密闭空间内模块式冰蓄冷控温传热过程分析

针对密闭空间内无源控温问题,通过数学建模和实验验证对模块式冰蓄冷控温传热过程及热力学特性展开研究。从冰蓄冷相变制冷理论入手,建立了蓄冷模块相变制冷数学模型,得到了蓄冷模块壁面综合传热系数、有效制冷时间以及制冷率的数学表达式,通过实验验证该模型的有效制冷时间理论值和实验值相对误差在5%以内。绘制了环境温度和相对湿度对蓄冷模块壁面综合传热系数、有效制冷时间及制冷率的影响关系曲线,表明环境温湿度与壁面综合传热系数和制冷率呈正比例变化关系;与有效制冷时间呈反比例变化关系。建立了环境温湿度相关修正系数方程,并运用该方程对蓄冷模块制冷率和有效制冷时间的数学模型进行了修正。研究结果为密闭环境中无源相变制冷的应用提供了技术依据。     

高吸水性树脂复合相变材料的冻融特性

高吸水性树脂广泛应用于农、林、工业及日常生活等领域,但对它的蓄冷性能及它在食品保鲜中的应用研究较少。本文研究了高吸水树脂复合相变蓄冷材料的冻融特性、相变潜热。结果表明：高吸水树脂复合相变蓄冷材料比冰蓄冷剂的保冷时间长,相变潜热也比冰蓄冷剂的高,为427 kJ/kg。本文还尝试将高吸水树脂复合蓄冷剂应用于果蔬的蓄冷保鲜,并初步设计了保鲜盒的结构,为高吸水树脂在食品保鲜中的应用提供了理论依据。     

非能动冰蓄冷技术在核电站主控室可居留性应用分析

文章介绍了一种通过蓄冷技术解决在无动力环境下核电厂主控室制冷的方法,为核电厂在严重事故(全厂断电SBO)下主控室温度调节提供了一种解决方法。分析了当核电站发生严重事故(SBO)状况下,为保证主控室操作员及重要设备安全采用的冰蓄冷控温系统的设计、自启动、运行方式。重点说明了该蓄冷方案的流程、换热计算方法,初步论证了该方案的可行性。     

带有微通道换热的小型相变蓄冷系统性能研究

为了研究小型相变蓄冷系统操作参数、环境因素对系统性能的影响,在实验研究的基础上,建立系统的稳态数学模型,研究了系统性能与各参数的关系。蓄冷系统实验证明了所建模型的可靠性。模拟研究发现,增加冷凝器进口风温会提高压缩机功率、降低系统的COP(性能系数);增加冷凝器迎面风速对系统性能的提升存在上限;增加压缩机转数是提高制冷量、缩短蓄冷时间的最有效方法。     

超重条件下泡沫石墨-石蜡相变传热实验研究

基于高热导率多孔材料骨架强化传热的相变蓄冷器具有热容量大、换热效率高、控温稳定、环境适应性强等优点,在航空航天领域具有广泛的应用前景。多孔介质内固-液相变换热过程中,由于相变换热产生的相变工质密度差在加速度的驱动下造成的液相浮升力变化,将引发更为复杂的固-液相变流动与换热不稳定性特征。设计搭建了离心环境条件下的多孔介质内固-液相变换热实验研究装置,实验获得了不同加速度大小和方向下多孔介质内固-液相变换热特性。结果表明,高导热泡沫石墨-石蜡相变蓄冷能够实现界面较低升温速率温控,同时加速度方向对于相变蓄冷装置整体换热效率及换热均温性存在显著影响。当加速度方向与热流方向反向或垂直时,加速度驱动液相储能工质局部自然对流将促进整体换热效率,而加速度方向与热流方向同向时换热效率降低,并且上述差异将随着加速度的提升而进一步扩大。     

气体水合物相变热研究进展

气体水合物作为一种特殊的相变材料,在形成与分解过程中会发生相态改变并伴随着相变热的变化。本文从气体水合物相变热的测定和应用两个方面对气体水合物相变热的研究现状进行了综述。对比分析了两种确定气体水合物相变热的方法,两种方法分别为差示扫描量热仪(DSC)实验直接测定法和基于相平衡的Clausius-Clapeyron方程间接计算法。综述了气体水合物相变热的应用研究现状,尤其是在空调蓄冷技术中的应用,其中气体水合物空调蓄冷技术从蓄冷工质和蓄冷装置两个方面进行了阐述。指出了气体水合物相变热应用研究中的重点和难点,为气体水合物相变热应用的进一步发展提供参考。     

四丁基溴化铵-四氢呋喃系蓄冷水合物

基于二元工质水合物相对单一工质水合物在蓄冷特性方面的优越性,在水合物客体组分总质量分数为31.4%的条件下,实验研究了四丁基溴化铵(TBAB)-四氢呋喃(THF)混合水合物蓄冷特性. 通过改变TBAB-THF组分配比,考察了水合物的诱导时间、近似相变温度、蓄冷面积及释冷面积的变化. 结果表明,TBAB-THF系中TBAB浓度减少使诱导时间增长、温度突变点降低、近似相变温度降低,从而减小了水合物在生长阶段的蓄冷面积,缩短了分解阶段的分解完成时间;TBAB浓度在25.7%~27.4%时,相变温度在6.3~8.0℃之间,与空调冷冻水相近,且释冷面积相对其他浓度较高,可作为蓄冷空调的良好介质.     

高孔密度下泡沫铜的填充率对石蜡融化传热机理的影响

基于石蜡和高孔密度的泡沫铜制备了复合相变蓄热材料,设计并搭建了一套可视化蓄热实验装置,分析了高孔密度下泡沫铜填充率对石蜡相变过程的强化传热机理,得到了复合相变蓄热材料的综合传热系数。实验结果表明,当泡沫铜填充率为0、0.43%、1.29%和2.15%时,复合相变材料的综合传热系数先减小后增大,分别为1.26W/(m·K)、1.18W/(m·K)、1.44W/(m·K)和1.88W/(m·K),因此随着泡沫铜填充率的增加,复合相变材料的融化时间先增长后缩短。此外,随着泡沫铜填充率从0.43%增至2.15%,复合相变材料融化时传热机制中导热占比从17.26%上升到86.01%,自然对流占比从82.74%下降到13.99%。     

相变材料步冷过程模拟分析

大部分的相变材料都具有一定的过冷度,这限制了相变材料的广泛应用。充分了解相变材料在凝固过程中的温度变化情况对于相变材料性能分析具有重要意义。基于集中参数法和等效比热容法建立了相变材料步冷过程温度变化模型,并通过实验验证了该模型。同时运用模型研究了相变材料过冷度与有效潜热值对其凝固过程中温度变化的影响并得出结论：相变材料开始凝固的时间与相变持续时间均与其过冷度呈指数关系;相变材料开始凝固的时间随着过冷度的增大而增长,相变持续时间随着过冷度的增大而缩短;相变材料开始凝固的时间与其有效潜热大小没有关系,而相变持续时间与其有效潜热值呈明显的线性正比关系。     

高分子材料蓄冷剂的合成及性能研究

在有氧状态下,以自来水和蒸馏水为溶剂,在同一试验条件下合成了聚丙烯酸钠吸水树脂,并就其在蓄冷领域的应用,研究了其吸水倍率、保水率、蓄冷性能。结果显示:以自来水为溶剂合成的吸水树脂的吸水倍率略低,是以蒸馏水为溶剂合成树脂的88%,但其保水率及冷冻以后的相变放冷时间与其相当。因此,以自来水为溶剂合成树脂工艺简单,成本低,有利于大规模工业化生产和吸水树脂作为蓄冷剂的广泛应用。     

利用温度敏感型水凝胶进行仿生发汗冷却

温度敏感型水凝胶能够在较低临界溶解温度附近发生体积相变,吸收或释放出大量水分。利用这一特性,可以对过热物体实现仿生发汗冷却。通过光学干涉方法,测量了水凝胶发汗冷却时的温度、湿度分布和散热特性,验证了其仿生散热数值模型;并利用该模型进一步研究了不同环境温度、环境湿度和相变释水温度对水凝胶散热能力的影响。结果表明,水凝胶发汗冷却的传热系数为经典被动散热方法（自然对流与热辐射）的15～25倍,能迅速降低试件表面温度。随着环境温度、相变释水温度的提高,传热系数进一步显著提高;随着环境湿度的提高,传热系数略有下降。由于无需风扇就能获得巨大散热能力, 水凝胶仿生散热技术对于手机等微电子设备的散热具有重要意义。     

寒冷地区湿传递对多层墙体热湿性能的影响

墙体的传热传湿对建筑围护结构的热工性能、建筑能耗和室内环境有十分重要的影响。以相对湿度和温度为驱动势建立多层墙体一维非稳态热、湿和空气耦合传递模型（HAM模型）,并利用有限元法进行数值求解,重点关注湿传递对传热的影响机理。结果表明：考虑传湿时墙体交界面处湿度梯度大,相变速率大;墙体内部会产生湿积累,缩短墙体的使用年限;墙体内部温度上升幅度和上升速率大,墙体交界面处局部Nusselt数变化受湿传递的影响大;相变潜热量占总传热量的26.1%,计算空调负荷时不可忽略。     

DRYING OF CARROTS. I. DRYING MODELS.

Three models of different complexity are proposed to describe the falling rate period of the carrot drying process with shrinkage. A moving or fixed boundary problem as well as a constant or local moisture and temperature dependent effective diffusivity are considered. The moving boundary problem is solved by an explicit finite difference method. Heat transfer coefficient and effective diffusivity identification were carried out. The results of the heat transfer coefficient show a good agreement with other sources. Using experimental data and the models. describing the heat and mass transfer three different expressions for the effective diffusivity are established. Two of them are only temperature dependent considering or not particle shrinkage. The third one takes into account temperature and local moisture as well as shrinkage.

Drying of foods is a complicated process involving simultaneous coupled heat and mass transfer phenomena which occur inside the material being dried (Chiang and Petersen, 1987). Several models are found in the literature, representing mass and energy transfer which take place during food drying (King, 1968; Sokhansanj and Gustafson, 1980). Usually, approximate solutions are obtained with these     

DRYING OF CARROTS. I. DRYING MODELS.

Three models of different complexity are proposed to describe the falling rate period of the carrot drying process with shrinkage. A moving or fixed boundary problem as well as a constant or local moisture and temperature dependent effective diffusivity are considered. The moving boundary problem is solved by an explicit finite difference method. Heat transfer coefficient and effective diffusivity identification were carried out. The results of the heat transfer coefficient show a good agreement with other sources. Using experimental data and the models. describing the heat and mass transfer three different expressions for the effective diffusivity are established. Two of them are only temperature dependent considering or not particle shrinkage. The third one takes into account temperature and local moisture as well as shrinkage.

Drying of foods is a complicated process involving simultaneous coupled heat and mass transfer phenomena which occur inside the material being dried (Chiang and Petersen, 1987). Several models are found in the literature, representing mass and energy transfer which take place during food drying (King, 1968; Sokhansanj and Gustafson, 1980). Usually, approximate solutions are obtained with these     

Experimental and Numerical Simulation Study of Heat Transfer Due to Confined Impinging Circular Jet

An experimental and numerical simulation study of heat transfer due to a confined impinging circular jet is presented. In this research, a stainless steel foil heated disk was used as the heat transfer surface of a simulated chip, and the thermocouples were mounted symmetrically along the diameter of the foil to measure the temperature distribution on the surface. Driven by a small pump, a circular air jet (1.5 mm and 1 mm in diameter) impinged on the heat‐transfer surface with middle and low Reynolds numbers. The parameters, such as Reynolds number and ratio of height‐to‐diameter, were changed to investigate the radial distribution of the Nusselt number and the characteristics of heat transfer in the stagnation region. Numerical computations were performed by using several different turbulence models. In wall bounded turbulent flows, near‐wall modeling is crucial. Therefore, the turbulence models enhanced wall treatment, such as the RNG κ‐? model, may be superior for modeling impingement flows. The numerical results showed reasonable agreement with the experimental data for local heat transfer coefficient distributions. The impinging jet may be an effective method to solve the cooling problem of high power density electronic packaging.     

附加空气层的多层墙体热湿耦合非稳态传递模型及验证

为准确预测附加空气层的多层墙体内的温湿度分布和动态变化,研究多孔介质墙体内的热湿耦合非稳态传递规律,基于Luikov、Fick定律等基础传递理论,推导出热湿空气在墙体内部的瞬态耦合传递控制方程。通过对控制方程驱动势、方程项系数的改进,以空气含湿量和温度为驱动势,建立了建筑多孔介质墙体热湿耦合传递非稳态模型。采用有限容积法隐式差分格式设计了MATLAB模拟计算程序,设置相应的初始条件和边界条件,计算附加空气层的多层墙体内温度、湿度、传热和传湿量随时间变化的分布规律。最后,通过对比新建模型模拟结果与WUFI软件的模拟计算结果,验证了模型的准确性和可行性。     

Numerical study of transient heat transfer performance for molten salt receiver tube

The heat transfer experimental system and mathematical model of receiver tube are established to analyze the transient heat transfer performance of molten salt with heat flux of outer wall sudden change, molten salt velocity sharp reduction, heat flux of outer wall and molten salt velocity sharp reduction at the same time. The results show that when the heat flow on the outer wall of the tube changes suddenly (sudden increase or decrease), the temperature of the molten salt in the center of the tube at the inlet section of the heat absorption tube changes less, but the temperature of the tube wall changes faster. When the molten salt velocity sharp reduction, the outlet temperature of molten salt and the outer wall temperature increase with time, but the difference of outer wall and inner wall temperature decreases at first and then increases, when t≥16.0 s, each temperature and temperature difference reach steady state. When the heat flux on the outer wall of the heat absorption tube and the molten salt flow rate in the tube are halved at the same time, the temperature of the molten salt in the center and the outlet of the tube rises first and then decreases with the passage of time. After the steady state, the two molten salt temperatures maintain a constant value and are compared with the transient state. The corresponding molten salt temperature is close to initial starting temperature. The difference of outer wall and inner wall temperature after transient stability is proportional to the heat flux of outer wall, but which is independent of molten salt velocity. The outlet temperature equation of molten salt in receiver tube after transient stability is obtained, which provides a theoretical basis for the outlet temperature control of molten salt in receiver during the transient heat transfer process.     

熔盐吸热管瞬态传热特性的数值研究

建立熔盐吸热管瞬态传热的实验台和数值计算模型,分析管外壁热通量突变、熔盐流速突减、外壁热通量和熔盐流速同时突减对吸热管瞬态传热特性的影响规律,结果表明:管外壁热通量突变(突增或突减)时,吸热管入口段的管中心熔盐温度变化较小,但其管壁温度变化较快。管内熔盐流速突减时,熔盐出口温度和管外壁温度均随时间的推移逐渐增大,而管外壁与管内壁温差随时间的推移先降低后升高,t≥16.0 s,各温度和温差基本稳定。吸热管外壁热通量和管内熔盐流速同时减半时,管中心及出口熔盐温度均随时间的推移先升高后降低,稳态后两处熔盐温度保持定值且与瞬态开始前对应熔盐温度接近。吸热管瞬态稳定后的管外壁与管内壁温差和管外壁热通量变化呈正比,与熔盐流速变化无关。得到瞬态稳定后吸热管熔盐出口温度表达式,为瞬态传热过程中吸热器熔盐出口温度控制提供理论依据。     

Stress evolution analysis in postforming cooling

An interaction between heat transfer, shrinkage, and stress relaxation during postforming cooling of thermoplastic materials was studied. In order to arrive at a treatable mathematical formulation, while retaining the basic physical effects, the one-dimensional case was analyzed with the relaxation spectrum approximated by a single relaxation time depending on temperature. An effective relaxation parameter β controlling the postforming behavior was identified. Its dependence upon the relaxation time, rate of heat transfer, and a temperature interval was established. An analytical approximation for a maximal tensile stress was developed. This result enables an understanding of the interaction between cooling conditions and material behavior.     

基于热电效应的高效环控系统

部分空间科学实验对环境温度有较高的要求,环境温度高于或低于空间科学系统能够提供的热沉温度,需要有可靠有效的加温降温处理措施。使用可靠性强的热电制冷片作为制冷制热方式和气液换热器二次换热来实现环境温度控制的需求,并对不同流体温度制冷制热效果进行分析,结果表明流体温度和目标温度差越小,热电制冷制热的效果越好。在环境温度制冷工况中,热电单元数量随电流增加先减少后增加,在制热工况中则单调递减,设计中需按照制冷工况进行热电单元数量的确定。当流体温度接近制冷制热的目标温度时,会出现整个系统总效率优于热电系统效率的区间。通过对热电单元和气液换热器的组合系统的性能计算,提供一种适于热电环控系统的计算方法和部件选型思路,对空间站环控系统的设计有重要参考意义。