外切-β-葡聚糖酶基因重组里氏木霉的筛选及其产酶性能

外切-β-葡聚糖酶是纤维素酶的重要组分之一,提高该组分的活力是增强纤维素酶协同降解性能、降低纤维素水解成本的关键。分别采用微晶纤维素琼脂平板法和滤纸崩解法,对已有的基因重组转化子进行筛选试验,获得了6个优良转化子,其滤纸崩解速率和微晶纤维素琼脂平板上的生长速率都较大。进一步在摇瓶条件下进行复筛试验,获得了外切-β-葡聚糖酶(C1)高产转化子Trichoderma reesei ZU-101,液体培养48 h,其C1酶活力可达18.24 U·ml-1,是出发菌株的2.16倍;分析结果表明:重组转化子的纤维素酶体系中内切-β-葡聚糖酶和纤维二糖酶的活力与出发菌株相比变化不大,但由于外切-β-葡聚糖酶活力得到了大幅度提高,纤维素酶的总活力(滤纸酶活力FPA)也提高了61.9%。采用纤维素酶对碱预处理玉米秸秆进行酶解试验,当酶用量为20 FPIU·(g底物)-1,水解48 h,重组转化子T.reesei ZU-101纤维素酶的酶解得率高达94.4%。本文的研究结果在可再生纤维素资源的生物转化与利用方面具有广阔的应用前景。     

里氏木霉纤维二糖水解酶Ⅱ基因的高表达

纤维二糖水解酶II(CBH II)是纤维素酶的重要组分之一,对纤维素酶的水解性能有着重大影响,而里氏木霉(Trichoderma reesei)纤维素酶制剂中纤维二糖水解酶II明显不足,为了优化其酶系结构,采用了基因重组技术构建CBH II高产菌株:将里氏木霉CBH II基因置于里氏木霉强启动子Pcbh1(及其信号肽)和终止子Tcbh1之间,并进一步以pCAMBIA1300为载体骨架,构建成含潮霉素B抗性标记的重组质粒pCAMBIA1300-hph-PsCT。以里氏木霉ZU-02为宿主,采用根瘤农杆菌介导转化技术将重组质粒转入宿主分生孢子。以潮霉素B为抗性标记初筛到324个阳性转化子,进一步通过复筛,在以微晶纤维素为唯一碳源的筛选培养基上获得8个生长较快的优良转化子。在摇瓶条件下,分别对8个转化子进行产酶试验,培养48 h时,纤维二糖水解酶活力最高可达18.24 U·mL-1,是出发菌株的2.51倍。本结果对于里氏木霉纤维素酶的定向进化、提高其对纤维素的协同糖化效率具有重要意义。     

纤维素的酶水解糖化

纤维素为自然界存在最多的再生有机资源，能水解成葡萄糖，加工成食品、燃料、化工产品等。酸和酶都能催化水解，但酶法效果好，所得水解液的纯度高。多年来对于纤维素的酶法水解研究工作很多，但还有若干问题有待解决，尚未发展成适于工业生产应用的好工艺。本文扼要地综述纤维素的酶水解机理和纤维素物料的应用工艺。纤维素酶系内切葡聚糖酶、外切葡聚糖酶和β-葡萄糖甙酶的混合物，这三种酶协同起水解作用。纤维素物料不纯，还有伴生物半纤维素和木质素共同存在，需要预先处理，破坏纤维素的结晶性，提高水解效能，分离开半纤维素和木质素，加以好的利用，提高经济效益。     

N+注入诱变选育纤维素酶高产菌株及发酵产酶营养因子优化研究

应用低能氮离子（N⁺）注入技术对纤维素酶产生菌里氏木霉（Trichoderma reesei）进行诱变选育,在能量为 10 keV,注量为150×10¹⁴和200×10¹⁴ N⁺/cm²的条件下分别筛选得到3株纤维素酶高产菌株,连续5代遗传稳定性实验结果表明,所得到的高产菌株遗传稳定性较好,羧甲基纤维素酶活力均提高到3.300 IU/mL 以上,较出发菌株 （2.698 IU/mL） 提高了20.0%以上。采用Plackett-Burman实验设计法和旋转中心组合设计法系统地研究高产菌株 150-1-1 发酵营养因子组成,得到了纤维素酶产量随葡萄糖、麸皮和微晶纤维素等营养因子的变化规律及相应的响应面分析图。实验结果表明,葡萄糖、麸皮和微晶纤维素浓度与纤维素酶活存在显著的相关性,当葡萄糖浓度为4.9 g/L,麸皮浓度为23.0 g/L,微晶纤维素浓度为7.7 g/L时,150-1-1纤维素酶滤纸酶活力达到2.439 IU/mL,较优化前 （2.000 IU/mL） 提高了22.0%。     

真菌纤维素酶系催化纤维素水解活力的测定方法简介

<正>在测定纤维素粗酶样品对不溶性固体纤维素的水解活力时,尽管选用同一纤维素底物,并以同样的纤维素粗酶样品在相同温度下水解,测定结果受反应条件如纤维素底物浓度、纤维素酶浓度以及水解时间等因素的影响而相互差别很大。而纤维素粗酶作为多个纤维素酶组分的混合物,其糖化能力更加能够反应其中各个组分之间的协同水解转化能力。本文中选择了比底物水解率(SSC)作为纤维素酶浓度的函数,即单位纤维素酶每分钟对滤纸的水解百分比作为纤维素粗酶样品不同浓度的目的函数,从而克服了以上条件对纤维素酶活测定的影响。并以水解过程中SSC瞬时速率的AUC(Area under curve)对加入纤维素酶的量做图得到的斜率评价纤维素酶样品的水解能力。经检验,该方法也适用于以棉纤维、微晶纤维素PH101和磷酸膨胀纤维素等不同纤维材料为底物时纤维素酶粗酶样品糖化能力的测定。     

稀碱-Fenton试剂预处理对云南苦竹酶水解得率的影响

利用响应面法对稀碱-Fenton反应预处理竹粉的条件进行优化,确定最佳的Fenton预处理条件为:1 g 稀碱预处理后竹粉底物加入质量分数30 %的 H₂O₂ 溶液3.4 mL,Fe²⁺浓度15.8 mmol/L,反应时间12 h,获得的 72 h 酶水解得率为49.98%。与原料和经2%NaOH 预处理后的样品相比,经2%NaOH-Fenton 预处理后的样品中纤维素含量升高,半纤维素和木质素含量降低,72 h酶水解得率为48.24%,分别提高了47.79和37.44个百分点。当纤维素酶和β-葡萄糖苷酶的用量分别为32 FPIU/g和16 IU/g(以纤维素质量计)时,72 h 酶水解得率为76.64%,比单独使用纤维素酶时的酶水解得率提高了22.80%。     

N~＋注入诱变选育纤维素酶高产菌株及发酵产酶营养因子优化研究

应用低能氮离子（N＋）注入技术对纤维素酶产生菌里氏木霉（Trichoderma reesei）进行诱变选育,在能量为10 keV,注量为150×10^14和200×10^14N＋/cm^2的条件下分别筛选得到3株纤维素酶高产菌株,连续5代遗传稳定性实验结果表明,所得到的高产菌株遗传稳定性较好,羧甲基纤维素酶活力均提高到3.300 IU/mL以上,较出发菌株（2.698 IU/mL）提高了20.0%以上。采用Plackett-Burman实验设计法和旋转中心组合设计法系统地研究高产菌株150-1-1发酵营养因子组成,得到了纤维素酶产量随葡萄糖、麸皮和微晶纤维素等营养因子的变化规律及相应的响应面分析图。实验结果表明,葡萄糖、麸皮和微晶纤维素浓度与纤维素酶活存在显著的相关性,当葡萄糖浓度为4.9 g/L,麸皮浓度为23.0 g/L,微晶纤维素浓度为7.7 g/L时,150-1-1纤维素酶滤纸酶活力达到2.439 IU/mL,较优化前（2.000 IU/mL）提高了22.0%。     

绿色木霉高效纤维素酶菌株的选育

采用NTG和UV连续处理绿色木霉IFO31137菌株（TTichodermaviTideIFO31137），并对菌株纤维素酶活力和酶吸附率作双重比较，获得突变株SO－465。其微晶粉末纤维素酶（Avicelase）活力提高8．2倍，酶对废物的吸附率增加约5倍。突变菌株对四种纤维素底物（微晶粉末纤维素、滤纸、纸浆纤维和KCFloc）的水解率分别为87．5％、81．9％、90．5％和83．2％，比原始菌株增加幅度为101％、230％、83％和74％。     

玉米秸秆中不同木质素脱除方法对纤维素酶吸附及酶解效果的比较

利用不同预处理方法获得的玉米秸秆底物研究木质素脱除对纤维素酶吸附量及酶解效率的影响。相比于其他处理方法,2%(质量分数)NaOH处理的底物具有最高的木质素脱除率(85%),最高的底物可及性[4.7 mg·(g 葡聚糖) ^-1]及酶解效率(18.9%)。通过对不同处理获得的底物进行Langmuir吸附等温曲线模拟,获得了最大吸附量(W_max)与吸附平衡常数(K),且木质纤维素酶水解效率与纤维素酶吸附量具有很好的线性关系(R²>0.8),表明脱除木质素能很好地提高底物可及性与酶解效率。然而,提高NaOH浓度(3%,4%)进一步脱除木质素时,底物可及性与碳水化合物转化为单糖的效率反而明显下降。因此,适当脱除木质素而提高底物对纤维素酶的可及性将有助于获得更有效的酶水解效果。     

废纸脱墨浆预处理及其酶解性能研究

以预处理后的废纸脱墨浆为底物,纤维素酶和纤维二糖酶为水解酶,研究了不同预处理方法（包括Na₂SO₃、H₂O₂、HCl）对酶解得率的影响。结果表明：与原料相比,3种预处理方法都不同程度地提高了纤维素含量,增加底物的比表面积,降低纤维素的结晶度,促进酶水解;其中,H₂O₂预处理后的废纸脱墨浆的酶解得率最高,为91.67%,其次是亚硫酸钠预处理和盐酸预处理,得率分别为87.57%和82.49%。     

Efficient separation of C4 olefins using tantalum pentafluor oxide anion-pillared hybrid microporous material

With the increasing demand for synthetic rubber, the purification of 1,3-butadiene (C₄H₆) is of great industrial significance. Herein, the successful removal of n-butene (n-C₄H₈) and iso-butene (iso-C₄H₈) from 1,3-butadiene (C₄H₆) was realized by synthesizing a novel TaOF₅^2- anion-pillared ultramicroporous material TaOFFIVE-3-Ni (also referred to as ZU-96, TaOFFIVE=TaOF₅^2-, 3=pyrazine). Single-component adsorption isotherms show that TaOFFIVE-3-Ni can achieve the exclusion of n-C₄H₈ and iso-C₄H₈ in the low pressure region (0-30 kPa), and uptake C₄H₆ with a high capacity of 92.78 cm³·cm^-3 (298 K and 100 kPa). The uptake ratio of C₄H₆/iso-C₄H₈ on TaOFFIVE-3-Ni was 20.83 (298 K and 100 kPa), which was the highest among the state-of-the-art adsorbents reported so far. With the rotation of anion and pyrazine ring, the pore size changes continuously, which makes smaller-size C₄H₆ enter the channel while larger-size n-C₄H₈ and iso-C₄H₈ are completely blocked. The excellent breakthrough performance of TaOFFIVE-3-Ni shows great potential in industrial separation of C₄ olefins. The specific adsorption binding sites within ZU-96 was further revealed through the modeling calculation.     

纤维素酶对豆粕异黄酮提取的影响

在常规的醇提工艺前用不同微生物来源的纤维素酶对豆粕进行预处理,研究结果发现：细菌纤维素酶能使异黄酮的提取率提高1.4倍,产物以糖苷型异黄酮为主,与直接醇提得到的产物组成相类似;来自黑曲霉的纤维素酶对大豆异黄酮的提取率没有影响,但能将糖苷型异黄酮转化为苷元型异黄酮;里氏木霉纤维素酶能使醇提液中大豆异黄酮的提取率提高1.6倍,并能把以糖苷型为主的异黄酮转化为具有更高生理活性的苷元型异黄酮。里氏木霉纤维素酶的最适用量为15 FPIU·(g豆粕)-1,酶作用时间为36 h。采用弱极性的大孔树脂精制苷元型异黄酮,效果较好。     

Optimization on the Conversion of Bamboo Shoot Shell to Levulinic Acid with Environmentally Benign Acidic Ionic Liquid and Response Surface Analysis

Levulinic acid (LA) has been identified as a promising green, biomass derived platform chemical. Response surface analysis (RSA) with a four-factor-five-level central composite design (CCD) was applied to optimize the hydrolysis conditions for the conversion of bamboo (Phyllostachys Praecox f. preveynalis) shoot shell (BSS) to LA catalyzed with ionic liquid [C₄mim]HSO₄. The effects of four main reaction parameters including temperature, time,C_[C4mim]HSO4(initial [C₄mim]HSO₄ concentration) and X_BSS (initial BSS intake) on the hydrolysis reaction for yield of LA were analyzed. A quadratic equation model for yield of LA was established and fitted to the data with an R² of 0.9868, and effects of main factors and their corresponding relationships were obtained with RSA. Model validation and results of CCD showed good correspondence between actual and predicted values. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) of the results indicated that the yield of LA in the range studied was significantly (P<0.05) affected by the four factors. The optimized reaction conditions were as follows: temperature of 145 ℃, time of 103.8 min,C_[C4mim]HSO4 of 0.9 mol·L^-1 and X_BSS of 2.04% (by mass), respectively. A high yield [(71±0.41)% (by mol), triplicate experiment] was obtained at the optimum conditions of temperature of 145 ℃, time of 104 min,C_[C4mim]HSO4 of 0.9 mol·L^-1 and X_BSS of 2% (by mass), which obtained from the real experiments, concurred with the model prediction [73.8% (by mol) based on available C₆ sugars in BSS or 17.9% (by mass) based on the mass of BSS], indicating that the model was adequate for the hydrolysis process.     

Mineral matter effects on the rapid pyrolysis and hydropyrolysis of a bituminous coal: 2. Effects of yields of C3-C8 hydrocarbons

Effects of minerals on yields of C₃-C₈ volatiles from rapid pyrolysis of a Pittsburgh Seam bituminous coal were investigated. Whole, demineralized, and mineral-treated samples of pulverized coal were heated in 101 kPa He or 6.99 MPaH₂ at 1000 K s⁻¹ to temperatures of up to 1300 K. Yields of C₃, C₄–C₆, and C₆–C₈ hydrocarbon gases were determined as a function of time-temperature history. Calcium minerals decrease yields of all three fractions in pyrolysis under He atmosphere but have little effect on hydropyrolysis. Kaolinite reduces yields in pyrolysis, but increases them in hydropyrolysis. Other minerals, notably FeSO₄, have varying effects on product yields depending on run conditions.     

柄篮状菌与里氏木霉酶解棕榈纤维效果的比较

以青霉属柄篮状菌和里氏木霉Rut-C30为研究对象,在50 IU/g底物酶用量的条件下,比较研究了这两种菌株各自对棕榈空果串纤维的酶解能力。结果表明,柄篮状菌对纤维素的酶解能好于Rut-C30,96 h后,两者葡萄糖转化率为83.7%、61.7%。Rut-C30对木聚糖的酶解能力相对较好,其木糖转化率为98.3%,而柄篮状菌酶解的木糖转化率仅为33.1%。将两菌株的酶按1∶1酶用量混合后,棕榈纤维的整体水解效果增强,葡萄糖、木糖转化率依次为91.3%和98.1%。该研究为柄篮状菌与木霉混合水解棕榈纤维提供了依据。     

离子及表面活性剂对甜高粱秆渣酶解的影响

为了提高纤维素酶水解经高温液态水处理后的甜高粱秆渣的效率,探讨了多种阴离子、阳离子以及吐温80(Tween 80)对纤维素酶活力的影响,并初步探讨了Tween 80影响甜高粱秆渣酶解的机制。酶激活试验表明,Br^-、I^-、NO₃^-、Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺和Co²⁺对纤维素酶有激活作用,但对甜高粱秆渣的水解效率提高不明显。添加Tween 80发现,随着浓度的增加,它对纤维素酶的抑制作用增强,而Tween 80添加量为0.175 ml·(g甜高粱秆渣)^-1时,甜高粱秆渣的酶解效率由16.6%提高到37.9%。吸附试验表明,甜高粱秆渣对纤维素酶和Tween 80的吸附达到一定限度后不再上升,Tween 80能显著降低甜高粱秆渣对纤维素酶的吸附。红外光谱分析发现,木质素对Tween 80的吸附要强于它对纤维素酶的吸附。     

A pillared-layer metal-organic framework for efficient separation of C3H8/C2H6/CH4 in natural gas

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have great potentials as adsorbents for natural gas purification. However, the trade-off between selectivity and adsorption capacity remains a challenge. Herein, we report a pillared-layer metal-organic framework Ni(HBTC)(bipy) for efficiently separating the C₃H₈/C₂H₆/CH₄ mixture. The experimental results show that the adsorption capacity of C₃H₈ and C₂H₆ on Ni(HBTC)(bipy) are as high as 6.18 and 5.85 mmol·g^-1, while only 0.93 mmol·g^-1 for CH₄ at 298 K and 100 kPa. Especially, the adsorption capacity of C₃H₈ at 5 kPa can reach an unprecedented 4.52 mmol·g^-1 and for C₂H₆ it is 1.48 mmol·g^-1 at 10 kPa. The ideal adsorbed solution theory predicted C₃H₈/CH₄ selectivity is as high as 1857.0, superior to most of the reported materials. Breakthrough experiment results indicated that material could completely separate the C₃H₈/C₂H₆/CH₄ mixture. Therefore, Ni(HBTC)(bipy) is a promising material for separation of natural gas.     

里氏木霉QM9414尿嘧啶缺陷型转化体系改进和β-葡萄糖苷酶的过量表达

里氏木霉是广泛应用于纤维素酶生产的工业真菌,但高产突变株遗传操作困难,限制了菌种改良。首先利用定点整合策略敲除里氏木霉突变株QM9414的pyr4基因,成功构建尿嘧啶营养缺陷型菌株QP4,其遗传转化效率显著提高,而且产酶能力不受影响。进一步在QP4中过量表达β-葡萄糖苷酶(BGL)基因bgl1,经大量平板显色筛选获得2株BGL活力明显增强的工程菌QPB4和QPB5,其酶活分别提高10.01倍和8.26倍。利用发酵酶液对2种不同预处理的玉米芯底物进行水解糖化实验,结果显示以酸处理玉米芯为底物时QPB4和QPB5的葡萄糖得率比QP4分别提高60.98%和52.44%,而以脱木素处理玉米芯为底物时其葡萄糖得率分别提高80.01%和86.00%。研究表明改进里氏木霉高产突变株遗传转化体系可以显著促进菌株改良,提高糖化应用效果。     

温度对MOF-74(Ni)吸附分离丙烯丙烷机理和选择性的影响

采用水热法成功制备了MOF-74(Ni),使用PXRD、孔径分析对材料进行了表征,测定了材料在不同温度下的C₃H₆和C₃H₈吸附等温线,应用程序升温脱附技术估算了脱附活化能,并使用IAST理论预测了材料对C₃H₆/C₃H₈二元体系的吸附选择性。讨论了温度对吸附机理和吸附选择性的影响。结果显示,MOF-74(Ni)的BET比表面积高达1306 m²·g^-1。在298 K下,C₃H₆的吸附量高达7.4 mmol·g^-1。随着温度升高,C₃H₈的吸附量大幅降低,而C₃H₆的吸附量下降程度较小,导致材料对C₃H₆/C₃H₈吸附选择性升高。当温度为328K时,MOF-74(Ni)对C₃H₆/C₃H₈二元气体混合物的吸附选择接近12。程序升温脱附的实验结果显示,C₃H₆在MOF-74(Ni)上的脱附活化能大于C₃H₈,分别为68.92 kJ·mol^-1和50.80 kJ·mol^-1。C₃H₆是通过与MOF-74(Ni)的不饱和金属位点Ni²⁺以p络合作用方式吸附,作用力较强,而C₃H₈与Ni²⁺之间的作用力较弱。根据吸附机理不同的特点,适当提高温度,将有助于提高MOF-74(Ni)吸附分离C₃H₆/C₃H₈混合物体系的吸附选择性。     

Catalytic performance of quaternary ammonium salts in the reaction of butyl glycidyl ether and carbon dioxide

The synthesis of cyclic carbonate from butyl glycidyl ether (BGE) and carbon dioxide was performed in the presence of quaternary ammonium salt catalysts. Quaternary ammonium salts of different alkyl group (C₃, C₄, C₆ and C₈) and anions (Cl⁻, Br⁻ and I⁻) were used for this reaction carried out in a batch autoclave reactor at 60–120 °C. The catalytic activity increased with increasing alkyl chain length in the order of C₃ < C₄ < C₆. But, the quaternary ammonium salt with longer alkyl chain length (C₈) decreased the conversion of BGE because it is too bulky to form an intermediate with BGE. For the counter anion of the tetrabutyl ammonium salt catalysts, the BGE conversion decreased in the order Cl⁻ > Br⁻ > I⁻. The effects of carbon dioxide pressure and reaction temperature on this reaction were also studied to better understand the reaction mechanism.