基于状态空间超级结构的多流股换热网络最优设计

多流股换热器以其结构紧凑、高效低耗等特点,成为过程强化研究的热门领域,但对于多流股换热的过程与设备优势所在仍然值得商榷。基于多流股换热匹配改进状态空间超级结构,将多流股换热网络综合转化为超级换热器设计。首先,构造级联多流股换热器匹配过程操作算子,通过相邻换热流股匹配,传递温位效应,实现多流股间传热严格计算;借助热容流率混合分配机制,实现各流股间任意分混操作。然后,考虑散热因素,改进目标函数,引入冷热损失和保温材料费用项,清晰体现多流股换热器因换热面互相覆盖而带来的外表面封包优势。进而,建立相应非线性数学规划模型,实现公用工程、设备投资、冷热损耗同步优化。最终,通过文献示例对所提方法可行性与优越性进行验证。     

最小年度化费用换热网络综合的匹配规则研究

本文在分析换热器投资费用的基础上，指出在进行换热网络综合时应以壳程数作为一个综合目标，并通过与公用工程费用的权衡得到年度化费用的换热网络，提出了基于最小壳程数的换热网络综合方法的匹配规则，指出了为获得最小壳程数，冷热流股进行匹配的最大可能交叉程度以及流股间进行匹配的顺序，并提出了不可行匹配的基本准则，通过实例分析得到较好的效果。     

低温多股流板翅式换热器设计优化方法研究进展

针对多股流体流动换热、复杂翅片结构优化、多重通道排布匹配以及低温工程应用等特点,本文归纳分析了低温多股流板翅式换热器结构设计中凸显的流股换热匹配、通道分配排列、多物理场叠加以及低温特殊工况下的应用等问题。总结了在通道结构优化与零部件设计中,通过翅片通道传热流动特性及相关性能评价方法来指导结构选型。文章还深入分析国内外现状,讨论了板翅式换热器的研究热点与发展方向。文章指出低温多股流板翅式换热器应用于大型空分等石化工业流程中优势明显,可显著提高气体液化率,降低实际能耗,进而提升系统运行效率。因此,对于实际应用中可能遇到的设计问题,应考虑结合局部换热网络与多流股匹配、翅片结构设计与通道排列算法优化、多场仿真与试验研究等手段形成合理优化方法和设计框架,来摆脱目前传统经验试凑所带来的限制。     

乙烯装置预冷系统换热网络的节能优化

利用虚拟温度法(流股有效温位)对国内某乙烯装置冷箱系统进行用能诊断分析,找出过程系统的用能"瓶颈",并针对低温过程传热温差较小以及冷公用工程采用中间公用工程的特点,提出了低温过程多流股换热器网络的综合方法;该方法能够有效的利用冷热流股的有效温位,使冷公用工程的操作费用达到最小,得到合理的换热网络,并且在优化流股传热温差贡献值过程中,考虑了各流股温度、传热膜系数和换热器材质的影响,因此可以用于不同材质、不同传热膜系数低温换热网络的设计和优化;将该方法应用于国内某乙烯装置冷箱系统的综合中,与现场用能情况相比,冷公用工程用量降低了44.5%;结果表明该方法在工程中是可行的.     

分相的多股流LNG绕管式换热器动态模型

为预测海上浮式天然气生产储卸平台(LNG-FPSO)中绕管式换热器的动态特性,建立了一种分相的多股流LNG绕管式换热器动态模型。采用二维矩阵的描述方法建立了行列数为3(n+1)×3(n+1)的对角矩阵和互连矩阵,对多股流换热器传热计算中的物理参量进行数学表达,实现了多股流多相区换热关系的描述。采用分相区的建模方法提出了相边界交错排列下流体与管壁的传热模型和管壁温度的计算模型,实现了冷热流体在并发相变时的传热计算。实例表明该模型能够计算多股流形式的绕管式换热器,并能处理相边界"交错"的情况。与已发表的模型进行仿真对比,计算结果吻合良好,最大偏差小于4%。     

基于最小熵产的多股流换热器通道排列分析及设计

多股流换热器的通道排列一直是其优化设计的重点和难点,本文通过建立其熵产数学模型,分析了多股流换热器换热过程中的上产生机理,得到了熵产与不同通道排列对应性能之间的关系,探讨了基于最小熵产的多股流换热器通道排列的优化设计,同时应用场协同温差均匀性优化原则进行了比较。结果表明,单位换热量的熵产最小可以作为多股流换热器通道排列的优化指标。     

换热器在大型化发展中的深度换热问题讨论

随着硫酸装置朝大型化方向发展,转化工序换热设备的大型化也成为一种必然趋势,由之带来换热器的换热深度受限问题。通过对换热管排冷热流体对流传热与流阻数值的数值模拟,探讨换热器长径比变化对换热深度的影响,在此基础上开发了壳程多通道换热器结构与旋流网板支撑急扩加速流缩放管管壳式换热器,并用于工业生产,实际运用效果良好。     

考虑生产排序的间歇过程换热网络综合与优化

间歇过程换热网络综合是化工系统工程研究的重要部分,设计时需要考虑时间、设备、生产排序等多方面因素,具有一定的复杂性。本文围绕多批次间歇过程的直接换热问题,考虑生产排序的影响,采用覆盖操作和非覆盖操作,通过调整批间隔增加流股直接换热的可能性,减少设备闲置,得到3种不同的生产方案;针对每一个生产方案,采用启发式方法综合得到初始换热网络,并对该网络进行结构调优,提出渐进调优规则,在公用工程费用和设备费用间作权衡,减少换热器个数和流股分流,得到年度总费用最低且换热设备个数较少的换热网络,使其更符合实际应用;将3种生产方案对比,可以发现生产排序对换热网络的影响。最后将所提方法应用于实际算例,验证所提方法的可行性。     

杭州福斯达集团《绕管式换热器》企业标准通过专家评审

<正>绕管换热器是工业装置中的重要设备,由于其结构紧凑、传热效率高、承受高压、可实现多股流换热、具有很好的热补尝能力优点,适用于同时处理多种介质、在小温差下需要传递较大热量且管内介质操作压力较高的场合,如制氧、天然气、煤化工等低温过程中使用的换热设备等。这种设备设计计算过程复杂、结构特殊、制造难度大,目前国内掌握该项产品技术的厂家较少。杭州福斯达实业集团有限公司通过与高校合作、引进人才,自主研发和掌握绕管式换热器的设计、制造技术,成功研     

缠绕管式换热器的特点与发展

缠绕管式换热器是一种结构紧凑的高效换热设备,具有管束补偿性好、管内的操作压力高、可同时实现多股流的热交换等优点,广泛应用于煤气化废热回收、空气分离、氢液化、稀有气体分离、低温甲醇洗、液氮洗等领域。本文着重介绍了缠绕管式换热器的结构、优点、缺点以及国内的发展情况。     

Equation‐oriented simulation and optimization of process flowsheets incorporating detailed spiral‐wound multistream heat exchanger models

Multiple chemical processes rely on multistream heat exchangers (MHEXs) for heat integration, particularly at cryogenic temperatures. Owing to their geometric complexity, the detailed design of MHEXs is typically iterative: the exchanger geometric parameters are selected to match process specifications resulting from a flowsheet optimization step; then, the flowsheet is reoptimized with the predictions of the MHEX model, and these steps are repeated until a convergence criterion is met. This paper presents a novel framework that allows—for the first time, to our knowledge—for the simultaneous optimization of the process flowsheet and the detailed MHEX design. Focusing on spiral‐wound MHEXs, we develop an equation‐oriented exchanger model using industry‐accepted heat transfer and pressure drop correlations for single‐phase and multiphase streams. We embed this model in our previously developed pseudo‐transient equation‐oriented process simulation and optimization framework. We demonstrate our approach on an industrial case study, the PRICO^® natural gas liquefaction process. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 63: 3778–3789, 2017     

Multistream heat exchangers: Equation‐oriented modeling and flowsheet optimization

Multistream heat exchangers (MHEXs), typically of the plate‐fin or spiral‐wound type, are a key enabler of heat integration in cryogenic processes. Equation‐oriented modeling of MHEXs for flowsheet optimization purposes is challenging, especially when streams undergo phase transformations. Boolean variables are typically used to capture the effect of phase changes, adding considerable difficulty to solving the flowsheet optimization problem. A novel optimization‐oriented MHEX modeling approach that uses a pseudo‐transient approach to rapidly compute stream temperatures without requiring Boolean variables is presented. The model also computes an approximate required heat exchange area to determine the optimal tradeoff between operating and capital expenses. Subsequently, this model is seamlessly integrated in a previously‐introduced pseudo‐transient process modeling and flowsheet optimization framework. Our developments are illustrated with two optimal design case studies, an MHEX representative of air separation operation and a natural gas liquefaction process. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 61: 1856–1866, 2015     

Modeling multistream heat exchangers with and without phase changes for simultaneous optimization and heat integration

A new equation‐oriented process model for multistream heat exchangers (MHEX) is presented with a special emphasis on handling phase changes. The model internally uses the pinch concept to ensure the minimum driving force criteria. Streams capable of phase change are split into substreams corresponding to each of the phases. A novel disjunctive representation is proposed that identifies the phases traversed by a stream during heat exchange and assigns appropriate heat loads and temperatures for heat integration. The disjunctive model can be reformulated to avoid Boolean (or integer) variables using inner minimization and complementarity constraints. The model is suitable for optimization studies, particularly when the phases of the streams at the entry and exit of the MHEX are not known a priori. The capability of the model is illustrated using two case studies based on cryogenic applications. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2012     

Multistream heat exchanger modeling and design

A new model formulation and solution strategy for the design and simulation of processes involving multistream heat exchangers (MHEXs) is presented. The approach combines an extension of pinch analysis with an explicit dependence on the heat exchange area in a nonsmooth equation system to create a model which solves for up to three unknown variables in an MHEX. Recent advances in automatic generation of derivative‐like information for nonsmooth equations make the method tractable, and the use of nonsmooth equation solving methods make the method very precise. Several illustrative examples and a case study featuring an offshore liquefied natural gas production concept are presented which highlight the flexibility and strengths of the formulation. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 61: 3390–3403, 2015     

高压蒸汽管道保温研究

计算了不同管径和保温厚度下蒸汽管道输送高压蒸汽的热损失和温度降。结果表明:保温厚度越大,蒸汽的热损失越小、温度降越小;保温材料导热系数与蒸汽的热损失呈正比;环境温度越高,蒸汽的热损失越小;环境风速对热损失的影响不大。同时研究了保温材料选择和保温结构对节能的影响。     

A superstructure‐based model for multistream heat exchanger design within flow sheet optimization

Multistream heat exchangers (MHEXs) are often used in energy‐intensive cryogenic processes. Modeling them within a process optimization formulation has been a challenge due to the needs to accommodate phase changes and ensure temperature approach. In this work, we present a nonlinear model for MHEXs based on a novel single‐stage superstructure of two‐stream exchangers. Our formulation guarantees a minimum temperature approach for all heat exchanges, estimates heat exchange areas for individual stream matches, requires no prior knowledge of phase changes, uses no Boolean variables, and enables seamless optimization of a process with multiple MHEXs. Furthermore, it facilitates dedicated constant‐phase intervals that allow accurate estimation of heat‐transfer parameters for various stream matches. We optimize two natural gas liquefaction processes involving MHEXs, and report better solutions than the existing literature. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 63: 3764–3777, 2017     

新型无机内保温涂层的性能及应用

根据水泥烧成热耗的组成,降低高温设备表面散热是降低水泥烧成热耗的重要途径之一,而减少高温窑炉墙壁的热传导可有效降低设备的表面散热。本文在介绍无机内保温涂层隔热原理的基础上,对保温涂层的应用效果进行了对比研究,通过在传统耐火隔热材料的基础上增加新型无机内保温涂层,可有效降低高温设备外表面温度,减少水泥生产中的散热损失,达到节能降耗的目的。     

LNG输送管道耦合传热的数值模拟

对LNG输送管道与其周围环境之间的耦合传热过程进行分析,包括管道与保温层之间的导热以及保温层与周围环境之间的对流传热和辐射,并对LNG输送管道的冷量损失进行了较为完整的分析和计算。用数值仿真对管道周围的流场和温度场进行模拟和分析,比较了不同厚度的保温材料、Reynolds数、环境温度以及阳光辐射等对冷量损失的影响。结果表明保温材料特性对LNG输送管道的冷量损失影响较为敏感。随着保温材料热阻的增加,Reynolds数、环境温度以及阳光辐射对冷量的损失的影响逐渐减小。     

SiO2气凝胶隔热保温涂料研究及保温结构优化设计

石油化工行业是国家节能减排重点工程之一,如果相关设备设施保温不当,不仅会造成严重的热量散失,还会对油水分离和输送等产生影响。本文系统介绍了传统的以中空玻璃微珠或陶瓷微珠为主要隔热功能填料的隔热保温涂料的保温机理、性能及其存在的问题;以 SiO₂气凝胶为主要功能填料的新型隔热保温涂料研究现状及研究中的技术难点;针对不同应用环境,开发兼具防腐、防开裂、隔热保温功能的复合保温结构设计。本文为研制新型耐高温、高效水性无机隔热保温涂料的研究提供了参考方向,为隔热保温涂料在石油化工领域的工程应用提供分析。     

室温固化耐600℃高温有机硅树脂耐热棉毡用胶黏剂

合成了苯梯树脂及耐热黏料树脂,二者以适当的比例配合再添加填料、促进剂、催干剂等来制备一种胶黏剂,并对胶黏剂与钛合金、隔热材料的胶接进行了探索性研究,该胶黏剂是可以室温固化的有机硅树脂胶黏剂,胶黏剂对钛合金与耐热棉毡均有较好的粘接性能,并且制得的胶黏剂在较高温度（650℃）有着较小的热失重,符合了钛合金与隔热材料实际粘接的需求。