SMA490BW钢对接接头高周疲劳性能的机理探究

通过设计对比试验系统地分析应力集中、晶粒细化、残余应力等因素对转向架用SMA490BW钢对接接头高周疲劳性能的影响,并得出占据主导作用的因素。借助扫描电镜观察疲劳断口,探究对接接头冲击前后的失效模式。结果表明:经超声冲击或机械打磨处理后,试样的疲劳寿命均得到不同程度的提高。将焊缝余高彻底磨平对接头疲劳寿命的增益效果最为显著,其疲劳寿命相比原始对接接头可提高近百倍。改善应力集中、细化表层晶粒、引入残余压应力对对接接头延寿的贡献占比分别约为58%、29%和13%。对接接头的疲劳失效大多始于焊趾表面,经超声冲击处理后,疲劳裂纹源可能由材料表面转向内部缺陷。     

超声冲击处理MB8镁合金十字接头的表层组织及疲劳性能

采用超声冲击方法对MB8镁合金十字接头焊趾处进行超声冲击处理,对比测试焊态及冲击处理态接头的表层组织和疲劳性能。结果表明:超声冲击处理可以在MB8镁合金焊接接头表面获得纳米晶组织。在循环寿命为2×106条件下,焊态试样的条件疲劳强度为32.07MPa,冲击处理态试样的条件疲劳强度为41.88MPa,提高了30.59%。未冲击接头疲劳断裂大多发生在焊缝缺陷处,冲击处理后的接头则发生在热影响区。超声冲击处理不仅可以大幅提高MB8镁合金十字接头的疲劳寿命,还可以改变接头疲劳断裂位置。此外,热影响区也是MB8镁合金十字接头疲劳断裂的薄弱区域,这与热影响区晶粒粗大有很大的关系。     

焊趾TIG重熔对钛合金T型接头疲劳性能影响

研究了焊趾TIG重熔对钛合金T型接头疲劳性能的影响,结果表明,经过焊趾TIG重熔和喷淋激冷处理后,焊趾部位残余应力可降低32%;在2×10~5疲劳次数循环基数下,焊趾重熔+喷淋激冷处理后接头疲劳强度可提高4倍;在260 MPa应力值水平下,焊趾重熔+喷淋激冷处理后,接头疲劳寿命提高3.3倍;焊趾重熔+喷淋激冷处理并进行超声波冲击消应力后,接头疲劳寿命提高9.9倍,疲劳性能明显优于采用两种方法单独进行处理时的接头疲劳性能。     

喷丸改性对7050铝合金FSW接头性能的影响

对5 mm厚的7050铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头进行喷丸表面改性处理,并对喷丸前后的接头进行残余应力测量、低周疲劳裂纹扩展试验,研究喷丸改性对焊接接头残余应力分布和焊核区、热影响区疲劳裂纹扩展速率的影响。结果表明,喷丸处理提高了接头表面粗糙程度,但接头表层及近表层产生硬化层,二次喷丸处理后的表层硬度值达198HV。二次喷丸最高硬度值比焊接态高33.1%。喷丸引入的残余压应力随喷丸次数增加而增大,最大压应力值位置也移向板材更深处。焊核区、热影响区疲劳裂纹扩展速率相对焊接态均降低,表明喷丸改性提高了接头两微区抗疲劳断裂的能力。     

超声捶击提高超细晶粒钢焊接接头的疲劳性能

焊接接头疲劳强度是其最重要的服役性能，由于焊接残余应力的作用和焊接接头处的几何不连续性，焊接接头的疲劳强度一般大大低于母材，采用超声捶击方法提高超细晶粒钢焊接接头的疲劳强度，通过对对接接头焊践处进行超声波冲击处理，对比超声波冲击处理后焊接接头的疲劳强度，实验结果表明：超声捶击使得S-N曲线右移，FAT（循环寿命为10^6时的疲劳强度）提高幅度达到66%，在应力范围为200MPa的疲劳寿命提高58倍，研究表明，经超声捶击处理，焊趾处的应力集中系数相应减小，焊接残余应力由拉应力转换为压应力，这是超声捶击提高焊接接头疲劳强度的主要机制。     

超声冲击对纯钛材焊接接头疲劳性能的影响

目前,有关超声冲击法对工业纯钛焊接接头疲劳性能改善效果的影响研究报道不多。采用超声冲击处理方法对工业纯钛TA2焊接接头进行全覆盖强化处理,通过疲劳对比试验分析了不同超声冲击处理时间对TA2焊接接头疲劳性能的影响;通过接头微观组织、断口形貌观察分析了超声冲击处理提高TA2焊接接头抗疲劳断裂性能的微观机理。结果表明,在200 MPa应力条件下,原始焊态试样平均历经11 645次循环就已断裂,经超声冲击处理3 min的焊接试样平均历经23 424次循环后才断裂,疲劳寿命提高约1倍;在超声冲击过程中,试样表层受到大的应变量、高应变速率和重复载荷的作用,使得形变孪晶不断增加;重复载荷的作用,可以再次在内部产生更加细小的孪晶,孪晶与孪晶间重复交割导致晶粒进一步细化。     

激光冲击强化制备发动机用FGH96镍基高温合金性能分析北大核心CSCD

采用时效工艺处理发动机用FGH96镍基高温合金,利用激光冲击强化方法对其表面进行修复,实验测试分析其组织,残余应力及疲劳寿命。研究结果表明:基体中形成了大量的γ相奥氏体;时效96h后显微组织中产生了大量碳化物,存在沿晶析出。激光冲击强化处理后位于表面附近的晶粒形成更小的尺寸,合金表面晶粒发生明显细化,链状碳化物在晶粒内呈现弥散分布状态,实现FGH96合金的沉淀强化作用,对位错运动产生明显抑制效果。经激光冲击强化处理后试样并未产生新的衍射峰。激光冲击强化可以使试样表面获得更高的残余压应力,使时效试样达到更高的疲劳寿命。激光冲击强化还可以将残余应力引入到基体中,使疲劳裂纹源受到明显抑制,显著降低疲劳裂纹的扩展速度。     

激光冲击强化制备发动机用FGH96镍基高温合金性能分析

采用时效工艺处理发动机用FGH96镍基高温合金,利用激光冲击强化方法对其表面进行修复,实验测试分析其组织,残余应力及疲劳寿命。研究结果表明:基体中形成了大量的γ相奥氏体;时效96h后显微组织中产生了大量碳化物,存在沿晶析出。激光冲击强化处理后位于表面附近的晶粒形成更小的尺寸,合金表面晶粒发生明显细化,链状碳化物在晶粒内呈现弥散分布状态,实现FGH96合金的沉淀强化作用,对位错运动产生明显抑制效果。经激光冲击强化处理后试样并未产生新的衍射峰。激光冲击强化可以使试样表面获得更高的残余压应力,使时效试样达到更高的疲劳寿命。激光冲击强化还可以将残余应力引入到基体中,使疲劳裂纹源受到明显抑制,显著降低疲劳裂纹的扩展速度。     

超声冲击处理钛合金焊接接头的性能研究

采用超声冲击工艺,处理了钛合金两种型式的焊接接头。试验结果表明:超声冲击处理可显著降低接头焊接残余应力,并可提高接头的疲劳强度和疲劳寿命。其中对于Ti80合金的对接接头和十字接头,疲劳极限分别提高22.7%和64.5%,疲劳寿命分别提高5.4倍和13.5倍;对于TA2和Ti75合金的对接接头,焊接残余应力分别降低68%和65%。     

高频冲击表面处理技术

高频冲击表面处理技术是利用高密度能量推动冲击工具(冲击头)以每秒二万次以上的频率冲击金属表面,使表层产生较大塑性变形,从而起到改变材料表面形貌和改善力学性能的作用。高频冲击可用于金属零件的表面强化处理,特别是对提高焊接接头的疲劳性能效果显著,其强化机理是:消除焊接残余拉应力,引入残余压应力场;使焊趾处产生圆滑的几何过渡,减低余高和凹坑造成的应力集中;闭合焊趾表层微小裂纹和消除熔渣缺陷。     

Effects of ultrasonic impact treatment on pre-fatigue loaded high-strength steel welded joints

Comparative fatigue tests were conducted on as-welded, weld toe peened specimens before and after fatigue loading. Fracture surface, residual stress, microstructure and hardness were determined. The test results showed that as the pre-fatigue loading period extended, deeper cracks may have initiated and propagated and the fatigue life improvement decreased. The processes of ultrasonic peening on welded joints with existing cracks were modeled by finite element analysis. The numerical results indicated that the mechanism of UIT improving fatigue performance included two factors: compressive residual stress and the change of crack orientation. Both effects reduced as the crack became deeper.     

超声冲击对铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头组织及性能的影响

目的分析超声冲击对铝合金搅拌摩擦焊成形后接头的组织及耐蚀性的作用效果。方法采用超声冲击设备对2A12铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头表面进行超声冲击处理,并对超声冲击前后接头的显微组织、显微硬度以及耐腐蚀性能进行了分析。结果经过超声冲击处理后的铝合金接头上表面会产生一层塑性变形层,并且塑性层内位错密度增大,使表层金属得到一定程度的加工硬化,促使冲击后接头各区域的表面硬度明显提高,冲击后接头热机械影响区和热影响区硬度提高达60%以上;腐蚀浸泡试验发现,超声冲击后接头的点腐蚀程度较超声冲击前明显减缓,腐蚀速率约是冲击前的1/2。结论超声冲击有效改善了铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头区域材料过时效的软化现象,并且有效改善了接头的抗腐蚀性能。     

超声冲击法提高焊接接头疲劳特性研究进展

焊接结构的失效以疲劳断裂为主,且焊接结构强度主要是由焊接接头的疲劳强度决定的。因此,改善焊接接头疲劳性能将显著提高焊接结构的整体性能。超声冲击处理是一种有效改善焊接接头疲劳性能的表面强化技术。研究表明,该技术通过改善焊接接头几何外形,细化表层晶粒及引入有益残余压应力可大幅度提高焊接接头的疲劳强度和疲劳寿命。综述了超声冲击处理对焊接接头疲劳性能影响的研究现状,分析了影响焊接接头疲劳性能的因素,总结了超声冲击改善焊接接头疲劳性能的结果,对目前研究过程中存在的问题进行探讨,最后展望了超声冲击表面纳米化技术的应用前景。     

Through thickness property variations in friction stir welded AA6061 joint fatigued in very high cycle fatigue regime

Ultrasonic fatigue tests were performed on friction stir welded AA6061 joint to investigate very high cycle fatigue (VHCF) behaviors. As a result, almost all the fatigue cracks are initiated from local plastic slip markings around the boundary between thermo-mechanically affected zone and heat affected zone. The fatigue strength decreases from the top to root of the welded joint, owing to the variation of plastic deformation history and temperature distribution through the thickness. In fractography, the fatigue crack initiation site is surrounded by a semicircular flat zone, of which the formation in VHCF regime accounts for more than 98% of the total fatigue life.     

超声冲击诱发表面纳米化及其对表面完整性的影响

采用不同超声冲击参数处理SMA490BW钢,研究了冲击后试样在低、高倍下的微观组织特征、残余应力及硬度分布等表面完整性能的变化。实验结果表明,经过超声冲击表面处理后,样品表面层晶粒细化为纳米晶,平均晶粒尺寸约为30nm;并在试样表层引入残余压应力,数值最大约为255.5MPa;超声冲击对SMA490BW钢表面能够起到明显的强化作用,与未经处理的试样相比,处理后试样表面硬度最大提高了约66.7%。超声冲击强化处理改善SMA490BW钢的表面完整性的效果与冲击电流、冲击时间之间的关系不遵循单调变化规律,超声冲击参数为20min/1.5A时,试样具有较好的表面完整性,冲击影响层深度约为320μm。     

Fatigue crack initiation assessment of welded joints accounting for residual stress

The impact of residual stresses on the fatigue crack initiation life of welded joints is evaluated by the finite element method. The residual stresses of nonload‐carrying cruciform joints, induced by welding and ultrasonic impact treatment, are modelled by initial stresses, using the linear superposition principle. An alternative approach of using modified stress‐strain curves in the highly stressed zone is also proposed to account for the residual stress effect on the local stress‐strain history. An evaluation of the fatigue crack initiation life of welded joints based on the local strain approach is carried out. The predicted results show the effect of residual stresses and agree well with published experimental results of as‐welded and ultrasonic impact treated specimens, demonstrating the applicability of both approaches. The proposed approaches may provide effective tools to evaluate the residual stress effect on the fatigue crack initiation life of welded joints.     

Fatigue life estimation of ultrasonic spot welded Mg alloy joints

Lightweight magnesium alloys are increasingly used in automotive and other transportation industries for weight reduction and fuel efficiency improvement. The structural application of magnesium components requires proper welding and fatigue resistance to guarantee their durability and safety. The objective of this investigation was to identify failure mode and estimate fatigue life of ultrasonic spot welded (USWed) lap joints of an AZ31B-H24 magnesium alloy. It was observed that the solid-state USWed joints exhibited a superior fatigue life compared with other welding processes. Fatigue failure mode changed from interfacial failure to transverse-through-thickness crack growth with decreasing cyclic load level, depending on the welding energy. Fatigue crack initiation and propagation occurred from both the notch tip inside the faying surface and the edge of sonotrode indentation-footprints due to the presence of stress concentration. A life prediction model for the spot welded lap joints developed by Newman and Dowling was adopted to estimate the fatigue lives of the USWed magnesium alloy joints. The fatigue life estimation, based on the fatigue crack growth model with the global and local stress intensity factors as a function of kink length and the experimentally determined kink angle, agreed fairly well with the obtained experimental results.     

A parametric fracture mechanics study of welded joints with toe cracks and lack of penetration

The existing design rules give quite general guidelines to the fatigue assessment of different types of welded joints. The goal of this investigation was to give designers some tools, which would allow more precise assessment of the effect of dimensional variations on the fatigue strength. Therefore the fatigue behaviour of 12 common types of welded joints has been studied parametrically. Two-dimensional (2D) finite element models of the joint were made and evaluated using plane strain linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM) calculations. The as-welded condition was assumed with the result that no crack initiation period was considered and stress ranges were fully effective. A maximum tangential stress criterion with the Paris’ crack growth law was used to predict the growth rate and direction of root and toe cracks under mixed mode K_I-K_II conditions. The effects of weld size and joint dimension ratios on the fatigue strength were systematically studied. In addition to tensile loading, bending and combined tension/bending moment loading in both directions are examined for positive and negative mean stress.     

Fatigue life assessment of improved joints welded with alternative welding techniques

In this study, the fatigue life improvement by adopting the toe weaving technique on non-load carrying cruciform welded joints has been investigated. Fatigue testing was conducted on two batches of specimens welded using double-pass manual welding. One batch had a straight second pass and the other was weaved. The influence of different weaving shape parameters was analyzed by performing crack growth analyses. The fatigue testing shows a slightly improved fatigue life for the two different batches compared to as-welded joints; the improvement is similar for both batches. The crack growth analysis concludes that the batch with the straight second pass should provide slightly higher fatigue life compared to the toe weaved batch. Measurements show a presence of undercuts in the vicinity of the crack initiation site. Nonetheless, an increased fatigue life is obtained, due to the low flank angle created during welding of the second pass, which reduces the stress concentration in the weld toe, prolonging the fatigue life.     

Improvement of very high cycle fatigue properties in an AA7075 friction stir welded joint by ultrasonic peening treatment

The present paper aims to investigate the effect of ultrasonic peening treatment on the very high cycle fatigue resistance of an AA7075 friction stir welded joint. Microscopy observation, microhardness and X‐ray diffraction measurements were carried out to characterize the treated surface of peened specimens. Fatigue crack initiation sites were investigated through scanning electron microscope, and the role of enhanced surface on fatigue resistance was analyzed. The results indicate that a sensible fatigue strength improvement can be obtained through application of ultrasonic peening treatment and that fatigue cracks can initiate from the interior of the specimen. To clarify the fatigue failure mechanism, we analyzed the microstructure characteristics, compressive residual stress profile and intermetallic inclusion distribution in the surface layers, and we discussed the capability of ultrasonic peening treatment to hinder the surface crack initiation.