基于光子晶体光纤的宽带相控阵雷达多波束形成技术

提出了基于光子晶体光纤（PCF）的光学多波束形成网络,利用光子晶体光纤的高色散值和色散平坦特性实现了光学真延时（TTD）,并采用光波分复用技术形成了多个射频波束的独立控制和扫描。仿真结果表明,通过改变工作波长能够有效实现射频信号的相对延时,且延时差与理论计算值相符。     

基于色散光学的光波束形成网络

为了实现大波束指向范围和精细步进调节的光波束形成网络,采用了基于光学色散实现光真延时的方法.通过光开关实现N路高色散光纤路径切换获得大步进等延时差,实现了波束指向的大范围和大步进调节;通过调谐线性啁啾光纤光栅色散系数连续调谐获得小步进等延时差,实现了波束指向的小范围和小步进调节.结果表明,波束指向角度范围为-73.74...     

低损耗氮化硅延迟线芯片及组件验证

光控相控阵技术有望解决传统相控阵雷达中电相移器带来的波束倾斜和波形展宽问题,基于光子集成技术的延迟线芯片与波束形成技术受到了广泛研究。本文研制了低损耗MZI步进型延迟线芯片,其延时步进6.4 ps,位数5 bit,最大延时量198.4 ps,波导损耗＜0.1 dB/cm。实现了芯片的模块化封装,延时状态切换速度优于100 μs,1~20 GHz工作频率范围,其电幅度一致性±4.5 dB,相位一致性±23°,光功率一致性±1.5 dB,延时量误差为-0.6 ~+2.0 ps。本文研制了八阵元光控波束形成网络样机,实现了从-35°到+35°的波束扫描,验证了基于低损耗氮化硅延迟线芯片的波束形成技术。     

基于罗特曼透镜的宽带多波束天线系统

宽带多波束天线系统广泛应用于电子侦察领域。为了实现宽带、宽角扫描,波束形成网络需采用实时延时单元。针对这一需求,介绍了一个由宽带天线阵列、射频前端和罗特曼透镜等组成的宽带多波束天线系统,详细描述了系统的组成及工作原理、单元设计、副瓣电平仿真、校正和测试。测试结果表明,系统能够实现多波束的小角度扫描,减小扫描波束的灵敏度损失;在8~12GHz频率范围、±27°方位覆盖范围内,多波束的峰值副瓣电平达到-20dB。应用结果表明该系统具有较强的空域抗干扰能力。     

SIW四极化“目”字形漏波天线

为克服传统漏波天线存在的开阻带缺点,提出了斜45°“目”字形缝隙结构,分析了该结构的色散特性和辐射特性,进而设计了具有波束从后向到前向连续扫描功能的漏波天线。同时,提出了四极化形成方案,利用 3 dB 耦合器作为圆极化馈电网络,再引入90°移相器后形成线极化馈电网络。将两条“目”字形缝隙线阵与馈电网络相结合来实现四极化漏波天线。测试结果表明,该四极化天线具有较好的端口隔离度,线极化的波束扫描范围是-25°~21°,圆极化的波束扫描范围是-21°~31°。     

一种基于波分复用的光控波束合成网络

提出了一种基于波分复用光控波束合成网络,其核心是采用了由波分复用器、可调衰减器和光反射镜构成的光延时模块,通过光反射镜的光程调节获得通道之间的延时。根据该方案制作了18 GHz工作频率下,波束指向为0°和-45°的两个16通道光延时模块。测试结果表明,模块的相位精度达到了±15°,幅度一致性优于±0.1 dB,仿真方向图显示了较高的波束指向精度。     

基于宽谱光源的光控微波延时技术

提出一种新型的基于宽谱光源和色散器件结合的光控波束形成网络(OCBFN)方案,与利用独立激光器的方案进行了比较,给出了该方案的工作原理和延时链路理论分析,并通过实验验证了该方案实现光控延时的可行性。实验中利用掺铒光纤放大器(EDFA)作为宽谱光源,10 km单模光纤(SMF)作为色散器件实现光路延时,可调谐光滤波器选择光路的工作波长,利用矢量网络分析仪产生微波信号并测量信号延时特性,在9.25~10.25 GHz微波频段中,实验测得的系统延时范围、延时精度及真延时特性(延时大小与微波信号频率无关)验证了基于宽谱光源的可调谐光控微波延时方案的可行性。     

波分复用光控相控阵雷达的控制技术

为了设计波分复用光控相控阵雷达的完整结构,提出基于光开关控制的光控相控阵雷达发射与接收前端的基本组成,描述光控相控阵雷达的工作原理。介绍光开关控制的波分复用光延时网络结构,设计并分析光控相控阵雷达工作的开关控制流程。测试光开关的性能,分析其对光控相控阵雷达时序设计的影响。制作开关控制的三级光纤真时延迟线结构,实现并验证8个扫描角度的可编程波束成形延迟网络。开关控制光延时网络的实现,证明了基于光开关控制的相控阵雷达工作的有效性和可行性     

基于集成光学的波束形成以及误差分析

为了在系统设计中规避二维光子探测器(PD)阵列,基于集成光学对从空间光角度实现时延网络以及波束形成原理进行研究,通过集成光学空间棱镜组的方法进行光分束和合束,并利用空间光探测器的低通滤波效果实现射频波束的相干合成等关键技术。采用数值仿真对影响波束合成的误差因素进行分析,并与实测结果进行对比。仿真和实测结果相关误差会恶化波形质量和副瓣水平,但仍能够在±30°空域范围内和3:1的频域带宽内实现设计指向的同时四波束方向图。     

光波束形成中色散延时的非线性修正

光波束形成网络是光控相控阵雷达中的重要组成部分，有助于提升系统的宽带宽角扫描能力。利用光开关的切换，改变各收发通道间的相对延时量，从而实现波束指向的变化。在常用的技术中，色散延时是一种简洁的光波束形成实现方法，而色散线性项仅适用于色散量小且通道数少的情况。随着延时量的增加，非线性色散延时积累，会引起波束畸变。因此引入相对色散斜率（RDS）作为其非线性因子，并通过调整商用激光器波长来抵消色散介质的非线性效应。当RDS为0.003 nm?1时，激光器阵列的最大波长间隔从0.796 nm “拉伸”到0.862 nm，波长也整体“平移”?0.31 nm，修正波长与商用激光器波长的最大调整量为0.2 nm，可满足商用波分复用器的通带带宽，大扫描角时主瓣与副瓣之比从5 dB提升至12.9 dB。通过分析，RDS数值越小，激光器波长的修正量越小。因此，RDS是选择色散介质和调整激光器波长的重要参数，从而能够恢复波束畸变，以提升相控阵系统的成像、识别能力。     

Resolution Enhancement Technology:Integrated Process Solutions using OPC

DUV lithography, using the 248 nm wavelength, is a viable manufacturing option for devices with features at 130 nm and less. Given the low kl value of the lithography, integrated process development is a necessary method for achieving acceptable process latitude. The application of assist features for rule based OPC requires the simultaneous optimization of the mask, illumination optics and the resist.Described in this paper are the details involved in optimizing each of these aspects for line and space imaging.A reference pitch is first chosen to determine how the optics will be set. The ideal sigma setting is determined by a simple geometrically derived expression. The inner and outer machine settings are determined, in turn,with the simulation of a figure of merit. The maximum value of the response surface of this FOM occurs at the optimal sigma settings. Experimental confirmation of this is shown in the paper.Assist features are used to modify the aerial image of the more isolated images on the mask. The effect that the diffraction of the scattering bars (SBs) has on the image intensity distribution is explained. Rules for determining the size and placement of SBs are also given.Resist is optimized for use with off-axis illumination and assist features. A general explanation of the material' s effect is discussed along with the affect on the through-pitch bias. The paper culminates with the showing of the lithographic results from the fully optimized system.     

Cost-effective test solutions for smart card and other integrated flash applications

From its emergence in the late 1980s as a lower cost alternative to early EEPROM technologies, flash memory has evolved to higher densities and speedsand rapidly growing acceptance in mobile applications.In the process, flash memory devices have placed increased test requirements on manufacturers. Today, as flash device test grows in importance in China, manufacturers face growing pressure for reduced cost-oftest, increased throughput and greater return on investment for test equipment. At the same time, the move to integrated flash packages for contactless smart card applications adds a significant further challenge to manufacturers seeking rapid, low-cost test.     

Theoretical analysis of the relationship between the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain in the optical-fiber sensors

The relation between the power of the Brillouin signal and the strain is one of the bases of the distributed fiber sensors of temperature and strain. The coefficient of the Bfillouin gain can be changed by the temperature and the strain that will affect the power of the Brillouin scattering. The relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is thought to be linear by many researchers. However, it is not always linear based on the theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. Therefore, errors will be caused if the relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is regarded as to be linear approximately for measuring the temperature and the strain. For this reason, the influence of the parameters on the Brillouin gain coefficient is proposed through theoretical analysis and numerical simulation.     

An improved parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations

The parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations is improved in this paper. By analyzing the notions of connected components and passes, a conclusion is drawn that the number of passes and the number of eight-connected components are equal. Then the expression of the number of eight-connected components is obtained which replaces the old one in the algorithm. And a reserving condition is proposed by experiments, which alleviates the excess deletion where a diagonal line and a beeline intersect. The experimental results demonstrate that the thinned curve is almost located in the middle of the original curve connectivelv with single pixel width and the processing speed is high.     

Novel fiber-optical interferometer with miniaturized probe for in-hole measurements

Today, micro-system technology and the development of new MEMS （Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems） are emerging rapidly. In order for this development to become a success in the long run, measurement systems have to ensure product quality. Most often, MEMS have to be tested by means of functionality or destructive tests. One reason for this is that there are no suitable systems or sensing probes available which can be used for the measurement of quasi inaccessible features like small holes or cavities. We present a measurement system that could be used for these kinds of measurements. The system combines a fiber optical, miniaturized sensing probe with low-coherence interferometry, so that absolute distance measurements with nanometer accuracy are possible.     

Development of the readout system for waveguide multilayer optical card

Waveguide multilayer optical card （WMOC） is a novel storage device of three-dimensional optical information. An advanced readout system fitting for the WMOC is introduced in this paper. The hardware mainly consists of the light source for reading, WMOC, motorized stages addressing unit, microscope imaging unit, CCD detecting unit and PC controlling ＆ processing unit. The movement of the precision motorized stage is controlled by the computer through Visual Basic （VB） language in software. A control panel is also designed to get the layer address and the page address through which the position of the motorized stages can be changed. The WMOC readout system is easy to manage and the readout result is directly displayed on computer monitor.     

Study of waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers

This paper presents a new method to increase the waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers. We find that the propagation constant of the InGaAsP emitting layer can be equal to that of the Si resonant layer through improving the design size of the InP waveguide. The coupling power achieves 42% of the total power in the hybrid lasers when the thickness of the bonding layer is 100 nm. Our result is very close to 50% of the total power reported by Intel when the thickness of the thin bonding layer is less than 5 nm. Therefore, our invariable coupling power technique is simpler than Intel＇s.     

Collinear phase-matching study of terahertz-wave generation via difference frequency mixed in GaAs and Inp

The collinearly phase-matching condition of terahertz-wave generation via difference frequency mixed in GaAs and InP is theoretically studied. In collinear phase-matching, the optimum phase-matching wave hands of these two crystals are calculated. The optimum phase-matching wave bands in GaAs and lnP are 0.95-1.38μm and 0.7-0.96μm respectively. The influence of the wavelength choice of the pump wave on the coherent length in THz-wave tuning is also discussed. The influence of the temperature alteration on the phase-matching and the temperature tuning properties in GaAs crystal are calculated and analyzed. It can serve for the following experiments as a theoretical evidence and a reference as well.     

Effects of the alloy compositions on the phonon-polaritons in ternary mixed crystals

Composition dependence of bulk and surface phonon-polaritons in ternary mixed crystals are studied in the framework of the modified random-element-isodisplacement model and the Bom-Huang approximation. The numerical results for Several Ⅱ - Ⅵ and Ⅲ- Ⅴ compound systems are performed, and the polariton frequencies as functions of the compositions for ternary mixed crystals AlxGa1-xAs, GaPxAS1-x, ZnSxSe1-x, GaAsxSb1-x, GaxIn1-xP, and ZnxCd1-xS as examples are given and discussed. The results show that the dependence of the energies of two branches of bulk phonon-polaritons which have phonon-like characteristics, and surface phonon-polaritons on the compositions of ternary mixed crystals are nonlinear and different from those of the corresponding binary systems.     

New insert layer structure OLEDs

An insert layer structure organic electroluminescent device（OLED） based on a new luminescent material （Zn（salen）） is fabricated. The configuration of the device is ITO/CuPc/NPD/Zn（salen）/Liq/LiF/A1/CuPc/NPD/Zn（salen）/Liq/LiF/A1. Effective insert electrode layers comprising LiF（1nm）/Al（5 nm） are used as a single semitransparent mirror, and bilayer cathode LiF（1 nm）/A1（100 nm） is used as a reflecting mirror. The two mirrors form a Fabry-Perot microcavity and two emissive units. The maximum brightness and luminous efficiency reach 674 cd/m^2 and 2.652 cd/A, respectively, which are 2.1 and 3.7 times higher than the conventional device, respectively. The superior brightness and luminous efficiency over conventional single-unit devices are attributed to microcavity effect.