Cr含量对WC-Co硬质合金显微组织和力学性能的影响

采用低压烧结技术制备了不同Cr含量的WC-8Co硬质合金,通过XRD、SEM和力学性能测试等手段分析了Cr含量对硬质合金物相、显微结构和合金的力学性能的影响。结果表明,当Cr含量<0.9%时,合金由WC+γ-(WC)相组成,添加量增至0.9%及以上时,组织中出现缺碳相Co3W3C;随着Cr含量的增加,WC晶粒不断细化,当添加量为0.6%时,合金的综合力学性能最佳,其抗弯强度、维氏硬度及断裂韧性分别为3885MPa、1632.4HV30、9.82MPa.m1/2。     

碳纳米管对硬质合金WC晶粒及强度的影响

以碳纳米管为增强相,WC-10Co硬质合金为基体,采用湿法球磨工艺将多壁碳纳米管(Multiwalled carbon nanotubes,MWCNTs)和WC-10Co硬质合金粉料充分混合,通过真空烧结制成CNTs增强的WC-10Co硬质合金试样。采用SEM观测MWCNT在硬质合金基体中的分布和烧结后硬质合金微观结构。SEM显示碳纳米管嵌插在WC晶粒之间,抑制WC晶粒生长,使WC晶粒得到细化。试样横向断裂强度达到1 780 MPa,对比未增强试样提高了7.8%。     

超细WC和细WC/Co添加对WC-10Co硬质合金微观结构与力学性能的影响

在粒径为0.5μm的超细碳化钨(WC)粉体表面包覆钴(Co)纳米颗粒获得细WC/Co,将细WC/Co、粗WC和Co粉通过球磨混合均匀，压制成型后在1420℃下真空烧结1 h,得到WC-10Co硬质合金。借助扫描电子显微镜、透射电子显微镜、万能试验机等对比研究细WC/Co和超细WC对WC-10Co硬质合金微观形貌和力学性能的影响。结果表明：相比于超细WC,细WC/Co促进合金的致密化，并形成双晶结构。添加细WC/Co和超细WC制备的硬质合金的平均晶粒度分别为2.18μm和3.57μm。细WC/Co的添加会降低晶粒生长速度并抑制细晶完全溶解，而粗晶通过缺陷辅助生长及溶解-析出生长机制生长为表面阶梯状的缺角三棱柱形；硬质合金的硬度和断裂韧度得到提升，二者分别为1131HV₃₀和22.1 MPa·m^1/2,而在1131HV₃₀同等硬度下，其断裂韧度比线性拟合的断裂韧度高27.7%。机理分析认为，超细WC的添加会导致异常晶粒产生，不利于性能；而细WC/Co的添加能够同时形成双晶结构和均匀的钴相分布结构，降低晶粒缺陷，提升综合力学性...     

VC/Cr3C2添加剂与烧结温度对超细WC-12Co硬质合金的影响

为了有效控制烧结过程中WC晶粒的长大,获得高强度高硬度的超细硬质合金,采用扫描电镜、拉伸机和洛氏硬度仪研究了不同质量分数及配比的VC/Cr3C2晶粒长大抑制剂和烧结温度对超细WC-12Co硬质合金的显微组织及力学性能的影响,并结合试验结果分析了超细硬质合金中VC/Cr3C2晶粒长大抑制剂的作用机理.结果表明,添加适量VC/Cr3C2晶粒长大抑制剂的超细硬质合金中WC晶粒尺寸分布集中,不存在明显的组织缺陷,合金具有细而均匀的微观组织及优异的力学性能.当晶粒长大抑制剂(质量分数)为0.2%VC/0.5%Cr3C2,1450℃烧结制备WC-12Co超细硬质合金的抗弯强度为3710MPa,硬度(HRA)为91.5.VC/Cr3C2晶粒长大抑制剂的作用机理为:VC主要与WC反应生成(W,V)C固溶体聚集在WC/Co界面,降低WC/Co界面能,Cr3C2主要固溶在粘结相中,导致WC在粘结相中的溶解度降低,二者的综合作用减缓了粘结相中WC溶解-析出过程,从而抑制烧结过程中WC晶粒的长大.     

真空和渗氮烧结WC-TiC-Co硬质合金的梯度结构形成机理研究

本实验对真空和渗氮烧结的WC-20TiC-0.5VC-0.5Cr_2C_3-12Co硬质合金的微观结构进行了研究。研究表明烧结气氛对WC-TiC-Co硬质合金的梯度结构具有关键性影响:真空烧结能使硬质合金形成厚度不低于20μm的无立方相表层,该表层主要由WC与Co相组成,无明显TiC相特征;而渗氮烧结促使硬质合金形成以Ti(C,N)与TiC为主要物相的富立方相表层。与此同时,研究发现氮气压强对富立方相表层的形成具有显著促进作用,随着氮气压强的提高,富立方相表层厚度明显增加。真空和渗氮烧结的硬质合金芯部微观组织均由WC相、(W,Ti)C相、TiC相与Co相组成。相对于渗氮烧结,真空烧结会导致硬质合金芯部WC的晶粒度增大。     

WC-9Ni-0．57Cr硬质合金在模拟海水中的腐蚀特性

以WC-9Ni-0．57Cr硬质合金为研究对象。采用失重法、电化学测试、力学性能测试和显微形貌分析等方法,研究合金在3．5％NaCl模拟海水溶液中的腐蚀行为,并与传统的WC-6Co硬质合金进行了比较。结果表明：在3．5％NaCl溶液中室温腐蚀8周的WC-9Ni-0．57Cr合金与WC6Co合金的腐蚀速率分别为0．0033mm／a和0．0072mm／a,以Ni—Cr为粘结相制备的硬质合金耐腐蚀性能明显优于传统的WC—Co硬质合金,具有较强的抗腐蚀能力;硬质合金微观腐蚀形态表现为粘结相的腐蚀,使力学性能降低,室温腐蚀4周后WC-9Ni-0．57Cr合金与WC-6Co合金的横向断裂强度损失率分别为8．43％和31．14％。     

(V,Ti)(C,N)固溶体粉末对WC-8%Co硬质合金性能的影响

通过碳热还原氮化法合成了不同钛含量的(V,xTi)(C,N)(x=5%、10%、15%(质量分数))固溶体粉末晶粒细化剂,并考察了它们对WC-8%Co硬质合金显微组织和机械性能的影响。结果表明,与V(C,N)或者V(C,N)/Ti(C,N)混合晶粒细化剂相比,(V,Ti)(C,N)固溶体粉末可以显著地提高WC-8%Co硬质合金的机械性能;当加入0.5%(质量分数)的(V,5Ti)(C,N)固溶体粉末时,WC-8%Co硬质合金的抗弯强度和硬度分别达3490MPa、1804HV30,WC平均晶粒尺寸约为0.5～0.6μm。     

纳米碳化钒对超细WC基硬质合金的影响

研究了在放电等离子烧结(SPS)条件下,纳米碳化钒(V8C7)对超细WC基硬质合金的相组成、微观组织及性能的影响。结果表明:超细WC基硬质合金主要由WC和Co3C两相组成,相对于未烧结的硬质合金材料,WC的衍射峰向小角度方向偏移;纳米碳化钒可以有效抑制超细WC基硬质合金中WC晶粒的长大,并且随着纳米碳化钒比表面积的增大而增强,添加比表面积为63.36m2/g的纳米V8C7后,硬质合金中大部分WC的晶粒尺寸0.5μm;纳米碳化钒对超细WC基硬质合金的性能具有重要影响,并且随着纳米碳化钒比表面积的增大而增加,添加比表面积为63.36m2/g的纳米V8C7后,超细WC基硬质合金具有较高的性能(相对密度99.7%,洛氏硬度93.4,断裂韧性12.7MPa.m1/2)。     

微波烧结制备WC-TiC-Co硬质合金的组织和性能研究

以WC粉为基体,Co为粘结相,TiC颗粒为抑制剂,通过球磨、压制成型,微波烧结制备WC-TiC-Co硬质合金.结果表明,在1360℃微波烧结为液相烧结,Co与WC会发生反应生成η相(Co3W3C).随TiC含量升高,合金的晶粒逐渐变得均匀细小,合金的相对密度、硬度和抗弯强度均先升高后下降,硬度在0.5％TiC时达到最高值,相对密度和抗弯强度在1.0％TiC时达到最高值.     

WC-10Co-4Cr涂层在不同温度酸与NaCl溶液中的耐腐蚀性能

为提高1Cr18Ni9Ti不锈钢在NaCl和酸溶液环境中的耐磨损性能,利用等离子喷涂制备两种晶粒WC-10Co-4Cr涂层,研究其在3.5%(质量分数,下同)NaCl溶液与酸溶液(pH=5.0)中的耐腐蚀性能。结果表明:涂层中含有WC,W_2C,W以及η相(Co_xW_xC)。两种涂层在3.5%NaCl溶液中的腐蚀电位均高于1Cr18Ni9Ti基体的腐蚀电位。在不同温度酸溶液(pH=5.0)中,纳米WC-10Co-4Cr涂层的电位差随温度的变化最小。涂层在NaCl和酸溶液中腐蚀机制分别为:WC-10Co-4Cr涂层表面吸附氧粒子与涂层中的Co和WC在3.5%NaCl溶液中形成电偶;在酸溶液中(pH=5.0),涂层中的Co溶解形成Co²⁺离子,和WC相直接形成电偶腐蚀,导致涂层表面出现孤立的WC颗粒。     

A transmission electron microscopy study of WC-10Co cemented carbides with modified hard and binder phases

The alloy design of WC-10Co cemented carbide, modified with addition of a hard carbide phase, TiC, and with Ni and Mo in the binder phase, has been highlighted by the authors in a number of publications. The present article deals with the fine microstructural features of various phases in such cemented carbides. WC grains in all the investigated cemented carbide compositions appear to develop straight facets during sintering because of their anisotropic nature. In contrast, the TiC phase is characterized by its rounded shape. Dislocations are present in both WC and TiC grains, being of lesser density in the latter. The binder phase is always associated with stacking faults. The nature of the hard phase/binder interfaces has been found to be dependent on the binder phase chemistry. The observed changes in microstructures and mechanical properties have been correlated with the wettability and solubility of the hard phases in the binder melt, and with the different strengthening mechanisms in the binder phase.     

Effect of Ti(C,N) addition on sintering behaviour and properties of binder-modified WC-10Co cemented carbide

In the present investigation the microstructure and mechanical properties of WC-10Co, WC-8.3Ti(C,N)-12Co, WC-8.3Ti(C,N)-6Co-6Ni and WC-7Ti(C,N)-2Mo₂C-6Co-6Ni cemented carbides were studied. Introduction of Ti(C,N) in WC-10Co cemented carbide imposed sintering difficulties and hot isostatic pressing was required to obtain fully dense material. The modification of the binder cobalt with nickel and molybdenum did not noticeably affect the sintered microstructure. In general the mechanical properties of Ti(C,N)-containing cemented carbides were inferior to those of WC-10Co cemented carbide.     

Cu部分代Co超细硬质合金研究

基于Cu与Co相同的晶型结构和相似的原子结构,采用共沉淀方法,制备Cu部分代Co的WC—10Co硬质合金,研究Cu对材料的组织和力学性能的影响。实验结果表明,通过Cu—Co共沉淀方式将cu加入粘接相中,形成Co（Cu）固溶体,在液相烧结过程中Cu均匀地分布在Co中,可以降低WC在粘接相中的溶解度,有效阻碍WC颗粒的溶解...     

Influence of Ni Interlayers on the Mechanical Properties of Ti6Al4V/(WC-Co) Friction Welds

Ni interlayers were introduced prior to dissimilar friction welding of Ti6Al4V base material to three cemented carbide substrates. The fracture strength of Ti6Al4V/(WC-6 wt% Co) welds were poor and were markedly improved when 20-µm thick Ni interlayers were introduced prior to dissimilar friction welding. These results were only produced when the (WC-6 wt% Co) cermet was electroplated prior to friction welding. When the Ti6Al4V alloy was electroplated prior to friction welding, fractured WC particles and cracking were observed in the (WC-Co) carbide substrate. The fracture strengths of Ti6Al4V/(WC-11 wt% Co) and Ti6Al4V/(WC-24 wt% Co) welds were not improved when 20-µm thick Ni interlayers were introduced prior to friction welding. During mechanical testing, the Ni layer retained at the dissimilar joint interface created a region of weakness.     

Effect of TiN addition on sintering behaviour and mechanical properties of WC-10Co hard metals containing Mo2C and Ni

The aim of the present work was to substitute a portion of WC in WC-10 wt% Co hard metal by TiN by modification of the binder phase, and to produce an equivalent grade of hard metal. Sintering studies were carried out in both H₂ and H₂-N₂ (5050) mixture. Introduction of TiN into WC-10Co hard metal resulted in a high sintered porosity, and as a consequence the mechanical properties deteriorated. Partial substitution of cobalt in WC-8.7TiN-12Co by nickel further increased the sintered porosity and led to a non-uniform microstructure. Incorporation of Mo₂C along with cobalt-nickel binder promoted a fine-grained structure, which resulted in better sintered properties than those of WC-8.7TiN-6Co-6Ni hard metal. However, hot isostatic pressing (HIP) treatment of the liquid-phase sintered alloys was effective in eliminating the large pores and thus greatly enhanced the mechanical properties. HIPed hard metal of WC-8.7TiNS-12Co composition showed properties almost equivalent to those of WC-10Co hard metal.     

Three-point bending fatigue behavior of WC–Co cemented carbides

WC–Co cemented carbides with different WC grain sizes and Co binder contents were sintered and fabricated. The three-point bending specimens with a single edge notch were prepared for tests. In the experiments, the mechanical properties of materials were investigated under static and cyclic loads (20 Hz) in air at room temperature. The fatigue behaviors of the materials under the same applied loading conditions are presented and discussed. Optical microscope and scanning electron microscopy were used to investigate the micro-mechanisms of damage during fatigue, and the results were used to correlate with the mechanical fatigue behavior of WC–Co cemented carbides. Experimental results indicated that the fatigue fracture surfaces exhibited more fracture origins and diversification of crack propagation paths than the static strength fracture surfaces. The fatigue fracture typically originates from inhomogeneities or defects such as micropores or aggregates of WC grains near the notch tip. Moreover, due to the diversity and complexity of the fatigue mechanisms, together with the evolution of the crack tip and the ductile deformation zone, the fatigue properties of WC–Co cemented carbides were largely relevant with the combination of transverse rupture strength and fracture toughness, rather than only one of them. Transverse rupture strength dominated the fatigue behavior of carbides with low Co content, whilst the fatigue behavior of carbides with high Co content was determined by fracture toughness.     

Processing of Ni-WC-8Co MMC casting through microwave melting

The melting and casting of nickel-based powder metal matrix composites (MMCs) through microwave energy is carried out in the present work. The nickel powder was mixed with 5% and 10% volume fraction of the WC-8Co reinforcement powder and processed in a microwave oven at 2.45?GHz and 900?W. The developed castings revealed complete melting of the nickel powder within 25 minutes of microwave exposure. The processing mechanism of MMC castings through microwave is explained and the developed castings were subjected to the microstructure and mechanical characterizations. The results of XRD analysis revealed the formation of some hard intermetallics such as NiSi and Cr₂₃C₆. The back-scattered scanning electron microscopy images of castings microstructures revealed the formation of nearly equiaxed grains of the matrix. It was observed that WC particles within the matrix were in agglomerated patterns, which were randomly dispersed. The presence of hard phases of WC reinforcement and formed intermetallic carbides enhanced the microhardness (788?±?52?HV) of the developed composites.     

Study on filler metal (Ni-Fe-C) during GTAW of WC-30Co to 45″ carbon steel

In this study, WC-30Co cemented carbide is welded to carbon steel by the gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) using Ni-Fe filler metal and Ni-Fe-C filler metal. The butt joints manifest more embrittling η-phase carbides with Ni-Fe filler metal, while less even no η-phase carbides with Ni-Fe-C filler metal. The η-phase carbides morphology and formative factors were further discussed using Backscattered Electron Imaging (BEI) method; Electronic probe microanalysis (EPMA) is used to determine the distribution of elements Ni, Fe, C, W and Co across the HAZ (Heat Affected Zone) near WC-30Co/welded-seam interface. The hardness profile is determined using micro-hardness measurements and bend strength value of butt joint with different filler metal is tested by four-point bend strength test. The hardness profile and bend strength value agree with the information obtained from microstructure analysis, BEI analysis and X-rays phase analysis very well. The results show: (1) butt joint of WC-30Co/carbon steel can be obtained using GTA with Ni-Fe-C filler metal; (2) the addition of carbon content to Ni-Fe filler metal leads to less even none η-phase multi-carbides strongly, and mechanical property of butt joint can be improved.     

Investigation of WC–Co alloy properties based on thermodynamic calculation and Weibull distribution

The influence of alloy composition and sintering temperature on the mechanical properties and reliability of WC–Co cemented carbides was studied theoretically and experimentally. For the first time, through a hybrid approach of thermodynamic calculations and Weibull distribution, the comprehensive performance of ultrafine WC–Co cemented carbides with different C contents and inhibitor type was investigated in detail. The carbon content of WC–10?wt-% Co–0.5?wt-% Cr cemented carbides was carefully controlled within the range of 5.38?5.52?wt-%. The contents of Cr and V are chosen to be in the range of 0–1?wt-%. It is found that WC–10?wt-% Co–0.5?wt-% Cr alloys with 5.46?wt-% C or 5.5?wt-% C show excellent mechanical properties and high reliability. WC–10?wt-% Co alloys with 0.5?wt-% Cr and 0.4?wt-% Cr–0.2?wt-% V demonstrate high mechanical property and reliability. The results of this study can be used to design process parameters during the manufacture of WC–Co cemented carbides.