电容层析成像在气固流化床测量中的应用

气固流化床广泛应用于化工、炼油、冶金、电力等工业生产领域。由于流化床中气固两相流动的复杂性,流化床测量方法的研究成为了一个重要的研究领域。电容层析成像(ECT)是20世纪80年代以来发展起来的一种非介入式多相流测量技术,已经在多相流测量领域发挥了重要作用。总结了国内外近年来应用ECT技术进行气固流化床测量的进展,特别是对气固流化床内固体相浓度、流化床流型识别、固体相速度等方面工作进行了总结,并简单介绍了ECT在流化床干燥中的应用,讨论了ECT和其他测量方法结合使用情况。最后对ECT在流化床测量中的局限性和发展方向进行了讨论。     

超声多普勒测速仪在液-固和气-液两相流测量中的应用

引　言多相流反应器在化工、环境、生化过程中得到了广泛的应用[1,2 ] ,但是由于多相流的复杂性 ,还需要进行大量深入的研究 .虽然计算流体力学在多相流领域的应用取得了一定的进展 ,但是实验研究在目前仍是多相流研究的主要手段 .多相流测量领域已经开展了大量的工作 ,但仍是一个具有挑战性的研究领域[3] .多相流中需要测量的量主要有局部颗粒浓度、颗粒速度、气含率、液体速度、气泡行为[3] .固体催化剂浓度的分布[4 ] 和气泡行为[5]对反应器性能有着重要的影响 .同时测得气液两相的速度对于更好地表征气液两相的相间作用 ,提高ＣＦＤ模型…     

基于电容层析成像技术的流化床内固相体积分数分布特性研究

针对煤清洁转化过程流化床内复杂气固两相流动特性,采用电容层析成像(简称ECT)技术,考察了流化床内玻璃珠和树脂颗粒瞬时和时均的固相体积分数分布特性。结果表明,利用不同时刻的瞬时固相体积分数等值图,可实现对截面颗粒分布的量化检测;局部时均固相体积分数沿径向呈"中心低、边壁高"的对称分布,截面时均固相体积分数沿轴向呈"下浓上稀"分布,测量结果与经典理论和实验观察相一致,表明ECT方法可以定性与定量测定流化床内气固两相流动过程固相体积分数。     

气固流化床中流动结构调控的研究进展

由于气固流化床内部气相与颗粒相的流动使得两相的传热传质效率变高，所以在工业中可以影响工业产品的收率，这使得床层中的气体与颗粒的流动备受学者们的关注。充分了解床层中气固两相的行为进而提高气固两相之间的接触，对气固流化床的更广泛应用、工业产能的提高、资源的更有效利用等方面具有重要的意义。介绍目前气固流化床内流动结构的研究进展，总结了气泡与颗粒一定的运动规律。此外，对研究颗粒流动的方法进行了讨论，并对它们的应用前景进行了展望。     

气固多相双通道同轴射流湍流场的数值模拟(2)

运用气固多相流数值模拟软件对双通道同轴气固射流湍流场进行了数值模拟研究,预测结果与ＬＤＶ激光测速仪测得的固体颗粒速度分布值进行了比较,结果表明,吻合较好,该软件为气固多相流工程设备的快速、经济的开发研究提供了相应的辅助工具,同时,也是理论研究气固多相化学反应流的基础。     

循环流化床研究进展

循环流化床作为反应器或接触器具有其它多相反应器不可比拟的优势,在社会生产中发挥着重要作用。本文综述了气固循环流化床的发展、主要应用工艺、反应器型式及人们对气固循环流化床反应器关键结构、流体力学、传热和传质方面的研究。简单介绍了液固及气液固三相循环流化床的研究和应用。     

气固循环流态化研究中常用的测试技术

本文从颗粒浓度、气固速度以及气固混合行为三方面综合介绍了循环流化床研究中常用的各种测量技术,对其中比较常用和新兴的测量方法进行了较为详细的说明,以便于我国循环流态化领域辛勤工作 的研究者参考。     

气固流化床内宽筛分硅粉颗粒流化特性的数值模拟

为了探索气固流化床内宽筛分硅粉颗粒的流化特性,作者利用计算流体力学CFD软件,采用Eulerian气固多相流模型及SIMPLE算法,模拟了二维气固流化床内不同粒级硅粉颗粒在不同操作件下的气固流化特性;分析了气泡生成、长大和破裂的过程,研究了床内气固两相的流动特性.结果表明:模拟计算值与实验值吻合较好,最大相对误差为10...     

天然气水合物输送管道气液固三相流运动特性分析

气液固三相流动是多相流体力学中非常重要和难以解决的问题之一。目前对于多相流的研究,重点还在于两相流,对三相湍流流动正在开展和进行中。在气液两相流流动的基础上,增加天然气水合物固相。分析固相的加入对流体压力、密度、体积等参数产生的影响,使天然气水合物的研究更加深入。在气液固三相流模拟中,通过改变天然气固体颗粒直径、密度来研究天然气水合物三相流体参数的变化,而三相流体参数的变化反过来又会影响天然气水合物的颗粒直径,在实际开发中难以达到的情况下,利用数值模拟可以具体反映二者的变化关系,为以后天然气水合物的开发提供了更精确的数值及合适的开采方案。     

三相流化床间歇操作中颗粒的混合与离析行为

在直径41 mm、高1500 mm的间歇操作三相流化床中对双组分固体颗粒的轴向浓度分布、混合和离析行为进行了实验研究. 实验所用固体混合物为密度相近、直径不同的大孔吸附树脂(H-103)与橡胶球. 采用多个百叶窗式金属网及床层膨胀法测量颗粒固含率及流化床气含率沿床层轴向的变化情况,借用描述液-固两相流化床的沉降-分散模型描述气-液-固三相流化床,并采用了Fan等的离析速度与床层高呈线性关系的假定. 实验结果证明,沉降-分散模型可以用来描述气-液-固三相流化床中的固体浓度分布,Fan等的假设是成立的.     

Numerical investigation of gas-solid heat transfer in rotating fluidized beds in a static geometry

Gas-solid heat transfer in rotating fluidized beds in a static geometry is theoretically and numerically investigated. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations of the particle bed temperature response to a step change in the fluidization gas temperature are presented to illustrate the gas-solid heat transfer characteristics. A comparison with conventional fluidized beds is made. Rotating fluidized beds in a static geometry can operate at centrifugal forces multiple times gravity, allowing increased gas-solid slip velocities and resulting gas-solid heat transfer coefficients. The high ratio of the cylindrically shaped particle bed “width” to “height” allows a further increase of the specific fluidization gas flow rates. The higher specific fluidization gas flow rates and increased gas-solid slip velocities drastically increase the rate of gas-solid heat transfer in rotating fluidized beds in a static geometry. Furthermore, both the centrifugal force and the counteracting radial gas-solid drag force being influenced by the fluidization gas flow rate in a similar way, rotating fluidized beds in a static geometry offer extreme flexibility with respect to the fluidization gas flow rate and the related cooling or heating. Finally, the uniformity of the particle bed temperature is improved by the tangential fluidization and resulting rotational motion of the particle bed.     

A critical review of the complex pressure fluctuation phenomenon in gas-solids fluidized beds

The complex pressure fluctuation phenomenon in gas-solid fluidized beds is systematically examined in this paper based on a comprehensive review of the literature data. The local pressure fluctuations are composed of multiple sources, including local bubble induced fluctuations, global bed oscillations and propagating pressure waves originating in other locations (e.g. bed surface, distributor and windbox). The interaction and coupling among bubble motion, under-damped oscillations of fluidized particles and bed surface, propagating compressible pressure waves and flow pulsation in gas-solid fluidized beds creates the complexity of local pressure fluctuations, and is likely responsible for the formation of complex but unique flow patterns. A few attempts have been reported in the literature on examining the interaction between bed oscillations, plenum chamber air pulsation and propagating pressure waves in fluidized beds, showing some promises on predicting the local pressure fluctuations. Future work should be focused on predicting local and global pressure fluctuations and the formation of unique surface flow patterns by coupling different contributing mechanisms.     

采用切圆射流及旋流布风板改进鼓泡床行为

用侧面切圆射流和旋流布风板造成了鼓泡流化床内气固流动的新流型。本文将改进鼓泡床与普通鼓泡床进行比较,在同样的空气量下,气泡尺寸减小,床面波动降低,加强了固体颗粒的横向混合,延长了颗粒床内停留时间。还研究了侧面切圆射流占总风量的份额、射流速度、喷入位置及角度对流化质量的影响。     

Investigation of gas–solids flow characteristics in a conical fluidized bed dryer by pressure fluctuation and electrical capacitance tomography

It is important to investigate the gas–solids flow characteristics of fluidized bed drying processes to improve the operation efficiency and guarantee the product quality. This paper presents research into fluidized bed drying processes measured by high-frequency differential pressure fluctuation and electrical capacitance tomography (ECT). Power spectra analysis is combined with dynamic calibration for ECT to reveal the complex gas–solids flow behavior. Bubble characteristics are visualized by cross-sectional and quasi-3D ECT images. In addition, results by discrete wavelet transform analysis are given and compared with the analysis results of previous sections. It has been found that bubbles would coalesce in different ways under different operation conditions, and discrete wavelet transform sub-signals of ECT measurements are sensitive to particle moisture. This work reveals the complex hydrodynamic behavior in the fluidized bed dryer and provides valuable information for process control.     

Extension of the kinetic theory of granular flow to include dense quasi-static stresses

Fluidized bed technology has diverse industrial applications ranging from the gasification of coal in the power industry to chemical reactions for the plastic industry. Due to their complex chaotic non-linear behaviour understanding the hydrodynamic behaviour in fluidized beds is often limited to pressure drop measurements and a mass balance of the system. Computational fluid dynamics has the capability to model multiphase flows and can assist in understanding gas-solid fluidized beds by modeling their hydrodynamics. The multiphase Eulerian-Eulerian gas-solid model, extended and validated here improves on the kinetic theory of granular flow by including a closure term for the quasi-static stress associated with the long term particle contact at high solid concentrations. Similar quasi-static models have been widely applied to slow granular flow such as chute flow, flow down an incline plane and geophysical flow. However combining the kinetic theory of granular flow and the quasi-static stress model for the application of fluidized beds is limited. The objective of the present paper is to compare two quasi-static stress models to the experimental fluidized bed data of Bouillard et al. [4]. A quasi-static granular flow model (QSGF) initially developed by Gray and Stiles [18] is compared to the commonly used Srivastava and Sundaresan [37]. Both models show good agreement with the experimental bubble diameter and averaged porosity profiles. However only the QSGF model shows a distinct asymmetry in the bubble shape which was documented by Bouillard et al. [4].     

基于数据驱动的卷积神经网络电容层析成像图像重建

针对电容层析成像技术的图像重建问题,提出了基于数据驱动的卷积神经网络图像重建方法。根据气固两相流的流型特点,通过数值模拟的方法随机生成了60000组介质分布图像,并利用有限元法计算了与之对应的电容向量,从而建立了一个“电容向量-介质分布”数据集;然后根据电容层析成像图像重建特点建立了卷积神经网络模型,对数据集中的训练集进行学习和训练,并利用测试集对训练结果进行了验证与评价。在此基础上,对获得的ECT图像重建卷积神经网络模型进行了静态实验和流化床测试实验研究。模拟和实验结果表明：所建立的卷积神经网络能较好地实现ECT图像重建,可直接用于流化床内的颗粒浓度分布测量。     

Grundlagen der Wirbelschichttechnik

Fundamentals of fluidized bed technology . Although gas/solids fluidized beds have long been successfully employed in a variety of industrial processes, the design and optimization of fluidized bed reactors still presents considerable difficulties, owing to the complex nature of gas/solids flow in the fluidized bed. The present review collects various flow-mechanical principles for the design of fluidized bed equipment. The central role of flow mechanics in the operating properties, and in particular for scale-up of fluidized bed reactors, is illustrated for the model of a simple heterogeneously catalyzed gas-phase reaction.     

APPLICATIONS OF CROSSFLOW MAGNETICALLY STABILIZED FLUIDIZED BEDS

The utilization of fluidized beds to effect separations has been limited by the fluid bypassing and particle mixing which tends to decrease the efficiency of separation. Application of a magnetic field to a fluidized bed of magnetizable particles produces a quiescent state with several of the best properties of both fluidized and fixed beds. Similar to fluidized beds, the magnetized beds resemble a liquid and are easily transported between vessels. Their contacting properties, however, are close to those of packed beds with near plug flow of both the fluid and bed particles. These magnetized fluidized beds have advantages when operated in a crossflow configuration, with continuous participates movement transverse to the ascending flow of the fluidizing fluid. Applications of these crossflow beds include solids/solids separation, fluid filtering, and chromatographic separations.     

Verification of fluidized bed electrical capacitance tomography measurements with a fibre optic probe

Previous studies aimed at determining the spatial accuracy of electrical capacitance tomography (ECT) have employed phantoms placed within the ECT measurement space. No previous studies have compared ECT with a second independent measurement technique in an operating fluidized bed. In the present work, radial voidage profiles have been measured with ECT in the 0.14-m I.D. riser of a circulating fluidized bed (CFB) and in a bubbling fluidized bed with a 0.19-m I.D. The dynamic and time-averaged radial voidage profiles have been compared with measurements taken with a fibre optic probe in the same riser and in a slightly narrower (0.15-m I.D.) bubbling fluidized bed. In spite of the intrusiveness of the latter technique, the time-averaged radial profiles in the CFB riser fall within 10% of each other when the CFB is operated at high-flux conditions that lead to a very dense wall region. Iterative reconstruction of the ECT images is not needed in this case. Similar agreement is found between the two techniques in the bubbling fluidized bed, but off-line iterative image reconstruction is clearly necessary in this fluidization regime. These results suggest that ECT, which is often described as a tomographic imaging technique with low spatial resolution, can in fact provide semi-quantitative time-averaged images of the cross-section of fluidized beds of diameter comparable to or less than that used here.     

CFD SIMULATION OF THE GAS-SOLID FLOW IN THE RISER OF A CIRCULATING FLUIDIZED BED WITH SECONDARY AIR INJECTION

A comprehensive investigation was carried out to study hydrodynamics aspects of secondary air injection in circulating fluidized beds. This article presents modeling and results of computational fluid dynamics simulations of gas-solid flow in the riser section of a laboratory-scale (ID = 0.23 m, height = 7.6 m) circulating fluidized bed with a radial secondary air injector. The gas-solid flow model is based on the two-fluid (Eulerian-Eulerian) approach, where both gas and solids phases are treated as interpenetrating continua. A granular kinetic theory model is used to describe the solids phase stresses. The simulation results are compared with measured pressure drop and axial particle velocity profiles; reasonable agreement is obtained. Qualitatively, excellent agreement is obtained in predicting the increase in solids volume fraction below secondary air ports, the accumulation of solids around the center of the riser due to momentum of secondary air jets, and the absence of the solids down-flow near the wall above the secondary air injection ports, which are the prominent features of secondary air injection observed in the experiments.