一种基于Web的汉英CAPP应用研究及开发

经济全球化要求CAPP支持远程设计和产品数据共享,而传统的CAPP系统只支持本地设计,生成的工艺文件也是单一语言的,通用翻译软件又不能直接被CAPP系统所使用,因此对开发基于WEB的中英文工艺设计和计算机辅助翻译软件提出需求。本文在分析国内外计算机辅助翻译(computer aided translation , CAT)的现状和工艺语言特点的基础上,对中英文工艺编制和机助翻译系统的总体结构、功能及关键技术的实现方法做了一些探索,提出了一种基于WEB的汉英CAPP系统。在此基础上,针对某航空企业的特点开发了一套工艺编制与计算机辅助翻译软件,并取得很好的使用效果。     

Introduction of computer aided production methods in a company for air-conditioning handling units

This paper deals with the experience in introducing CIM components in the example of an air-conditioning company. It is shown how the competitive ability of small and medium-sized companies can be improved by usage of appropriate information and communication systems. The score of a priority oriented CIM-concept is formed by the product-related individual software CAESAR, which serves for the computer aided design of central air handling units and administers all technical, management and organizational data. Besides, CAESAR also covers interfaces to CAD-, CAM-, CAQ-, and PPS-systems. All software systems operate on 20 personal computers in a PC-Network. The central data base is the fileserver. The topology of the network is based on a star network. As transmission protocol the Token-bus method is being used. The effectiveness of the gradually implemented CIM concept has been proved based on various management index numbers.     

STEP信息集成软件工具的设计和实现

ＳＴＥＰ是国际标准化组织ＩＳＯ正在组织开发的应用于计算机集成制造系统（ＣＩＭＳ）信息集成的产品数据表达与交换标准，ＳＴＥＰ不仅是一种规范，更是一种信息集成技术，本文以ＣＡＤ／ＣＡＰＰ／ＣＡＭ系统集成为背景，提出了ＳＴＥＰ信息集成支持工具ＥｘＴｒａ的设计和实现技术，该软件工具已成功且有效地应用于ＣＡＤ／ＣＡＰＰ／ＣＡＭ系统集成中。     

Internet-enabled computer aided design

Advances in computer networks are rapidly changing the way engineering is performed, making computer-aided design the front door to a web of interconnected software, information, and human resources. CAD software is the “browser” through which design interfaces with these resources. For engineering design, the network promises to integrate activities across enterprises and throughout product life cycles. This article describes some of the technology trends influencing network-enabled CAD, with a particular focus on how companies are assimilating new Internet and object-oriented concepts. It reflects nearly two years of discussions with many people in both the software and engineering industries, including discussions held at industry-focused panels and workshops sponsored by the National Institute of Standards and Technology     

Implementing a computer aided production management system

This paper describes the design and implementation of a computer aided production management system for a wall-coverings manufacturer. The computer systems were implemented on a co-operative network of PCs and Vaxes. The software was written in NATURAL/ADABAS and GENETIK. The systems were successfully implemented and achieved immediate payoffs in reduced stock levels and better planning. A less obvious payoff came from the extended time-scale of the project which meant that the company's staff could be trained en route.     

Learning studies in the use of computer aided design systems for discrete-parts manufacture

Two-dimensional computer aided engineering design systems are recognized as having limitations in comparison with the alternative three-dimensional techniques of solid modelling. The mathematically sounder approach of solid modelling permits far greater integration between the activities of functional design, design analysis and manufacturing. However, the existing methods of specifying design geometry within typical solid modelling systems are deficient in that they relate more to the mathematical needs of the computer system than they do to the needs of the designer. CAPE-LUT (Computer Aided Production Engineering-Loughborough University of Technology) is a prototype system which provides a machining analogy so that geometric and manufacturing ideas can be expressed through familiar engineering terminology, to provide detail designs and outline process plans. CAPE-LUT is an experimental vehicle only and the system has been used to investigate the hypothesis that a 'manufacturing features' approach to design and manufacture is easy to learn, accurate and fast in use, and acceptable to practising designers and manufacturing engineers. This paper describes the experimental work, which provides statistical evidence that the manufacturing features method is significantly easier to learn than a similar CAD system that has a purely geometric interface. It is also shown that CAPE-LUT performed well when used by experienced subjects and was acceptable to a large number of practising engineers.     

An integrated intelligent process planning system (IIPPS) for machining

A key component of computer integrated manufacturing (CIM) is computer aided process planning (CAPP). Process planning in machining involves the determination of the cutting operations and sequences, the selection of machine tools and cutting tools, the calculation of machining parameters, and the generation of CNC part programs. Industrial structures in Norway are defined as small and medium-sized companies. The important fact is how well these companies use high technologies and resources in order to improve their production efficiency, product quality, and company competition in international markets. The concept of an integrated intelligent system (IIS) is created for this purpose. A prototype system, the integrated intelligent process planning system (IIPPS), is described for machining; it was developed on the basis of an IIS and constructed using three levels of effort: (1) AutoCAD, (2) dBASE III and (3) KnowledgePro. The system may be utilized not only by a process plann ing engineer in a company, but also by students of mechanical or industrial engineering.     

CATC — A Computer Aided Tolerance Control system

Computer utilization in manufacturing systems is increasing at a rapid rate. Developments thus far have been disjointed. Much work needs to be done in the area of integrating computer aided design and computer aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM). Tolerance control is an important component in the integration of CAD and CAM. Selection of design tolerances affects the build-ability of a product. The selection of manufacturing processes and sequence of processes affects process tolerance stacking. Unexamined process tolerance stacking leads to scrap and rework. A computer aided tolerance control (CATC) system is presented in this paper. This system is based on the tolerance chart technique. The CATC system is interactive and uses computer graphics for information display. The system can be used for computer aided process planning (CAPP) and for CAD/CAM integration.     

眼镜零售业计算机虚拟试戴方法研究

眼镜行业信息化建设主要涉及的两个方向是眼镜店销售管理系统和基于虚拟试戴技术的销售系统.计算机虚拟试戴方法研究是眼镜行业信息化研究的重点.该研究主要运用了计算机图形图像处理学的知识.实现了人脸与镜架按照真实比例的试戴,以及染色镜片效果的演示,是一种适合制作眼镜行业销售系统的方法.     

CALM — computer aided logistics management

Logistics functions directly support the principal operation. In the international petroleum industry they mainly are maintenance, materials and transport. CALM is a microcomputer system which integrates the arrangement of these functions. It operates at the plant level.

There are six CALM subsystems: 1) equipment control; 2) maintenance work control; 3) materials control; 4) transport control; 5) budgeting and costs and 6) management reporting.

CALM is a collection of relational data bases and application programs. Its modules are distributed and are under user control. Data bases are designed for three organizational levels: 1) local area networks on microcomputers at the user level (CALM ); 2) relational data bases on minicomputers at the plant level and 3) relational data bases on main frame computers at the corporate level. This is said to be a 3-level computer system. Data base design is optimized over the three levels.

System integration requires strict discipline over the design of identification codes (equipment, spare parts, job plans, job orders, failure reports, etc.). The paper suggests standard code formats which have proved to be successful in industry.

Besides CALM, integrated systems from four multinational oil companies are discussed. Design errors experienced in these projects are described. Specific design precautions are emphasized.     

Bridging the gap between product lifecycle management and sustainability in manufacturing through ontology building

Green manufacturing has been a major concern in recent years. As product lifecycle management strategies embrace sustainability within its spectrum of multi-disciplinary efforts, it has become crucial that manufacturing companies have the ability to exchange product and process related data with emphasis on sustainability not only amongst its internal information systems like CAD, CAPP and ERP, but also throughout their supply chain and other stakeholders. Industry demands solutions for interoperability between heterogeneous systems that can account for the necessary semantics in order to establish seamless, unambiguous information sharing of data from a product's cradle to its grave. One of the most promising approaches to overcome these issues is the use of ontologies that serve as interlingua, for translating between local data structures. The present research proposes an ontology that relates sustainability terms to product and process data entities through semantic ties.     

玻璃深加工计算机辅助管理系统的研究开发

针对玻璃深加工企业提出的信息化管理需求,通过深入研究分析玻璃深加工流程中需要信息化的各个环节,开发出一个计算机辅助管理系统.系统中本地采用C/S网络体系结构,异地数据通过zlibEx压缩后通过串口实现远程实时安全传输.系统中只需在生成订单时一次输入原始数据,其它功能模块共享原始数据,自动生成各种所需的报表.采用改进的启发式动态寻优方法实现优化切割,改变了手工排料,提高了玻璃原片利用率.该管理系统投入使用后,企业员工的工作效率和经济效益都明显提高,表明了该管理系统的有效性和可行性.     

The ergonomics of computer aided design within advanced manufacturing technology

Many manufacturing companies have now awakened to the significance of computer aided design (CAD), although the majority of them have only been able to purchase computerised draughting systems of which only a subset produce direct manufacturing data. Such companies are moving steadily towards the concept of computer integrated manufacture (CIM), and this demands CAD to address more than draughting. CAD architects are thus having to rethink the basic specification of such systems, although they typically suffer from an insufficient understanding of the design task and have consequently been working with inadequate specifications. It is at this fundamental level that ergonomics has much to offer, making its contribution by encouraging user-centred design. The discussion considers the relationships between CAD and: the design task; the organisation and people; creativity; and artificial intelligence. It finishes with a summary of the contribution of ergonomics.     

Cloud-based approach for automatic CNC workpiece origin localization based on image analysis

Computer vision applications in the industry have been a constant field of research in academia. Industrial daily challenges such as quality inspection, object detection, and measurement are examples of situations where some automation could be done by using computer vision techniques. In this paper, a cloud-based approach of an automatic system based on stereo vision and image analysis has been developed to automate a daily routine present in machining companies: workpiece referencing. The proposed architecture uses two cameras mounted in the spindle of a machining center. All images are processed in custom software, running on the cloud, to return the position of the Workpiece Coordinate System (WCS) directly to the Computer Numerical Control (CNC) machine controller. Experimental results validate the application of the proposed architecture in a real machining process machine.     

Technical investment planning of flexible manufacturing systems—The application of practice-oriented methods

Flexible manufacturing systems (FMS) exhibit a high degree of automation of the machining system and of the workpiece, and for the information flow systems. Therefore, these systems are amongst the most complex production installations and their technical investment planning must be undertaken with great care.This paper introduces a strategic planning procedure and describes auxiliary aids for the selection of the components and for structuring of the overall system. Computer programs for the selection of machine tools and for the simulation of the manufacturing process sequence are part of this procedure. The application of the methods is illustrated by means of several problem situations arising from industrial production companies; the examples show the practical usefulness of the developed auxiliary techniques. The planning accuracy possible by these methods reduces the investment risk associated with the use of these complex manufacturing systems.Also described is an integrated system for the technical investment planning of flexible manufacturing systems which comprises both existing methods and new auxiliary means for planning the machining systems and the technical/organizational overall concept.     

Present and future possibilities within computer aided design

In this paper a survey of the computer field developments as regards functions, performance and costs is given. The implications of these developments to computer aided design are then presented. Finally the possibilities of designing and implementing fully automated integrated systems for computer aided design are discussed.Although emphasis in this paper will be put on structural design, examples from other areas are given in order to illustrate the potentialities of the general methods.     

A PDES/STEP-based information model for computer-aided process planning

Computer Aided Process Planning (CAPP) constitutes one of the most essential elements in Computer Integrated Manufacturing (CIM). Although many CAPP systems have been reported in literature during the last two decades, few of them are compatible enough to integrate easily with other systems in the CIM environment. One major reason is the lack of an effective method to represent the information required by CAPP, and to unify such information with the information of other systems in the CIM environment. Indeed, this problem has received relatively inadequate attention in the recent research of CAPP systems. In this paper, an information model for CAPP is developed by using the object-oriented modeling and the Product Data Exchange Step/STandard of Exchange Product data (PDES/STEP) techniques. The model consists of the part information model, the process plan information model, and the production resource information model. The EXPRESS language or the EXPRESS-G diagram is used to represent these models. Indeed, the proposed information model will greatly improve the CAPP system's capability of effective integration with other systems in the CIM environment, and, ultimately, to facilitate the implementation of the whole CIM strategy in manufacturing enterprises.     

Methoden zum Management von Informationsquellen für die Unterstützung von Softwareproduktmanagern in der Energiewirtschaft

The German energy market is facing several challenges due to changes in regulation, technical advancements as well as increasing energy costs and climate achievements like CO₂ reduction. This results in changing requirements for companies in the energy market and thus business information systems, which support their core tasks and processes. Software product managers in energy and software developing companies in charge of driving the functional development of information systems have to deal with these challenges and need to develop new information systems or enhance existing ones. Conceptual models proved helpful to design and implement information systems within several industries. However, identification and management of models as well as impact analysis of model changes results difficult. This contribution describes methods to construct, use and maintain a domain specific reference model catalog to support requirements analysis for software product manager in the German electricity and gas market.     

Integration of simulation modeling and computer aided production management in computer integrated enterprise

Designing efficient and integrated manufacturing systems is the first step in attaining computer integrated enterprises (CIE). Integration of planning and implementation phases of manufacturing is essential for taking full advantage of the CIE. In order to design reliable and efficient manufacturing systems, the designers must consider the impacts of planning decisions made by computer aided production management (CAPM) modules on implementations held in manufacturing cells.

This paper focuses on two issues. The first issue is importance and necessity of integrating CAPM modules with manufacturing cells. The second issue includes major features of the object-oriented approach and their relevance to our objective of modeling a design framework which focuses on integration of CAPM modules and simulation models which emulate the manufacturing cells in the CIE environment.     

Use of computer aided drafting for analysis and control of posture in manual work

Computer aided design (CAD) in conjunction with digitised anthropometric manikins can be used for analysis and control of stressful work postures, one of the most frequently cited occupational risk factors of upper extremity cumulative trauma disorders. This paper describes the use of macros for manipulating manikins and workstation components and for designing the workplace. AutoCAD, a popular computer aided design software package, was used to demonstrate the feasibility of these concepts. Specifically, macros are used for drawing work equipment using parametric designs, manipulating manikins and analysing jobs. In comparing the macros to the use of primitive CAD commands, the macros not only decrease the amount of time needed to create workstation components, but they also make the task easier for the user and decrease the risk of errors. Despite the limitation of anthropometric data and manikins, CAD is an effective method for identifying postural stresses and redesigning the workstation to control the identified stresses.