浸水对膨胀土地基承载力影响的研究

含水率的变化会影响膨胀土地基承载力。通过大型模型试验,研究了不同干密度膨胀土地基浸水前后承载力变化情况,结果表明浸水将显著影响膨胀土地基的承载力,浸水后地基极限承载力只有浸水前的12%～14%,而比例界限段的斜率则增加50～65倍。土体干密度对其承载特性和破坏型式影响较大。分析了承载力随含水率的变化规律,验证了膨胀土地基承载力的计算方法。研究成果对膨胀土地基承载力计算具有重要的理论和工程实际意义。     

一个深海能源土的温度-水压-力学二维微观胶结模型

天然气水合物以胶结形式赋存时,对深海能源土的强度和变形特性影响显著,且其影响程度与所处温度、水压与力学环境密切相关。旨在建立可考虑温（温度）-压（水压）-力（力-位移与胶结破坏准则）耦合影响的深海能源土微观胶结模型。首先,依据能源土中水合物胶结可发生于两种接触形式（直接接触与有间距）的土颗粒间,提出适用于两种胶结模式的力-位移准则和胶结破坏准则。其次,提出温压距离参数L（表示在无量纲化处理后的温度-水压坐标平面,土体所处温度与水压点到水合物相平衡线的最小距离）,并依据文献资料分析,建立水合物胶结强度、刚度与参数L间的关系。最后,建立由水合物饱和度确定的粒间水合物胶结尺寸计算方法,并据此进一步建立了胶结强度与刚度同水合物饱和度间的关系。该模型可以方便地植入离散元程序,从而用于深海能源土的宏微观力学分析。     

深海能源土微观力学胶结模型及参数研究

天然气水合物主要以胶结物形式存在深海能源土颗粒之间,对能源土强度影响显著,因此研究水合物胶结接触力学特性对能源土力学性质研究有重要作用,而其中的关键是水合物胶结模型及胶结参数的确定。首先,引入并讨论了一种微观胶结接触模型及其对于能源土胶结接触力学特性的适用性;其次,通过文献资料系统分析,获取不同温度、压力及水合物密度条件下天然气水合物的强度与弹性模量表达式;最后,进一步研究了水合物微观胶结模型中的胶结参数,该类水合物微观胶结参数取决于能源土中水合物埋藏深度（赋存环境压力）、温度、水合物密度,这些宏观参量容易确定。     

深海能源土剪切带形成机理离散元分析

天然气水合物的分解开采过程将会劣化深海能源土的力学性能,从而引发一系列岩土工程问题。因此,要实现天然气水合物的安全开采,需要对能源土的强度和变形特性开展研究。结合深海能源土微观胶结模型,通过平面应变双轴试验的离散元模拟,研究了深海能源土剪切带形成机理以及剪切带内外的宏微观变量特征。结果表明：水合物胶结提升了深海能源土的强度,且使其呈现出明显的应变软化特性;剪切带在峰值应力后开始产生,伴随着胶结的大量破坏以及各宏微观变量的局部化;剪切带内外各宏微观变量差异明显,随着轴向应变的增加,土体微观结构也随之发生变化。     

河南膨胀土地区输电线塔大板基础地基承载力数值模拟

河南地区输电线路大量分布在膨胀土地区,膨胀土具有吸水后强度明显降低的特性,可能导致输电线塔基础变形过大甚至失稳,威胁输电线路运行安全。基于膨胀土的强度特点,首先利用现行规范中的方法,计算了膨胀土地基的承载力特征值;然后通过三维有限元数值模拟建立了输电线塔大板基础模型,研究了大板基础膨胀土地基承载力和其破坏模式。模拟结果表明,随着饱和度的增加,膨胀土地基极限抗压承载力降低明显,但降低速率逐渐减小,破坏模式呈现出整体剪切破坏模式。将规范方法与数值模拟结果进行对比,可以初步得到规范法计算得到的膨胀土地基承载力偏保守的结论。     

关于强度验算几个相关问题的讨论

强度验算是土力学与岩土工程的重要内容。地基承载稳定性验算需要计算基底压力和地基承载力并进行比较;挡墙抗倾覆抗滑移稳定性验算需要计算土压力;破裂角是地基承载力和土压力计算的理论基础。笔者发现一些同行、教科书和国家标准在偏心荷载作用时基底压力与地基承载力比较、基底压力重分布时基底平均压力计算、土压力计算、破裂角计算等方面存在不正确和不恰当的认识。本文对此进行讨论。     

重塑碎石土地基螺旋锚抗拔模型试验及承载机理分析

为研究螺旋锚基础的适用性,促进其在碎石土地基中的应用,在室内开展了重塑碎石土地基螺旋锚整模和半模轴向上拔静载荷试验。基于上拔荷载-位移关系曲线、碎石土体纵断面裂缝分布及形态等试验结果,分析碎石土中螺旋锚抗拔承载特性,以及锚盘对其承载性能的影响,研究螺旋锚抗拔承载机理。结果表明:浅埋于碎石土中的锚盘往往发生整体剪切破坏并且承载力具有弱化现象,而深埋锚盘主要发生上部土体局部剪切破坏进而变形逐渐增大;螺旋锚承载过程初期,锚盘上部碎石土被挤密,荷载与位移呈近似线性关系,随着荷载的增大,锚盘上部土体被压缩、剪切,导致变形不断增大,最终导致承载失效;锚盘数量越多、埋深越大,螺旋锚抗拔承载力越大、变形越小,增加埋深对承载力影响在小位移时即可充分发挥作用。因此,碎石土中螺旋锚属于一种深基础,锚盘与土体的相互作用是影响其承载力的主要因素。     

不同温压环境下深海能源土力学特性离散元分析

深海能源土宏观力学特性与所处温度与水压环境密切相关,明晰温压对能源土力学特性的影响对水合物的安全开采具有重要意义。首先,介绍深海能源土的温度-水压-力学微观胶结模型,用以描述能源土粒间的水合物胶结接触力学特性;其次,将该模型导入至离散元商业软件PFC2D中,开展不同温度与水压环境下的离散元双轴试验;最后,结合离散元双轴试验结果及同已有室内试验结果的对比分析,探讨温度与水压对深海能源土宏观力学特性的影响规律和微观作用机理。结果表明：引入胶结模型的离散元双轴试验可较好地描述深海能源土强度、变形等力学特性随温度与水压的变化关系;温度与水压影响深海能源土宏观力学特性的微观机理是颗粒间水合物胶结强度与刚度同温度与水压间的相关性;建议采用温压距离参数L（在无量纲化的温度-水压坐标平面内,水合物赋存温度与水压点至其相平衡线的最小距离）评价实际复杂温压场下的深海能源土宏观力学特性。     

深海能源土宏观力学性质离散元数值模拟分析

首先,引入笔者等^[16-17]所提出的微观胶结模型用以反映能源土颗粒之间水合物微观胶结接触力学特性;其次,采用C++语言将模型程序化,建立同商业软件PFC^2D的程序接口,将模型引入离散单元法中;然后,通过简化计算方法确定胶结宽度随水合物浓度的变化规律,进而确定水合物微观胶结参数;最后,根据所确定的胶结参数,针对不同水合物浓度试样进行能源土宏观力学特性离散元双轴试验模拟,并从应力应变、体积应变、水合物对能源土弹性模量的影响等方面与Masui等^[4]所进行的能源土室内三轴试验进行对比分析。结果表明：所选择胶结模型及微观胶结参数能有效反映深海能源土宏观力学规律;能源土峰值强度、弹性模量均随水合物浓度增加而增加,体积膨胀随水合物浓度的增加越来越显著。     

基于非饱和黏性土桩土界面剪切特性试验研究

通过自制的大型恒刚度直剪仪对非饱和黏性土进行桩土界面剪切试验,探讨了非饱和黏性土桩土界面剪切特性及受黏性土饱和度的影响规律。试验和研究结果表明:在分析了非饱和黏性土桩土界面土压力和孔隙水压力的变化规律后,得到桩土界面剪应力峰值和剪切破坏位移随黏性土饱和度的增大而降低的结论,同时还受界面粗糙度和法向应力的影响,界面粗糙度和法向应力越大,桩土界面剪应力峰值和剪切破坏位移越大,在法向应力不同时最大剪切破坏位移相差9.81~12.23 mm;桩土界面黏聚力在饱和度80%~90%时最大,摩擦角随着饱和度的增大呈衰减趋势,因此在桩基设计中需要考虑黏性土饱和度对桩土界面抗剪强度参数的影响,否则会使设计结果过于安全。     

Constitutive model for gas hydrate-bearing soils considering different types of hydrate morphology and prediction of strength-band

The present study proposes a new elasto-plastic constitutive model that considers different types of hydrates in pore spaces. Many triaxial compression tests on both methane hydrate-bearing soils and carbon dioxide hydrate-bearing soils have been carried out over the last few decades. It has been revealed that methane hydrate-bearing soils and carbon dioxide hydrate-bearing soils have different strength and dilatancy properties even though they have the same hydrate contents. The reason for this might be due to the different types of hydrate morphology. In this study, therefore, the effect of the hydrate morphology on the mechanical response of gas-hydrate-bearing sediments is investigated through a model analysis by taking into account the different hardening rules corresponding to each type of hydrate morphology. In order to evaluate the capability of the proposed model, it is applied to the results of past triaxial compression tests on both methane hydrate-containing and carbon dioxide hydrate-containing sand specimens. The model is found to successfully reproduce the different stress–strain relations and dilatancy behaviors, by only giving consideration to the different morphology distributions and not changing the fitting parameters. The model is then used to predict a possible range in which the maximum deviator stress can move for various hydrate morphology ratios; the range is defined as the strength-band. The predicted curve of the maximum deviator stress obtained by the constitutive model matches the empirical equations obtained from past experiments. It supports the fact that the hydrate morphology ratio changes with the total hydrate saturation. These findings will contribute to a better understanding of the relation between the microscopic structures and macro-mechanical behaviors of gas-hydrate-bearing sediments.     

试验反压对深海能源土宏观力学特性影响的离散元分析

在饱和土体三轴试验中,反压常被用于提高试样饱和度,其对常规土体强度特性无影响已广为认同,而已有试验资料表明反压对深海能源土强度、弹性模量等宏观力学参数均存在一定影响,成为困扰国际岩土界的一个难题。首先探讨了试验反压对能源土力学特性的影响机理,通过引入能源土微观接触模型的离散元双轴试验检验上述机理的合理性;然后结合20组离散元双轴试验,进一步探究能源土宏观力学特性随反压的变化规律。结果表明：试验反压对能源土力学特性的影响与水合物作用相关;反压能提高能源土强度,使应变软化和剪胀特性更加明显,并对其弹性参数有一定的影响;试验反压较大时,反压变化对能源土强度参数的影响难以忽略,但对弹性参数的影响可忽略。     

Undrained creep behavior of CO2 hydrate-bearing sand and its constitutive modeling considering the cementing effect of hydrates

A technique for carbon dioxide (CO₂) capture and storage using CO₂ hydrates where CO₂ is stored as solid hydrates in the seabed ground, is attracting attention. Shallow sediments may be the most suitable seabed ground for CO₂ hydrate storage because these unconsolidated soil sediments satisfy the limitation for the low-temperature condition. Hence, the deformation properties and long-term stability of gas hydrate-bearing sediments during and after gas storage must be investigated. In this study, a series of undrained triaxial creep tests were conducted on artificially made CO₂ hydrate-bearing sand specimens to study the fundamental time dependent property of hydrate-bearing sediment. We extended an elasto-viscoplastic constitutive model by introducing a cohesion component and its degradation on surfaces and applied the proposed model to creep tests on gas hydrate-bearing sand.Three findings were obtained from the experiments and modelling. First, CO₂ hydrate-bearing sand specimens showed accelerated creep behavior, which was characterized by the creep stress ratio level, regardless of the hydrate saturation. Second, creep accelerated under undrained conditions before the stress reached the critical state line obtained from the monotonic loading tests, and the stress ratio at the occurrence of acceleration creep was higher for specimens with a higher hydrate saturation. Third, the elasto-viscoplastic constitutive model which considered the cementing effect of hydrates was able to well reproduce the undrained creep behavior of hydrate-bearing sand with different hydrate saturations under relatively high creep stress levels.     

Development of high-pressure low-temperature plane strain testing apparatus for methane hydrate-bearing sand

A high-pressure low-temperature plane strain testing apparatus was developed for visualizing the deformation of methane hydrate-bearing sand due to methane hydrate production. Using this testing apparatus, plane strain compression tests were performed on pure Toyoura sand and methane hydrate-bearing sand with localized deformation measurements. From the results, it was observed that the methane hydrate-free specimens, despite their relatively high density, showed changes in compressive volume. Marked increases in the initial stiffness and strength of the methane hydrate-bearing sand were observed (methane hydrate saturation of S_MH=60%). Moreover, the volumetric strain changed from compressive to dilative. For the specimens with methane hydrate, a dilative behavior above S_MH=0% was observed. An image analysis showed that the shear bands of the methane hydrate-bearing sand were thinner and steeper than those of the host sand. In addition, the dilative volumetric strain in the shear band increased markedly when methane hydrate existed in the pore spaces.     

水合物形成对含水合物砂土强度影响

采用非饱和成样法（A法）和饱和试样气体扩散制样法（B法）两种试验室方法,合成了含CO₂水合物的砂土试样,并采用改造过的三轴剪切试验仪完成了相应的三轴剪切试验。实验结果表明：A法制得试样强度和刚度随水合物饱和度增大而增大,且相当敏感;而B法制得试样在水合物饱和度为19.44%与纯砂土的力学特征差别很小,在较高饱和度（26.73%）时,含水合物砂土的强度和刚度就有了较为明显提高;由此可以得出含水合物砂土的强度特征是水合物含量和水合物于砂土中赋存状态联合决定的;同时也发现随着水合物饱和度的增大,试样的剪胀性越来越明显。最后,通过对A法制得试样的强度参数分析表明：含水合物砂土的黏聚力随饱和度的增大而提高,而摩擦角基本不变。     

Compressive characteristics of methane hydrate-bearing sands under isotropic consolidation

Depressurization is an effective method to produce methane gas from methane hydrate reservoirs. However, during gas production, sediments consolidate due to increasing effective stress. Revealing the compressive characteristics of methane hydrate-bearing sands during consolidation is essential for an accurate understanding of sediment properties and for the development of a constitutive model. Therefore, a series of isotropic consolidation tests was performed on sand in which methane hydrate was artificially generated, and its compressibility characteristics were evaluated. Furthermore, to assess prolonged production, creep compressive behavior was investigated. The experimental results showed volumetric strain due to increasing confining stress decreased with increasing initial methane hydrate saturation. Particle crushing during consolidation was inhibited by the presence of methane hydrate. It was confirmed that the increase in the effects of methane hydrate on soil compressibility followed a power function with the increase in methane hydrate saturation. Creep deformation was observed during the stress holding period regardless of the presence of methane hydrate. Creep behavior during the stress holding period was related to the extent to which the creep component had dissipated before the stress holding period in the past. A theoretical concept for creep strain was proposed based on the experimental results.     

Effect of temperature cycle on mechanical properties of methane hydrate-bearing sediment

In this study, methane hydrate-bearing sand (MHBS) was created in the laboratory following two methods in order to obtain two types of gas hydrate morphology in sandy sediment. The hydrate morphology in the sediment was assessed by measuring the compressional wave velocity combined with models to predict the wave velocities of the sediment containing gas hydrates. The mechanical properties of the MHBS were investigated by triaxial compression tests. The results obtained by the compressional wave velocity show that after saturating the MHBS sediment (created by the excess gas method) with water, the methane hydrates are partly or completely converted from grain contacts to pore spaces depending on the hydrate saturation (ranging from 0 to 50%). A subsequent temperature cycle completes this conversion process for high hydrate saturation. The results obtained with the triaxial compression tests show higher shear strength, a higher secant Young’s modulus, and a higher dilation angle at higher hydrate saturation. In addition, the effects of hydrate saturation on the mechanical properties of the MHBS obtained by the two procedures (with and without the thermal cycle) are similar at low hydrate saturation. The effect of gas hydrate morphologies can only be detected in the case where the conversion (and/or redistribution) of gas hydrates from grain contacts to pore spaces is not complete (at high hydrate saturation).