304 steel and a ferritic AISI 430 steel. Strain hardening was obtained via thickness reduction (20%) of stainless steel sheets in a laboratory cold rolling mill. The microabrasion wear tests were carried out in a fixed-ball microabrasion tester with a three-axis load cell to continuously and simultaneously monitor the forces involved in the tests. Contrary to many findings so far in the literature, previous strain hardening increased abrasion wear resistance (55 and 63%, respectively) for both materials. Hertz calculations, simulations using Finite Element Program with explicit solution, conventional mechanical tests, microhardness profiles, microstructural analysis, and X-ray diffraction analysis were used to explain this paradigm shift for the case of microabrasion tests.     

35CrMo钢离子氮化与激光相变硬化复合处理及真耐磨性的研究

介绍了３５ＣｒＭｏ钢氮化加激光相变复合处理后组织及硬度分布的规律，并在各种工艺和材料条件下进行了滑动磨粒磨损试验。结果证明：复合处理的淬硬层深度大于非氮化激光处理的硬化层。在滑动磨粒磨损条件下，与３５ＣｒＭｏ钢氮化或激光相变硬化相比，复合工艺可获得更好的耐磨性，基本与ＧＣｒ１５钢淬火、低温回火相当。     

激光强化参数对40Cr钢表面组织及摩擦性能影响的研究

采用CO2横流式激光器对40Cr材料进行表面强化处理研究;使用S-360型扫描电镜观察激光硬化区金相组织及成分并观察金属表面磨损形貌;采用CHX-1超显微硬度计测量激光强化区断面的显微硬度;然后在MPX-2000盘销式摩擦磨损实验机上进行干摩擦和油润滑实验。结果表明:激光参数对表面硬度和硬化层深度有很大影响,较大的功率可使奥氏体转变充分而获得更多的马氏体,激光扫描速度越快,功率越大,显微硬度越高,硬化层越深;少量针状马氏体组织化引起表层强化,经激光硬化的表面其耐磨性可大大提高;40Cr在干摩擦条件下的平均磨损量是润滑时的5倍,40Cr和20MnSiV的磨损主要以磨粒磨损为主,同时也有粘着磨损。     

热处理工艺参数对G13Cr4Mo4Ni4V钢晶粒度及性能的影响

采用不同的热处理工艺对G13Cr4Mo4Ni4V钢进行处理,采用金相显微镜、洛氏硬度计、冲击试验机分别对晶粒度、硬度及冲击功进行测试分析.结果表明,随着淬火温度的升高及保温时间的延长,G13Cr4Mo4Ni4V钢的晶粒度级别降低,硬度升高,冲击功降低.     

Tempering temperature effects on abrasive wear of mottled cast iron

The effects of different tempering temperatures (300–600 °C) on abrasive wear resistance of mottled cast iron were studied. Abrasive wear tests were carried out using the rubber-wheel test on quartz sand and the pin test on Al₂O₃ abrasive cloths. The retained austenite content of the matrix was determined by X-ray diffraction. The wear surface of the specimens was examined by scanning electron microscopy for identifying the wear micromechanism. Bulk hardness and matrix hardness before and after the tests were measured. The results showed that in the two-body (pin-on-disc test) system, the main wear mechanism was microcutting and high matrix hardening was presented. The wear rates presented higher correlation with the retained austenite than with the bulk and matrix hardness. In the three-body system (sand–rubber wheel), the wear surfaces presented indentations due to abrasive rolling. The wear rates had better correlation with both the bulk and matrix hardness (before and after the wear test) than with the retained austenite content. There are two groups of results, high and low wear rates corresponding to each tribosystem, two-body abrasive wear and three-body abrasive wear, respectively.     

Subsurface characteristics of an abraded low carbon steel

Ductile metals commonly exhibit plastic deformation at and near the worn surface and their flow behaviour at large strains has a clear effect on wear resistance. In this study, the characteristics of the near-surface region of a ferritic-pearlitic steel (0.2% C, 1.2% Mn), subjected to abrasive wear tests, were examined. Wear tests were performed under different loads by rubbing the specimens on sliding 60 mesh Al₂O₃ abrasive band. The metallographic technique used to determine the magnitude of plastic deformation was based on measurement of the displacements of pearlite bands. The hardness of the plastic deformation zone was determined by performing ultramicrohardness tests along ferrite bands with a Vickers indenter. Microscopic examinations of the near-surface regions revealed the wear mechanism to be ploughing and the deformation mechanism to be cross-slip. It was observed that plastic strain (more than 6) occurred on the abraded surface, and increased the hardness to about 1.5 times the original value. The strain and hardness gradient extended to a larger depth into the bulk with increasing wear test load. It is concluded that the wear resistance of the investigated steel increases by work hardening of the near-surface region which is required to consume high energy for abrasion, during sliding. Ultramicrohardness measurements performed on worn specimens revealed high hardness, as the indent size decreased. The indentation size-hardness relation was explained by a dislocation model incorporating geometrically necessary dislocations due to the presence of strain gradients in the deformation region around the indent.