滴管炉内不同煤阶煤焦水蒸气气化反应特性

在滴管炉内对煤焦与水蒸气气化反应进行了实验研究,考察了煤阶、气化温度、水蒸气与进料煤焦质量比(气焦比)对气化气体产物释放特性以及煤焦转化率的影响。实验温度为1100、1200、1300和1400℃,气焦比分别为0.4:1、0.6:1和1:1。研究发现:滴管炉内不同煤焦的水蒸气气化气体产物以H2含量最高,CH4含量最低。不同煤阶热解焦、气化温度以及气焦比的变化影响滴管炉内水蒸气气化产物气体组成和转化率的高低。随气化温度的升高,神府煤焦和北宿煤焦气化气体产物中H2和CO产率不断增大,H2/CO的比值则逐渐减小,碳转化率有不断增加的趋势。在气化温度大于1200℃的条件下,当气焦比从0.4:1增至0.6:1,神府煤焦和北宿煤焦的碳转化率变化幅度不大(5%以内);当气焦比从0.6:1增至1:1,北宿煤焦的碳转化率略微降低,而神府煤焦的碳转化率增幅则在15%以上。     

煤焦与水蒸气及二氧化碳的气化反应动力学

本文应用恒速升温热重法对6种中国煤焦与二氧化碳和水蒸气的气化反应进行研究。采用下面二个动力学方程来求算气化反应动力学参数。计算机处理实验数据结果表明n=1的相关系数及计算值与实验结果的一致性都比n≠1的好。 K_2CO_3用作催化剂能明显加速义马长焰煤焦与二氧化碳和水蒸气气化反应速率,可预测K_2CO_3对其他5种中国煤焦亦有较明显的催化气化能力。     

煤焦水蒸气气化特性及动力学研究

运用等温热重法，对三种不同的煤焦，在反应温度900℃～1200℃之间进行水蒸气气化实验。分别考察了常压下反应温度、水蒸气分压和煤种对反应的影响；并且对不同煤焦的反应进行动力学计算，求取动力学参数，研究发现，煤焦水蒸气的反应与煤焦—CO2的反应相比速率要快得多，并且随反应温度升高，反应速率急剧增大。     

煤／煤焦—水蒸气的催化气化理论基础

本文以文献为基础,阐述了以碱金属、碱土金属及复合化合物为催化剂的煤/煤焦-水蒸气催化气化机理及功力学模型,为深入开展这一方面的研究、开发提供了理论基础。     

煤焦与水蒸气流化气化反应特性及动力学分析

基于小型流化床评价装置研究了内蒙古褐煤煤焦与水蒸气的流化气化反应特性,考察了温度、压力、水蒸气分压和氢气分压对碳转化率、反应速率和平均气体组分的影响。研究结果表明,随着反应温度升高,碳转化率和反应速率显著增加,由于高温对气化反应深度和变换反应平衡的影响,平均有效气组分大幅增加。提高系统压力会抑制流化气化反应的进行,碳转化率和反应速率降低,加压有利于CH_4生成,但对平均有效气组分的影响不明显。随着水蒸气分压的增加,碳转化率和反应速率大幅增加,但其促进了变换反应的平衡移动导致平均有效气组分降低。氢气的存在会与水分子竞争煤焦表面的活性位,抑制气化反应的进行,使得碳转化率和反应速率降低。采用Langmuir-Hinshelwood(L-H)模型拟合得到了H_2抑制作用下的煤焦水蒸气流化气化反应速率方程,试验值与模型拟合值吻合较好,并且计算得出宏观反应活化能为181.36 kJ/mol。     

煤焦与CO2及水蒸气气化特性研究进展

为了深入系统的研究煤焦与CO2及水蒸气的气化反应特性,综述了国内外对煤气化的主要影响因素、煤焦与CO2及水蒸气气化反应动力学、煤的结构特性在气化过程中的变化及CO2气化与水蒸气气化反应活性对比等方面的研究进展,并进行了总结。     

碳-水蒸气气化反应新机理探讨

通过对碳-水蒸气气化反应特性分析,提出了全新的基于·OH自由基氧化性的碳-水蒸气气化反应机理,认为碳-水蒸气气化反应是各种复杂因素共同作用的结果,反应体系中·OH自由基的浓度是决定反应速率的关键因素;碳-水蒸气的气化反应速率取决于水的解离度,水的解离度大,产生·OH自由基增多,碳-水蒸气气化反应速率加快;催化剂对碳-水蒸气气化反应的催化作用也是因为碱金属能够降低水分子的解离活化能,有利于断键形成·OH自由基,从而降低了碳-水蒸气气化反应的初始温度,提高了碳-水蒸气气化反应的速率。碳-水蒸气气化反应的新机理的提出,能够合理描述碳-水蒸气气化反应过程,如何确立反应体系中·OH自由基的数目与气化反应速率的关联耦合机制将是今后研究的重点。     

滴管炉中煤颗粒气化过程破碎特性研究

基于可视化成像技术,结合图像处理方法,研究滴管炉内不同粒径下福化印尼煤气化过程中破碎概率和破碎个数等破碎特性,并进行统计分析。结果表明,煤颗粒在滴管炉内下落过程中发生不同现象的破碎,其中中心破碎占主导作用,外围破碎发生较少,二者最显著的区别在于持续时间长短和是否改变原本颗粒的行为路径;按煤颗粒破碎时的破碎个数将其分成高破碎模式和低破碎模式,小粒径煤更易发生高破碎模式,即破碎个数更多,煤颗粒发生破碎的概率受最大拉伸应力与煤颗粒结构共同影响。     

典型高灰熔融性煤焦水蒸气气化特性研究

为解决我国高灰熔融性煤的利用难题,采用等温热重法,研究了典型贵州高灰熔融性煤焦在不同气化温度及不同水蒸气含量下的气化特性,并采用混合反应模型对试验数据进行处理,求取动力学参数。结果表明,在不同水蒸气含量下,随着气化反应温度的升高,典型贵州煤焦的反应性提高,气化反应速率的峰值增大,气化反应时间缩短;气化剂中水蒸气含量越多,煤焦反应性越好,气化反应速率的峰值越大,但当水蒸气含量大于30%后差别不明显;典型贵州煤焦与水蒸气反应的反应级数为0.912 9~1.620 9,活化能为149.34~165.12 k J/mol。     

Fe/赤泥催化水蒸气气化煤焦的反应性与微结构特性

利用固定床反应器和自制Fe/赤泥（RM）、RM催化剂,进行了900℃煤焦/催化剂不同质量比的水蒸气气化实验,并采用原位红外（FTIR）、物理吸附仪（BET）、拉曼光谱（Raman）等测试手段,分析了催化气化过程中不同阶段煤焦的气化反应性、表面官能团、孔隙结构和碳微晶结构的演变规律。结果表明,Fe1/RM2催化剂可显著提高煤焦-水蒸气的气化反应性。在Fe1/RM2/煤焦-水蒸气反应过程中,煤焦表面形成-CH₂、-COOH、酚羟基等活性官能团并与Fe1/RM2活性组分相互作用,形成新的小分子基团或化合物;煤焦的比表面积先增大后减小（6.98～323.22m²/g）,平均孔径呈现相反的变化趋势（2.91～11.25nm）;碳有序化程度先降低后提高,碳转化率为36%煤焦中无定形碳的相对含量最高（0.371）。在煤焦-Fe1/RM2-水蒸气反应初期（X_C<36%）,煤焦表面活性基团增多、比表面积增大、有序化程度降低,综合提高了煤焦-水蒸气气化反应性;降低36%≤X_C≤62%阶段的碳有序化程度,对煤焦气化反应性的提高具有显著意义。     

Comparison of steam-gasification characteristics of coal char and petroleum coke char in drop tube furnace

The steam-gasification reaction characteristics of coal and petroleum coke (PC) were studied in the drop tube fur-nace (DTF). The effects of various factors such as types of carbonaceous material, gasification temperature (1100–1400 °C) and mass ratio of steam to char (0.4:1, 0.6:1 and 1:1 separately) on gasification gas or solid products were investigated. The results showed that for al carbonaceous materials studied, H2 content exhibited the larg-est part of gasification gaseous products and CH4 had the smal est part. For the two petroleum cokes, CO2 content was higher than CO, which was similar to Zun-yi char. When the steam/char ratio was constant, the carbon con-version of both Shen-fu and PC chars increased with increasing temperature. When the gasification temperature was constant, the carbon conversions of al char samples increased with increasing steam/char ratio. For al the steam/char ratios, compared to water gas shift reaction, char-H2O and char-CO2 reaction were further from the thermodynamic equilibrium due to a much lower char gasification rate than that of water gas shift reaction rate. Therefore, kinetic effects may play a more important role in a char gasification step than thermodynamic ef-fects when the gasification reaction of char was held in DTF. The calculating method for the equilibrium shift in this study wil be a worth reference for analysis of the gaseous components in industrial gasifier. The reactivity of residual cokes decreased and the crystal layer (L002/d002) numbers of residual cokes increased with increasing gasification temperature. Therefore, L002/d002, the carbon crystallite structure parameter, can be used to evaluate the reactivity of residual cokes.     

低阶煤低温热解半焦在模拟高炉喷吹条件下的燃烧性能

采用自制固定床热解装置在隔绝空气的条件下制备神木长焰煤热解终温分别为400℃、450℃、500℃及550℃的热解半焦,利用管式沉降炉模拟高炉喷吹条件研究神木长焰煤低温热解半焦的燃烧性能,并考察了热解终温、半焦喷吹粒径以及燃烧反应温度对半焦燃烧性能的影响。研究表明：低温热解半焦的燃烧性能优于实验所选用无烟煤的燃烧性能,半焦的燃烧性能与其燃料比之间存在负相关关系,即燃料比越高,燃烧性能越差;降低热解终温、减小半焦喷吹粒径以及提高燃烧反应温度均能改善半焦的燃烧性能,当热解终温为400℃、喷吹粒径100～200目、燃烧反应温度为1100℃时半焦的燃尽度最佳为96%。本实验半焦制备及燃烧条件与现有低温热解和高炉喷吹工艺相符,且热解半焦各项性能均符合喷吹用煤指标。     

Gasification rate analysis of coal char with a pressurized drop tube furnace

Two coal chars were gasified with carbon dioxide or steam using a Pressurized Drop Tube Furnace (PDTF) at high temperature and pressurized conditions to simulate the inside of an air-blown two-stage entrained flow coal gasifier. Chars were produced by rapid pyrolysis of pulverized coals using a DTF in a nitrogen gas flow at 1400°C. Gasification temperatures were from 1100 to 1500°C and pressures were from 0.2 to 2 MPa. As a result, the surface area of the gasified char increased rapidly with the progress of gasification up to about six times the size of initial surface area and peaked at about 40% of char gasification. These changes of surface area and reaction rate could be described with a random pore model and a gasification reaction rate equation was derived. Reaction order was 0.73 for gasification of the coal char with carbon dioxide and 0.86 for that with steam. Activation energy was 163 kJ/mol for gasification with carbon dioxide and 214 kJ/mol for that with steam. At high temperature as the reaction rate with carbon dioxide is about 0.03 s⁻¹, the reaction rate of the coal char was controlled by pore diffusion, while that of another coal char was controlled by surface reaction where reaction order was 0.49 and activation energy was 261 kJ/mol.     

包含反应阶数变化的分形煤焦颗粒燃烧模型的建立与实验验证

为了深入研究煤焦燃烧的机理并提高对煤焦燃烧过程的预测精度,建立了一个综合的煤焦燃烧模型。该模型考虑了煤焦颗粒孔隙内二次反应与扩散的耦合作用、煤焦燃烧反应阶数的变化和反应过程中CO/CO₂比例等问题。使用热天平(TGA)对11种煤焦的燃烧特性进行分析,测得各种煤焦的表观活化能与指前因子,以确定模型中的待定参数。在沉降炉(DTF)中对这11种煤焦做燃烧实验,用TGA基于灰分守恒测得DTF炉管出口处的煤焦样品的转化率。运用建立的模型模拟这些煤焦的燃烧过程,预测的转化率与实验结果有较好的吻合度,相比传统的本征动力学模型,该模型预测的精度有了较大提高,证明了该模型能适用于从褐煤到无烟煤的较广煤焦范围。研究还发现,煤焦燃烧的表观反应阶数在燃烧过程中不断减小并最终趋于稳定。     

煤焦燃烧特性及反应活性探究

中国褐煤资源丰富,然而由于褐煤自身特点使其应用受到了极大的限制。针对中国褐煤应用最广的途径———燃烧,借助热重分析仪对不同热解终温的褐煤半焦及热解终温为1273 K的褐煤半焦与原煤的混合燃料的燃烧特性进行了分析。并利用Coats-Redfern法进行了燃烧动力学的分析,通过求得的表观活化能表征煤焦的燃烧反应活性。研究发现：热解终温越高,煤焦的燃烧特性越差;掺混褐煤有助于提高其半焦的燃烧特性,而掺混燃料的燃烧稳定性几乎和原煤无差别,且随着掺混比例的增加,混合燃料的活化能逐渐增大,越不易点燃,掺混半焦对燃料的燃烧特性和反应活性都有影响。相同制备条件下的烟煤半焦和褐煤半焦的燃烧动力学参数尤其是活化能相差很大,可见煤焦的燃烧反应活性与煤种有关。     

煤焦二氧化碳气化反应活性影响因素研究现状

煤二氧化碳气化反应是一种煤清洁利用的手段,其关键是提高反应活性。综述了原煤性质、热解过程、反应温度与压力、催化剂,以及二氧化碳气速、煤焦的粒度等因素对反应活性的影响,并对煤焦气化技术进行了展望。     

Catalysis of coal char gasification by alkali metal salts

A study has been made of the gasification behaviour, in carbon dioxide and steam, of a number of coal chars doped with small amounts of alkali metal carbonates. For a given additive, the magnitude of the catalytic effect increased with the rank of the parent coal. A progressive loss in catalytic activity on thermal cycling during steam gasification was associated with reaction of the alkali salts with mineral matter in the chars. The kinetic data were consistent with catalytic mechanisms involving oxidation/reduction cycles on the char substrates.     

Investigations into the ignition behaviors of pulverized coals and coal blends in a drop tube furnace using flame monitoring techniques

This paper presents experimental investigations into the ignition behaviors of pulverized coals and coal blends in a drop tube furnace using a flame monitoring system. Seven different ranks of coals and coal blends of different mixing proportion were tested. Characteristic parameters including relative ignition temperature, maximum ignition points, oscillation frequency, fluctuation ratio and combustion dynamic energy were determined from the flame monitoring system. The ignition behaviors of the coals are established by combining the parameters. Results demonstrate that the parameters are suitable for distinguishing ignition behaviors from homogeneous, hetero-homogeneous to heterogeneous in the ignition section of a drop tube furnace. The ignition behaviors of a coal blend are found to have similar characteristics as the coal of higher volatile matter in the blend and depend on its proportion in the blend. The results from this study are used to predict the operation of a coal fired power plant in terms of fuel selection, fuel blending, and flame stability.