316L 不锈钢 TIG 焊接接头在 H2 S 溶液中的钝化性能

目的研究316L不锈钢TIG焊接接头各区域在不同浓度H2S溶液中的钝化及耐蚀性能差异。方法在H_2S质量浓度为0.05,0.1,0.2,0.4,0.8 g/L的H2S溶液中,通过极化曲线、恒电位阶跃、阳极极化、交流阻抗等方法,分别研究316L奥氏体不锈钢TIG焊接接头的母材区和焊缝区的钝化性及耐蚀性能。结果随着H_2S浓度的增加,焊接接头母材区和焊缝区的钝化性能都所有降低,电化学活性都明显升高,且腐蚀电位逐渐降低,腐蚀电流密度有所增加。交流阻抗拟合结果显示,母材区和焊缝区的抗腐蚀性能指标(R1+R2)随着H_2S浓度的升高而降低。此外,在相同浓度的H_2S溶液中,焊缝区的腐蚀电位、钝化性能、阻抗都比母材区低,而电化学活性、腐蚀电流密度都比母材区高。同时,随着H2S浓度的升高,焊缝区与母材区的钝化性能、耐腐蚀性差距逐渐变大。结论随着H_2S溶液浓度的增加,316L不锈钢TIG焊接接头母材区和焊缝区的钝化性能逐渐降低,耐蚀性下降,且二者耐蚀性的差距逐渐加大。在相同浓度的H_2S溶液中,母材区的耐蚀性比焊缝区好。     

X80管线钢钝化膜在各种高浓度NaHCO3溶液中的电化学行为

采用动电位极化曲线、恒电位极化曲线、电化学阻抗谱(EIS)、Mott-Schottky分析等电化学方法研究了X80管线钢在各种高浓度的NaHCO₃溶液中形成钝化膜的电化学行为。结果表明, X80管线钢钝化膜的稳定性和耐蚀性会受到NaHCO₃溶液浓度的影响。钝化膜电化学性质随HCO₃^-浓度升高而降低;内层Fe₃O₄的厚度不随HCO₃^-浓度变化,推测其形成与成膜电位有关;内外膜层厚度比随HCO₃^-浓度的升高而增大,钝化膜的稳定性和耐蚀性主要受外层γ-Fe₂O₃的影响。根据点缺陷(PDM)理论的分析认为,NaHCO₃溶液浓度升高时钝化膜稳定性和耐蚀性的降低与溶液电导率的升高和HCO₃^-在缺陷点处吸附作用的增强有关。     

混凝土介质中普通低碳钢和细晶粒钢的耐蚀性研究

在模拟混凝土孔溶液中,利用循环伏安与动电位极化曲线、Mott-Schottky曲线和电化学阻抗谱对经钝化处理后普通低碳钢与细晶粒钢的耐蚀性进行研究。结果表明,细晶粒钢与普通低碳钢的公共钝化电位区域为-0.25⁰.45V,微量元素的含量与晶界的数量影响细晶粒钢钝化膜的耐蚀性。     

镍基合金718在H2S/CO2环境中的腐蚀行为研究

运用腐蚀失重和电化学测量技术,研究了镍基合金718在模拟苛刻油田环境中的H₂S/CO₂腐蚀行为。结果表明,在模拟高温高压H₂S/CO₂腐蚀环境中,718合金腐蚀轻微,表现出良好的抗均匀腐蚀和局部腐蚀能力。电化学测试结果表明,在模拟CO₂腐蚀环境中,718合金的阳极极化曲线存在明显的钝化区,而在模拟H₂S/CO₂腐蚀条件下的阳极极化曲线呈现多次活化-钝化转变现象,表明腐蚀产物膜的稳定性降低;EIS表明阻抗谱均有明显的容抗弧特征,不含H₂S时材料显示单一的容抗弧,加入H₂S时低频显示扩散阻抗控制,饱和CO₂溶液中718合金具有相对较大的极化电阻。     

磷酸浓度对316L不锈钢耐蚀性及钝化膜特性的影响

利用电化学方法测量316L不锈钢在不同浓度磷酸溶液中的极化曲线、电化学阻抗、恒电位极化曲线和M-S 曲线,利用 XPS 技术对钝化膜的成分进行表征。结果表明,316L 不锈钢在空气中和磷酸溶液中形成的钝化膜均具有双层结构,内层主要含Cr₂O₃,在空气中形成的钝化膜外层为Fe的氧化物和氢氧化物,在磷酸溶液中形成的钝化膜外层则为Fe的氧化物和磷酸盐。当磷酸浓度小于1 mol/L时,316L不锈钢表面钝化膜受到的破坏较小,其依旧维持较好的耐腐蚀性,随着腐蚀时间的延长,钝化膜会由致密变疏松;当磷酸浓度大于1 mol/L时,表面钝化膜受到的破坏较为严重,耐腐蚀性明显降低,钝化膜变薄且疏松,但是难溶腐蚀产物的生成相对减缓了钝化膜被破坏的进程。     

pH对316L不锈钢电化学性能的影响

采用动电位极化、电化学阻抗谱和Mott-Schottky曲线研究了316L不锈钢在硫酸溶液和氢氧化钠溶液中的电化学行为。结果表明,316L不锈钢在硫酸溶液和氢氧化钠溶液中钝化区间分别为0.1～0.9V和-0.25～0.7V;316L不锈钢在氢氧化钠溶液中的阻抗模值较大。随扫描电位正移,硫酸溶液与氢氧化钠溶液中的动电位电化学阻抗谱变化趋势差异明显;0.1V条件下形成钝化膜的Mott-Schottky曲线证明钝化膜由p型和n型两种氧化物组成。     

氯离子对模拟混凝土孔溶液中钢筋钝性影响的电化学研究

通过动电位极化曲线,电化学阻抗谱以及Mott-Schottky曲线的测试,研究了预钝化电位对模拟混凝土孔溶液中钢筋的钝化作用及氯离子对钢筋钝性的影响.结果表日月,在室温下相对于饱和甘汞电极电位为-0.200-0.200 V范围于不同电位分别预钝化4800 s后,钢筋表面均处于钝态;钝化膜内浅层施主浓度随预钝化电位的升高而减少,深层施主浓度则增加;预钝化电位为0.200 V时,钢筋钝化膜的电荷转移电阻最大;预钝化后的钢筋在含氯离子0.01-0.08 mol/L,pH值为1250的模拟混凝土孔溶液中浸泡24 h后,其表面钝化膜表现为高掺杂的n型半导体,在015-0.47 V电位区间内表现为一种类型的施主浓度,施主浓度随氯离子浓度的升高而减小.     

抗大应变管线钢X80在碱性腐蚀环境中的耐蚀性

利用极化曲线、交流阻抗谱、Mott-Schottky曲线分析、循环极化曲线的方法,研究了X80抗大变形(X80HD)管线钢在模拟土壤碱性腐蚀环境(0.5 mol/L Na2CO3+1 mol/L Na HCO3溶液)中的耐蚀性。结果表明,该钢在25~95℃范围内均会发生钝化现象,氧气不是钝化发生的必要条件;随着温度升高,钝化变得不稳定,自腐蚀电位减小,自腐蚀电流密度增加,电荷转移电阻减小,耐蚀性变差;25℃时,加入0.5%Na Cl未见明显点蚀,而加入1.5%Na Cl后发生了严重的点蚀,表面可见大量腐蚀坑的存在;一定程度上升高温度可以降低X80HD管线钢在添加Cl-的溶液中发生点蚀的可能性,这主要是由于升高温度,OH-浓度增加所致。     

四种不锈钢在含不同浓度Cl~-的高炉煤气管道冷凝模拟液中的腐蚀行为

采用电化学阻抗谱(EIS)、动电位极化曲线、循环极化曲线(CP)研究了316L,2205,254SMo和2507不锈钢在含不同浓度Cl-的高炉煤气管道冷凝模拟液中的腐蚀行为。结果表明,随着Cl-浓度的增加,该四种不锈钢电极的电荷转移电阻均逐渐减小,其中2507不锈钢电极的电荷转移电阻最大,其次为254SMo不锈钢,而316L不锈钢的最小。316L不锈钢电极的极化曲线没有钝化区,腐蚀电流密度较大;254SMo和2507不锈钢电极的极化曲线存在明显的钝化区,显示较好的耐蚀性。254SMo和2507不锈钢电极的循环极化曲线中的折回段几乎沿原曲线逆向变化,显示其表面钝化膜破坏后的修复能力强;2205不锈钢回扫电流始终大于正扫电流,其钝化膜修复能力相对较差。     

316L不锈钢在不同pH值硼酸溶液中的电化学行为研究

采用动电位极化、电化学阻抗及Mott-Schottky技术研究了316L不锈钢在pH值分别为4,7和11的硼酸溶液中钝化膜的电化学行为,并对钝化膜成分进行了X射线光电子能谱分析。结果表明:316L不锈钢在酸性、中性和碱性硼酸溶液中均能形成稳定的钝化膜,且随p H值增加钝化电位区间减小,过钝电位显著下降。碱性硼酸溶液中316L不锈钢过钝电流显著增加。钝化膜完整性在中性硼酸溶液中最好,酸性溶液中最差。MottSchottky曲线结果表明,在酸性环境中随着电位的升高,钝化膜由n型向p型转变;在中性和碱性环境中,钝化膜半导体类型分别为n型和p型。这是由于随p H值增加,Cr的氢氧化物消失,钝化膜中Fe由Fe O(OH)转变为Fe_3O_4;在碱性环境下钝化膜中Cr_2O_3含量减少导致耐蚀性下降。     

Corrosion behaviour of a dissimilar joint TIG weld between austenitic AISI 316L and ferritic AISI 444 stainless steels

The AISI 444 stainless steel (SS) has become an option to substitute the AISI 316L SS because of its low cost and satisfactory corrosion resistance. However, the use of AISI 444 alloy tubes in heat exchangers causes the welding of a dissimilar joint. The aim of this study was evaluate the corrosion resistance of the tube-to-tubesheet welded by a TIG process composed of AISI 316L and AISI 444. Preparation of samples was executed through replication of tube-to-tubesheet joints. In order to test the corrosion resistance of the welded joint, the following tests were applied: sensitisation, mass loss from room temperature up to 90 °C and electrochemical corrosion tests in 0.5 mol/L HCl and 0.5 mol/L H₂SO₄ electrolytes. The results have shown that the dissimilar joint suffers galvanic corrosion with increased degradation of the heat-affected zone of the AISI 444 tube. Nevertheless, the mechanisms of localised corrosion (pit and intergranular) were more active in the AISI 316L alloy. It is concluded that the dissimilar joint showed better corrosion resistance than the welded joint composed solely of AISI 316L at temperatures up to 70 °C, as the conditions observed in this work.     

Study on the microstructure,mechanical properties and corrosion behaviour of S355JR/316L dissimilar welded joint prepared by gas tungsten arc welding multi-pass welding process

In this study, the joints of dissimilar materials between S355JR carbon steel and 316L stainless steel were welded by gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) multi-pass welding process. Characterisations of microstructure, mechanical properties and corrosion behaviours of dissimilar joint were investigated. The experimental results reveal that the microstructure of weld metal (WM) is austenite and vermiform δ-ferrite, and they cross-distribute in the weld seam. Moreover, there is a decarburisation layer on the interface of S355JR/WM, but the detrimental phase σ and M₂₃C₆ (chromium carbide) are not observed in the WM through X-ray diffraction. The fracture of the S355JR/316L welded joints always occurs in the S355JR heat affected zone during tensile test. Mechanical properties of the welded joints prepared by GTAW can meet the requirements of engineering application. The electrochemical corrosion test is also indicates that the corrosion resistance of WM decreases compared with the 316L base material. The corrosion products of S355JR/316L dissimilar welded joints in 3.5?wt-% NaCl aqueous solution mainly are α-Fe and FeOOH.     

Corrosion of 316L stainless steel in ionic liquid working fluids used for absorption heat pumps or refrigerators

Abstract

The corrosion behaviour of 316L stainless steel (316L ss) in aqueous solutions of ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium diethylphosphate ([EMIM][DEP]) with different contents of water was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), potentiodynamic polarisation and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The results indicate that 316L in aqueous solutions of ionic liquid [EMIM][DEP] shows an obvious surface passivation, a broad passive region and low corrosion current densities. It also has better corrosion resistivity than in 0?177 M LiBr aqueous electrolytes. Furthermore, in order to explain the corrosion mechanism in two working fluids, the Van der Waals volume of ions and the interaction energies of ion pairs were calculated based on the density functional theory (DFT) in quantum chemistry combined with gradient corrected functional using Gaussian 09.     

Electrochemical Behavior Assessment of Micro- and Nano-Grained Commercial Pure Titanium in H<Subscript>2</Subscript>SO<Subscript>4</Subscript> Solutions

In this study, the electrochemical behavior of commercial pure titanium with both coarse-grained (annealed sample with the average grain size of about 45 µm) and nano-grained microstructure was compared by potentiodynamic polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and Mott-Schottky analysis. Nano-grained Ti, which typically has a grain size of about 90 nm, is successfully made by six-cycle accumulative roll-bonding process at room temperature. Potentiodynamic polarization plots and impedance measurements revealed that as a result of grain refinement, the passive behavior of the nano-grained sample was improved compared to that of annealed pure Ti in H₂SO₄ solutions. Mott-Schottky analysis indicated that the passive films behaved as n-type semiconductors in H₂SO₄ solutions and grain refinement did not change the semiconductor type of passive films. Also, Mott-Schottky analysis showed that the donor densities decreased as the grain size of the samples reduced. Finally, all electrochemical tests showed that the electrochemical behavior of the nano-grained sample was improved compared to that of annealed pure Ti, mainly due to the formation of thicker and less defective oxide film.     

Stress corrosion cracking behaviour of 316L stainless steel exposed to CO2–H2S–Cl− environments in the absence and presence of methyldiethanolamine (MDEA)

Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) behaviour of 316L stainless steel in CO₂–H₂S–Cl^? environments with and without methyldiethanolamine (MDEA) was investigated by slow strain rate testing and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results show that elongation ratio, reduction in area ratio (RAR) and time to failure ratio (TTFR) of 316L stainless steel were low in CO₂–H₂S–Cl^? environments. The corresponding fractography exhibited flat brittle fracture with quasi-cleavage pattern, indicative of high SCC susceptibility. Hydrogen penetration and corrosion pits could be responsible for the high SCC susceptibility of 316L stainless steel in this condition. For the CO₂–H₂S–Cl^? environments in the presence of MDEA, 316L stainless steel possessed high ER, RAR and TTFR (nearly 100%). High SCC resistance of 316L stainless steel could be associated with MDEA induced removal of H₂S/CO₂ and absorption on the steel surface.     

Influence of Temperature and Chloride Concentration on Passivation Mechanism and Corrosion of a DSS2209 Welded Joint

The passivity behavior of a 2209 duplex stainless steel welded joint was investigated using potentiodynamic polarization, Mott-Schottky analysis and EIS measurements. In order to evaluate the contribution of temperature, chloride concentration and microstructure, a sequence of polarization tests were carried out in aerated NaCl solutions selected according to robust design of a three level-three factors Taguchi L9 orthogonal array. Analysis of signal-to-noise ratio and ANOVA were achieved on all measured data, and the contribution of every control factor was estimated. The results showed that the corrosion resistance of 2209 duplex stainless steel welded joint is related to the evolution of the passive film formed on the surface. It was found that the passive film on the welded zone possessed n- and p-type semiconductor characteristics. With the increase of solution temperature and chlorides concentration, the corrosion resistance of the passive film is more affected in the weldment than in the base metal.     

2219高强铝合金焊接接头的腐蚀性能

采用浸泡试验、极化曲线以及电化学阻抗测试,对2219高强铝合金母材和焊接接头在3.5%NaCl溶液中的腐蚀性能进行研究。浸泡后试样的显微形貌表明,试样中铜元素的分布及存在形态与其腐蚀性能密切相关;极化曲线表明,在电化学腐蚀过程中,搅拌摩擦焊接头的腐蚀电流最小,电子束焊接接头次之,而钨极氩弧焊接头的腐蚀电流最大;电化学阻抗测试表明,腐蚀过程中体系阻抗值由大到小顺序为搅拌摩擦焊的接头,电子束焊的接头,母材,钨极氩弧焊的接头。     

Semiconducting and passive film properties of nitrogen-containing type 316LN stainless steels

The semiconducting property of passive films of nitrogen-containing type 316LN stainless steels in different electrolytic media (0.5 M NaCl, borate buffer and borate buffer + 0.5 M NaCl) was investigated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The nitrogen effect on the chemical composition of the passive films was investigated using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, (XPS). Based on capacitance results, the semiconducting parameters obtained from the Mott-Schottky plots indicated a decrease in the donor and acceptor density (N_D and N_A) with increase in nitrogen content, and variation in the flat band potential (E_FB), depending on the electrolytic media. Thus indicating that the oxide layers of the passive film are modified by nitrogen addition. The presence of nitrogen and in the passive film was confirmed by the XPS analysis of the passive film. Cyclic polarization for pitting and repassivation corrosion studies indicated a decrease in hysteresis loop with increase in nitrogen content in 0.5 M NaCl solution. In the highest nitrogen-containing alloy (0.556 wt.% N), the hysteresis loop was small and negligible indicating that the pit initiation is minimum in this alloy. Based on the results obtained, an attempt was made to correlate the semiconducting nature of the passive films with pitting corrosion resistance.     

A comparative H2S corrosion study of 304L and 316L stainless steels in acidic media

H₂S corrosion of 304L and 316L in oxygen-free Na₂SO₄ + Na₂S solution at pH 3 and temperature of 60 °C were investigated by EIS, potentiodynamic polarisation, multi-component Pourbaix diagrams and microstructure characterization. At similar conditions, lower corrosion rate was observed on 316L, attributed to its denser (1.5 times) and smoother (6%) surface layer and confirmed by SEM micrograph. During polarisation, H₂S increases significantly the critical current density on 304L and passivation current density, i_p, on 316L. Higher i_p on 316L was associated to simultaneous FeS₂–MoS₂ preservation, confirmed by XRD examination. H₂S could have an inhibiting effect on 304L in passivity region.