盐溶液对膨润土-砂混合物膨胀性能的影响

利用自制固结仪,开展膨润土-砂混合物在蒸馏水及不同浓度的NaCl、KCl和CaCl₂溶液下的膨胀变形试验,研究盐溶液浓度和阳离子交换反应对混合物膨胀变形的影响。试验表明,试样在蒸馏水与不同浓度的NaCl溶液下可用同一条e_m-p_e曲线表示,表明NaCl主要通过渗透吸力的作用影响混合物的膨胀变形。K⁺、Ca²⁺主要通过置换吸附在钠基膨润土表面的Na⁺,使得膨胀性能减弱,因此NaCl溶液的抑制性小于KCl和CaCl₂。值得关注的是,膨润土-砂混合物在KCl与CaCl₂溶液下随浓度的变化产生了不同的膨胀变形规律。当浓度为0.1 mol/L时,由于同浓度下CaCl₂溶液中的总离子浓度大于KCl,从而通过渗透吸力的提高增大了有效应力,此时CaCl₂的抑制效果强于KCl;而浓度在0.5 mol/L时,CaCl₂的抑制效果弱于KCl,因为此时溶液中离子浓度较高,一方面K⁺可以充分置换吸附在膨润土表面的Na⁺;另一方面K⁺更容易嵌入相邻晶层间硅氧四面体中氧原子形成的孔穴里,使得相邻晶层连接起来,导致水分子不易进入层间,无法正常吸水,从而明显地抑制了膨胀变形。     

On the stability of activated sludge flocs with implications to dewatering

It was shown that Ca²⁺ can be extracted from activated sludge from a plant with biological nitrogen and phosphorus removal either by an ion exchange process, where H⁺, Na⁺, K⁺ or Mg²⁺ served as counter ions, or by chelation by EGTA. The extraction of Ca²⁺ led to an increase in the number of small particles and subsequently an increase in the specific resistance to filtration.

It was argued that approx. half of the total Ca²⁺ pool was associated with the exopolymers and thereby formed an alginate-like gel, which constituted the backbone of the floc structure. This notion was further emphasized by the observation that addition of Cu²⁺ which, along with releasing Ca²⁺, improved the dewaterability—probably because of the Cu²⁺ ions ability to maintain the three-dimensional structure of the exopolymers.     

Interaction of light metals and protons with seaweed biosorbent

Based on their displacement by protons, the following ascending order of light metals affinity toward Sargassum fluitans biomass was observed: Na⁺ K⁺ < Mg²⁺ < Ca²⁺ < Al³⁺. Higher biomass-metal affinities resulted in lowering the leaching tendency of (polysaccharidic) biomass components during the sorption process. More than 12% weight loss of protonated biomass occurred during 2 min of sorption, which should be considered in all stoichiometric and sorption calculations. The rate of proton uptake for Na-loaded and Ca-loaded S. fluitans biomass at pH 4.5 was lower than the rate of desorption at pH 1.1. In the case of Na-loaded S. fluitans, the predominant proton uptake rate was of a zero order. Na uptake by protonated S. fluitans biomass did not take place at all in the presence of Ca and Al ions. However, it increased in the absence of other light metals. Since the affinity of Ca²⁺ for the biomass was much greater than that of Na⁺, the three-component system of Na⁺, H⁺ and Ca²⁺ could be simplified into proton-calcium ion exchange. The initial rate of Ca uptake with protonated S. fluitans biomass at pH 4.5 was lower than that of proton release from biomass. Approximately 20% of Ca²⁺ sorbed was bound to the binding site as a mono-valent ion. Titration and stoichiometric indications pointed to the fact that Al was being sorbed as a hydroxyl complex.     

膨润土的膨胀性衰减研究

利用地球化学软件Phreeqc模拟了高放核废料处置库的高压实MX80膨润土中发生的水文地球化学反应,基于长时间尺度的研究的需要,忽略热、力、流等因素的影响,主要考虑了K⁺、Ca²⁺、Na⁺、Mg²⁺四种阳离子的离子交换和矿物溶解沉淀反应,建立了膨润土中的一维离子运移反应模型。模拟了不同外界流体作用下,膨润土化学组分在时间和空间上的变化。结合化学组分变化结果,对膨润土膨胀性衰减情况进行了计算和评估。得到1万年后海水和地下水环境下的MX80膨润土膨胀性衰减系数分别达到0.79和0.91。     

干湿循环作用下砂岩溶蚀的孔隙度演化规律

针对干湿循环作用下岩石劣化机理的复杂性,以砂岩为研究对象,通过对砂岩浸泡溶液离子浓度的测试,定量反分析砂岩矿物的溶解,得到砂岩孔隙度的演化规律,分析干湿循环作用下砂岩的劣化机制。结果表明:浸泡溶液中Ca~(2+)的生成速率比K~+、Na~+、SiO_2高一个数量级,Fe~(2+)的生成速率最低。每阶段循环后,方解石的体积减少量最多,其次是钾长石和钠长石,黑云母和石英的体积减少量最小。干湿循环作用后,微小的孔隙度变化,会导致抗压强度的大幅度降低,各阶段孔隙度变化值与劣化度成正相关。干湿循环侵蚀后,砂岩各种矿物的溶解流失,使得自身胶结物量减少,孔隙度增大,产生各种空洞与微裂缝,最终反映为强度的降低,是为干湿循环导致砂岩劣化的重要原因。     

Complexation of copper in the effluent of a sewage treatment plant and an estimate of its influence on toxicity to coho salmon

Measurements by cupric ion electrode of the complexing capacity of the effluent from a sewage treatment plant (STPE) averaged 0.300 mg 1⁻¹. Of the complexed Cu 67% was due to compounds of 10,000 MW. Organic compounds removable by activated carbon composed 88% of the total organic carbon and were responsible for 87% of the complexation. Complexation of Cu²⁺ by STPE diminishes the toxicity from total Cu to juvenile coho salmon; the LC₅₀ was 0.164 mg 1⁻¹ for river water vs 0.286 mg 1⁻¹ for 40% STPE. The LC₅₀ of Cu²⁺ was approximately the same (0.017 vs 0.022 mg 1⁻¹) in both matrices; this species thus appears to play a toxic role. The mean survival time in diluted STPE with added Cu was inversely proportional to the Cu²⁺ concentration.     

Toxicities of total and chelex-labile cadmium to salmon in solutions of natural water and diluted sewage with potentially different cadmium complexing capacities

The LC₅₀ for total Cd averaged 4.8 and 8.0 μg1⁻¹ in river water and 33% sewage-treatment-plant effluent (STPE), respectively, and for Chelex-labile Cd, 3.9 and 5.6 μg1⁻¹, respectively. The LC₅₀ values for total Cd were significantly (P < 0.05) different, indicating a reduction in toxicity of Cd in the presence of 33% STPE, presumably due to complexation of Cd²⁺. The similarity of LC₅₀ values for Chelex-labile Cd indicates that that fraction contained toxic species of Cd at approximately the same concentration(s) in both river water and 33% STPE; it is therefore considered a better measure of Cd toxicity than total Cd. Furthermore, mortality was correlated with the concentration of Chelex-labile Cd but not with that of Chelex-nonlabile Cd. Measurements of Cd²⁺-complexing capacity by the Chelex method indicated that toxicity was due, at least in part, to Cd²⁺. Values were less than those obtained by the ion-selective-electrode method; these indicated that toxicity was due only to complexed Cd. Values from both methods were uncorrelated with LC₅₀ values.     

Electrochemical Treatment of Acidic Aqueous Ferrous Sulfate and Copper Sulfate as Models for Acid Mine Drainage

Acid mine drainage (AMD) is a serious environmental problem in the mining industry. The present work describes electrolytic reduction of solutions of synthetic AMD, comprising FeSO₄/H₂SO₄ and CuSO₄/H₂SO₄, in flow-through cells whose anode and cathode compartments were separated using ion exchange membranes. In the case of FeSO₄/H₂SO₄ at constant flow rate, the pH of the effluent from the catholyte increased progressively with current at a variety of cathodes, due to electrolytic reduction of H⁺ ions to elemental hydrogen. Near-quantitative removal of iron was achieved by sparging air into the catholyte effluent, thereby precipitating iron outside the electrochemical cell, and avoiding fouling of the electrodes. The anode reaction was the oxidation of water to O₂, a proton-releasing process. Using cation exchange membranes and sodium sulfate as the supporting electrolyte in the anode compartment, the efficiency of the process was compromised at high currents by transport of H⁺ competitively with Na⁺ from the anode to the cathode compartments. Higher efficiencies were obtained when anion exchange membranes were used, and in this case no additional supporting electrolyte other than dilute H₂SO₄ was needed, the net reaction being the electrochemically driven transfer of the elements of H₂SO₄ from the cathode to the anode compartments. Current efficiencies 50% were achieved, the loss of efficiency being accounted for by ohmic heating of the solutions. In the case of CuSO₄/H₂SO₄ and anion exchange membranes at high currents, reduction of Cu²⁺ and H⁺ ions and transport of SO₄²⁻ ions out of the catholyte caused unacceptably high potentials to be generated.     

皖南红层软岩崩解特性试验分析

采用皖南地区3种红层软岩开展了室内"饱水-干燥"循环(湿-干循环)条件下的崩解试验.研究了不同湿-干循环次数下岩石的崩解现象和特征;分析崩解物的颗粒粒径分布随湿-干循环次数的变化规律;对浸泡岩样的水溶液离子浓度进行测试,同时对经历不同湿-干循环次数的岩样开展扫描电镜(SEM)试验;探讨软岩的崩解机理,比较分析不同岩石崩...     

UV light assisted decolorization of dark brown colored coffee effluent by photo-Fenton reaction

The photochemical decolorization of coffee effluent has been examined by photo-Fenton (UV/Fe²⁺/H₂O₂) process. Effects of UV light intensity, initial coffee concentration, iron dose and H₂O₂ dose on the color removal of model coffee effluent have been investigated. The rate of decolorization increased with decreasing initial coffee effluent concentration. It was found that the Fe ion dose and UV light intensity enhanced the decolorization rate. The decolorization process of coffee effluent could be divided into three established phases. At the beginning of the photo-Fenton process, the instantaneous and significant increase in color of the solution was found (Phase-I). In the subsequent phase (Phase-II), the decolorization rate was initially fast and subsequently decreased. In Phase-III, the rate was accelerated and then the complete decolorization of model coffee effluent was achieved. In order to elucidate the mechanisms of coffee effluent color removal process, the concentration changes in Fe³⁺ and Fe²⁺ besides H₂O₂ were measured during the course of the photo-Fenton process. The rate-determining step in Phase-II was the photo-Fenton reaction or photoreduction of Fe³⁺. On the other hand, the decolorization process in Phase-III was highly affected by Fenton reaction or decomposition of H₂O₂ with Fe²⁺. About 93% mineralization of 250 mg L⁻¹ model coffee effluent was achieved after 250 min. A comparative study for TiO₂, ZnO and photo-Fenton oxidation processes has been also carried out and the photo-Fenton process was found to be the most effective for color removal of coffee effluent.     

土壤—膨润土对金属离子的阻滞性能及机理研究

以K⁺、Ca²⁺和Fe³⁺为研究对象,考察屏障材料Soil-Bentonite (SB)对不同价态金属离子的阻截性能,并对其吸附机理、运移规律和穿透行为进行探讨,为污染场地封存材料设计提供理论依据。研究结果表明:屏障材料SB对不同价态的金属离子的吸附过程快速,且离子价态越高吸附量越大;吸附过程的拟合符合二级吸附动力学和Langmuir-Freundlich方程。K⁺、Ca²⁺和Fe³⁺在SB中渗透时,渗透系数存在极值,离子价态越高则出现极值的时间越短;各种离子在屏障材料中穿透时,离子价态越高,完全穿透屏障墙体所需时间就越短。因此,在污染场地阻截封存时,高价态金属离子的存在会严重影响屏障材料对污染物的阻截性能。     

Recovery of ammonia from industrial waste water

Some types of industrial waste water contain high concentration of ammonia, which makes nitrification too costly. It has been found, that ion exchange is an attractive alternative, even the waste water contains such high concentration of competitive ions at 1 g 1⁻¹ Ca²⁺ and 5 g 1⁻¹ Na⁺. However it was found, that the pH increased during the treatment due to the release of OH^- ions left in the interstitial water. Since it is essential for the efficiency that pH is 7·0 or lower, it was necessary to rinse the ion exchangers with acid. The observed data by column experiments agree with the equilibrium data found.     

Ca~(2+)浓度对膨润土掺砂混合土渗透性能的影响

垃圾填埋场底部铺设含黏土或膨润土掺砂混合土的防渗系统,防止渗滤液流入地下污染周边环境。采用模型试验研究Ca~(2+)离子浓度和基础局部沉降对膨润土掺砂混合土渗透特性的影响。试验结果表明Ca~(2+)浓度对膨润土掺砂混合土的渗透性能有较大影响,渗透液中Ca~(2+)浓度超过一定值后混合土渗漏;Ca~(2+)离子浓度与发生渗透时间之间有很大关系,浓度越高发生渗透的时间越短;同样沉降量条件下,含Ca~(2+)离子溶液渗透的混合土均发生渗漏,而用蒸馏水作渗透液的没有出现渗漏;钠基膨润土遇Ca~(2+)离子溶液后,当Ca~(2+)离子浓度大于两倍Na+就会发生离子交换,钠基膨润土转化为钙基膨润土,混合土的防渗性能下降。因此开展Ca~(2+)离子浓度对膨润土掺砂混合土渗透特性的研究具有较好的理论和实际意义。     

不同离子浓度钙液环境中钙芒硝溶解试验研究

为了提高岩盐伴生性钙芒硝矿进行资源化利用效率,对取自盐化制碱厂的淡钙液与钙芒硝矿进行了溶解反应试验,以测试钙芒硝与淡钙液的反应速率,并提出一定条件下钙芒硝与淡钙液的理想反应量。通过恒温40 ℃条件下,钙芒硝与去离子水、硝性近饱和卤水、钙性卤水进行一系列溶解对比试验,发现当钙性卤水中主要离子浓度比Na⁺:Cl^-:Ca²⁺为1:3.37:1.03时,为最佳溶解组分配比,其最大溶解速率为54.689 g/(m²·h),溶解速率与Na₂SO₄浓度关系曲线拟合方程y = -8.482Ln(x)+57.362,相关系数R²=0.895。试验结果为探讨研究在岩盐伴生条件下钙芒硝溶解转化利用的最佳开采方案提供依据。     

Cd2+胁迫对短程反硝化的影响与微生物群落变化

接种城市污水厂二沉池污泥,以乙酸钠为碳源,通过合理控制NO₃^--N浓度和COD/NO₃^--N启动短程反硝化(PD),并考察了长期投加不同Cd²⁺浓度的PD性能、胞外聚合物EPS和微生物群落变化。经过84 d的驯化成功启动PD,出水NO₂^--N浓度和亚硝酸盐积累率(NAR)均处于较高水平,其最高值分别为33.94 mg/L和81.24%,系统平均NAR为71.99%。Cd²⁺胁迫试验表明,与空白对照组S1相比,S2(2.5 mg/L)、S3(5 mg/L)和S4(10 mg/L)均呈现不同程度的短程反硝化性能恶化趋势,到第36天S2、S3和S4平均NAR分别下降了12.48%、14.59%和19.00%,但在高浓度Cd²⁺(5、10 mg/L)条件下,系统仍具有较高的NAR。重金属对微生物活性的毒性抑制导致S2的EPS含量高于S3和S4的EPS含量,EPS含量显著增加说明微生物通过分泌大量EPS来吸附Cd²⁺。微生物高通量测序表明,变形菌门、拟杆菌门和绿弯菌门居PD系统主导地位,反应器NO2^--N积累菌属Thauera的丰度表现为S2(2.13%)>S3(0.28%)>S1(0.2%)>S4(0.1%),表明10 mg/L的Cd²⁺不利于Thauera菌属生长,Cd²⁺浓度低于5 mg/L时Thauera菌属有生长的趋势。     

硫自养波形潜流人工湿地的脱氮机理及工况优化

将硫自养反硝化工艺与潜流人工湿地相结合,考察了其对低碳氮比污水中氮的去除效果。结果表明,增加曝气装置后硫自养波形潜流人工湿地的脱氮效果可以得到保障,在气水比为8∶1、水力负荷为0.8 m³/(m²·d)时,TN去除率为(70±5)%,出水TN浓度低于8 mg/L;NH4+-N去除率在90%以上,出水NH4+-N浓度低于3 mg/L;COD去除率为(50±2)%,出水COD浓度低于40 mg/L;p H值可维持在7~9。同时,石灰石填料具有同步除磷的效果。该工艺具有脱氮效率高、效果好、运行费用低的特点。     

Nanofiltration removal of chlorinated organic compounds from alkaline bleaching effluents in a pulp and paper plant

Three commercial nanofiltration membranes were used for the removal of chlorinated organic compounds from the first alkaline extraction effluent originated from a kraft mill, using eucalyptus wood as raw material. The assays were carried out at the following operating conditions: pressure = 20 bar, TEMPERATURE = 20°C and circulation VELOCITY = 2 m/s. The results show the nanofiltration feasibility. For the three membranes the rejection factors of chlorinated organic compounds are greater than 95% and two of them present permeate fluxes of approx. 42 kg/hm². Several reference solutes with a wide range of molecular weights and functional groups were also permeated. Their results compared with those of mill effluent allow us to conclude that the effluent tannic compounds are not in a fouling form and that the majority of the organochlorinated matter has a molecular weight greater than 500 Da.     

生物转盘在某城镇污水处理厂改造扩容工程中的应用

平凉市某污水处理厂原设计规模5.0×10⁴m³/d,采用传统A²/O+深度处理工艺,本次扩建后规模达到8.5×10⁴m³/d。针对厂区用地紧张、进水总氮浓度高等问题,缺氧区采用生物转盘强化系统的脱氮性能,好氧区改造为限氧曝气区,并新建初沉池以确保出水指标达标。实际运行数据显示,在低温、低碳氮比条件下,出水水质可稳定达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB 18918—2002)的一级A标准。该工程总投资为10793.17万元,直接运行成本为0.72元/m³。     

The treatment of waste waters with peat moss

Waste waters containing heavy metals such as Hg, Cd, Zn, Cu, Fe, Ni, Cr⁶⁺ , Cr³⁺, Ag, Pb, Sb or cyanide, phosphates and organic matters such as oil, detergents and dyes can be treated efficiently after a crude settling by contacting with peat moss.

Chromium, as Cr^6-, can be eliminated in our step from a starting solution of low turbidity to give effluent containing less than 10ppb of Cr⁶⁺ and less than 40 ppb of Cr³⁺.

The characteristics and performances of a contacting machine of 20,000 gal/day capacity for the treatment of industrial waste waters are reported.     

Removal of bisphenol A by a nanofiltration membrane in view of drinking water production

The efficiency with which a nanofiltration membrane (Desal 5 DK) removes bisphenol A (BPA) was investigated, together with the mechanisms involved. Whereas high retention (>90%) was obtained at the beginning of the filtration, the observed retention coefficient (R_obs) decreased to around 50% when the membrane became saturated, due to adsorption of BPA onto the membrane structure. The presence of ions (Na⁺, Cl⁻) affects the R_obs, this effect being attributed to a change in BPA hydrodynamic radius. Moreover, in our operating conditions, the presence of natural organic matter (1 mg/L) in the feed solution does not lead to variation in BPA retention at steady state.