Al-5.4Zn-2.6Mg-1.4Cu合金板材的低周疲劳行为

进行Al-5.4Zn-2.6Mg-1.4Cu合金板材的室温低周疲劳实验,对比研究了轴向平行于轧制方向(RD方向)和垂直于轧制方向(TD方向)试样的低周疲劳行为。结果表明：对于0.4%~0.8%的外加总应变幅,RD和TD方向合金试样的循环应力响应行为均呈现出循环稳定;对于相同的外加总应变幅,TD方向合金的循环应力幅值高于RD方向,而RD方向合金的疲劳寿命高于TD方向。对于RD和TD方向,Al-5.4Zn-2.6Mg-1.4Cu合金的塑性应变幅、弹性应变幅与载荷反向周次均呈线性关系。在低周疲劳加载条件下,裂纹在疲劳试样的自由表面以穿晶方式萌生和扩展。     

多级时效热处理对7056铝合金析出组织与耐蚀性的影响

利用透射电子显微镜(TEM)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、力学性能测试、电导率测试以及剥落腐蚀、慢应变速率拉伸应力腐蚀(SSRT)、Tafel循环极化曲线等手段研究多级时效热处理对7056铝合金析出组织及耐蚀性的影响。结果表明:过时效再时效热处理后溶质原子二次析出,晶内析出相体积分数增大,晶界析出相粗化断开,无沉淀析出带宽化。与120℃/24h相比,采用120℃/6h预时效工艺有利于晶内细小析出相回溶和粗大相长大。再时效热处理可提高过时效合金的强度和电导率,与峰时效和回归再时效相比,合金的抗拉强度损失不大,电导率明显提升。过时效再时效热处理后,合金晶界处连续阳极溶解被有效避免,抗剥落腐蚀和抗应力腐蚀性能增强。     

回归再时效中预时效温度对7050铝合金应力腐蚀性能的影响

采用硬度测试、电导率测试、慢应变速率拉伸、透射电镜和扫描电镜等方法,研究了回归再时效热处理工艺中预时效温度对7050铝合金微观组织和应力腐蚀性能的影响。结果表明:随着预时效温度升高,回归再时效后7050铝合金晶内析出相从以GP区为主转变为以η′相为主,晶界析出相逐渐粗化,晶界变得不连续分布,合金应力腐蚀敏感性降低;但晶界无沉淀析出带宽度增加,120℃时达到140nm,易导致应力集中和阳极溶解,合金抗应力腐蚀性能下降。预时效温度为80℃,即稍微欠时效时,7050铝合金抗应力腐蚀性能较好,在缓慢应变速率(10-6s-1)和3.5%NaCl溶液腐蚀介质下,合金抗拉强度为473.5MPa,伸长率为10.67%,应力腐蚀指数为0.05824。     

非等温回归再时效对7050铝合金组织与力学性能的影响

采用扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)、硬度测试和拉伸测试研究了非等温回归再时效对7050合金组织和力学性能的影响。非等温回归处理的加热速率为5℃/min,回归终了温度包括160℃、190℃、220℃、260℃和300℃。结果表明:经120℃/24 h+RT■190℃+120℃/24 h的非等温回归再时效处理后,合金的力学性能最佳,其抗拉强度约为588 MPa,屈服强度约为558 MPa,延伸率约为23%,硬度值约为199HV。预时效态合金晶界平衡相η呈不连续分布,其尺寸约为49～70 nm,晶内析出相η'的平均尺寸约为5～6 nm;在190℃的非等温回归处理过程中,预时效态合金中的析出相发生了部分回溶,相的平均尺寸变小,其晶界相和晶内相的尺寸分别约为5～10 nm和3～6 nm,回归态合金晶界呈多列平行且无沉淀析出带(PFZ)不明显;再时效态合金的晶界相尺寸最大,约为91～108 nm,晶内相弥散,尺寸约为4～10 nm,无沉淀析出带变得明显,其宽度约为41 nm。     

回归时间对RRA处理超高强铝合金力学性能的影响

研究了回归时间对RRA处理后高Zn超高强度铝合金的组织和性能的影响.结果表明,以100℃/24 h为预时效和再时效参数,合金在200℃回归7 min的RRA(回归再时效)状态综合性能最好.其室温力学性能达到:σb=795 MPa,σ0.2=767 MPa,δ5=9.1%;抗应力腐蚀性能达到:在3.0%NaCl 0.5%H2O2腐蚀液环境及210 MPa拉伸应力下,断裂时间大于720 h.在200 ℃/7 min回归的RRA状态,其晶内的弥散粒子和再时效期间变窄的晶界无析出带保证了合金的超高强度.随着回归时间的延长,晶内粒子的弥散度下降,回归时形成的较宽的晶界无析出带不能再时效粒子填充而使强度大幅度降低.同时,处于该状态的合金具有优良的抗应力腐蚀性能,得益于晶界大尺寸,大间距粒子具有捕获氢原子、逸出氢气泡的作用,以及回归降低了晶界附近的位错密度、切断了氢原子向晶界迁移的通道.     

时效早期Al-Mg-Si合金的组织和析出相的演变

用显微硬度测试、差示扫描量热法(DSC)和高分辨透射电镜(HRTEM)观察等手段研究了Al-Mg-Si合金人工时效过程中的硬化、组织变化以及早期析出相的演变。结果表明：在170℃时效的合金具有更高的峰值硬度。在时效初期晶内析出高数量密度的溶质原子团簇和GP区,合金的硬度显著提高。在170℃处理4 h后合金的硬度达到峰值,此时晶内析出相以针状β″相为主,β″相与Al基体界面三维共格应变是合金强化的主要原因。同时,晶界析出相呈断续分布状态。随着时效时间的增加β″相开始粗化,晶界析出相的连续程度降低。在过时效阶段晶内析出相的严重粗化和数量密度的降低,使合金的硬度剧烈降低。在时效的初始阶段,合金的析出序列为过饱和固溶体→球形原子团簇→针状GP区→针状β″相。     

Inconel718合金高温低周疲劳裂纹萌生机制的研究

本文研究了不同组织形态Inconel 718合金在650℃高温低周疲劳过程中的裂纹萌生。实验结果表明:晶粒粗大并伴有部分长片状δ相沿孪晶界析出的合金,断口表面疲劳源处有明显的无任何特性的平的解理面,这些解理平面是孪晶面和孪晶界两侧的晶面,并发现疲劳裂纹很容易沿着这些晶面产生。这是由于粗晶组织合金中孪晶界上析出的长片状δ相阻碍晶体滑移,在δ相与孪晶的界面处造成了应力集中,降低了界面强度以及孪晶界两侧形成的无强化相析出带减弱了裂纹萌生抗力。晶粒细小,短片状δ相沿晶界析出的合金,断口表面疲劳源特性不明显,表面裂纹不易萌生。     

时效对Mg-9Gd-4Y-1Nd-0.6Zr镁合金强度和耐蚀性的影响

为获得高强耐蚀的Mg-9Gd-4Y-1Nd-0.6Zr合金,采用光学显微镜、扫描电镜、透射电镜和电化学方法等分析了时效工艺对该合金强度和耐蚀性的影响。结果表明峰值时效合金强度很高但耐蚀性差,晶界析出相粗大且分布连续,在腐蚀溶液中镁合金由于析氢,晶界处很容易形成腐蚀通道。同时纳米尺寸的析出相和镁基体微电偶腐蚀很严重。过时效状态合金强度变化不大但耐蚀性显著增强,过时效样品晶内析出相粗大,晶界析出相分布不连续,腐蚀产物在其表面堆积导致腐蚀通道被堵塞,从而使合金耐蚀性显著提高。     

析出相对Mg-Gd-Y-Nd-Zr合金室温压缩行为的影响

采用金相观察、硬度测试、扫描电镜观察、透射电镜观察及室温压缩等手段,研究了时效析出相对Mg-5.5Gd-3.0Y-1.0Nd-1.0Zr合金挤压棒材室温压缩性能的影响。结果表明:该合金具有优异的抗压性能,经225℃/12h时效处理后,合金的抗压强度可达490 MPa,屈服强度可达325 MPa,总压缩应变为8.9%,优异的抗压强度主要归因于合金中与基体呈半共格关系的析出相β′;随着时效程度的进一步增加,合金进入过时效状态,在300℃下时效8h后,合金中析出尺寸达微米级的平衡相β,并在晶界处形成宽度约2 μm的无沉淀析出带,使合金的强化效果减弱;断口分析表明,不同时效状态合金均以解理断裂为主,并在解理面之间以少量韧窝进行连接。     

Fe-Mn-Si-Cr-Ni-C系形状记忆合金时效效果的研究

通过SEM分析，研究了时效后不同成分Fe-Mn-Si-Cr-Ni-C系形状记忆合金形状记忆效应和微观组织，在1123K时效时，超低碳合金1的形状回复率随时效时间的增加一直呈直线上升的趋势，含碳0．18％合金2的形状回复率随时效时间的增加而增加，在300min达到最大值后将随时间的进一步增加而缓慢下降，SEM分析发现在合金2的晶界和晶内析出富铬，富锰和富硅的合金碳化物，而合金1仅在晶界有第二相析出，且第二相成分不同于合金2中的，合金2中第二相粒子的长大速度显著高于合金1中第二相粒子的长大速度，且数量也多得多，通过时效强化奥氏体基体，可显著提高合金的形状记忆效应。     

Low cycle fatigue of an extruded Mg–3Nd–0.2Zn–0.5Zr magnesium alloy

The purpose of this study was to evaluate strain-controlled cyclic deformation behavior of an extruded Mg–3Nd–0.2Zn–0.5Zr (NZ30K) magnesium alloy. The microstructure of this alloy consisted of a bimodal microstructure with equiaxed recrystallized grains and unrecrystallized coarse grains along with a large number of smaller second-phase particles present inside the grains and larger particles along the grain boundaries alongside a characteristic precipitate free zone (PFZ). The average grain size was about approximately 5–7 μm. It was observed that unlike the higher RE-containing Mg–10Gd–3Y–0.5Zr (GW103K) magnesium alloy, the NZ30K alloy exhibited asymmetrical hysteresis loops in tension and compression in the fully reversed strain-control tests at a strain ratio of R_ε = −1. This was mainly due to the presence of relatively stronger crystallographic texture, PFZ, and the resultant twinning–detwinning activities during cyclic deformation. While this alloy exhibited cyclic softening at lower strain amplitudes and cyclic hardening at higher strain amplitudes, it had an equivalent fatigue life to that of other extruded Mg alloys. Fatigue crack was observed to initiate from the specimen surface with some isolated facets of the cleavage-like planes near the initiation site. Crack propagation was basically characterized by serrated fatigue striations.     

Effects of pre-treatments on aging precipitates and corrosion resistance of a creep-aged Al–Zn–Mg–Cu alloy

The effects of pre-treatments (solution and retrogression) on aging precipitates and corrosion resistance of a creep-aged Al–Zn–Mg–Cu alloy are investigated by means of transmission electron microscope (TEM), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and cyclic potentiodynamic polarization experiments. It is found that the aging precipitates and corrosion resistance are greatly affected by the pre-treatments. For the creep-aged alloy after solution pre-treatment, fine aging precipitates with high density are formed within grains. Meanwhile, large and continuously-distributed aging precipitates appear along grain boundaries. Also, this creep-aged alloy is strongly sensitive to the electrochemical corrosion, and the corrosion pits are easily induced in the 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution. For the creep-aged alloy after retrogression pre-treatment, when the retrogression pre-treatment time is increased, the density of intragranular aging precipitates first increases and then decreases, while the size of grain boundary precipitate and the width of precipitate free zone continuously increase. Compared with the creep-aged alloy after solution pre-treatment, the corrosion resistance of the creep-aged alloy after retrogression pre-treatment is greatly improved.     

Low-Cycle-Fatigue Performance of Stress-Aged EN AW-7075 Alloy

The effect of a novel heat treatment, that is, aging under superimposed external stress, on the fatigue performance and microstructural evolution of a high-strength aluminum alloy (EN AW-7075) is presented. Stress aging, a combination of heat treatment and superimposed external stress, can enhance the mechanical properties of EN AW-7075 under monotonic loading due to the acceleration of precipitation kinetics. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) reveal that a longer aging time and the presence of superimposed stress both promote the formation and growth of precipitates, that is, the precipitation of strengthening η´ precipitates. This is confirmed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) heating experiments of stressless and stress-aged states. Furthermore, stress aging leads to a reduction of dimensions of precipitate-free zones near grain boundaries. Cyclic deformation responses (CDRs) and half-life hysteresis loops are evaluated focusing on the low-cycle fatigue (LCF) performance of different conditions. A noticeable cyclic hardening seen in case of the specimens aged for a short time indicates the occurrence of dynamic strain aging (DSA). Eventually, stress aging allows for an enhancement of the monotonic mechanical properties of EN AW-7075 without degrading the cyclic performance in the LCF regime.     

The cyclic strain resistance, fatigue life and final fracture behavior of magnesium alloys

This paper summarizes the results of a comprehensive study on the cyclic strain resistance, low-cycle fatigue life and fracture behavior of three rapidly solidification processed magnesium alloys. Test specimens of the magnesium alloy were cyclically deformed under fully-reversed total strain amplitude control straining, over a range of strain amplitudes, giving less than 10⁴ cycles to failure. The cyclic stress response characteristics, strain resistance and low-cycle fatigue life of the alloys are discussed in light of alloy composition. All three alloys follow the Basquin and Coffin-Manson strain relationships, and exhibit a single slope for the variation of cyclic elastic and cyclic plastic strain amplitude with reversals-to-fatigue failure. The cyclic stress response characteristics, fatigue life and final fracture behavior of the alloy are discussed in light of competing and synergistic influences of cyclic total strain amplitude, response stress, intrinsic microstructural effects and dislocation-microstructural feature interactions during fully-reserved strain cycling.     

Effect of Sc addition on low-cycle fatigue properties of extruded Al-Zn-Mg-Cu-Zr alloy

ABSTRACT

The influence of minor Sc addition on the low-cycle fatigue (LCF) properties of hot-extruded Al-Zn-Mg-Cu-Zr alloy with T6 state was investigated through performing the LCF tests at room temperature and air environment. The results indicate that two alloys show cyclic stabilisation, cyclic hardening and cyclic softening during fatigue deformation. The addition of Sc can significantly enhance the cyclic stress amplitude of the alloy. Al-Zn-Mg-Cu-Zr-Sc alloy shows higher fatigue lives at lower strain amplitudes, while has lower fatigue lives at higher strain amplitudes. For the two alloys, the density and movability of dislocations are related to the change of cyclic stress amplitudes. The existence of Al₃(Sc,Zr) phase can inhibit the appearance of cyclic softening phenomenon in the Al-Zn-Mg-Cu-Zr-Sc alloy.     

Microstructural features of Ti-6Al-4V manufactured via high power laser directed energy deposition under low-cycle fatigue

Laser additive manufacturing(LAM)technique has unique advantages in producing geometrically com-plex metallic components.However,the poor low-cycle fatigue property(LCF)of LAM parts restricts its widely used.Here,the microstructural features of a Ti-6Al-4 V alloy manufactured via high power laser directed energy deposition subjected to low-cycle fatigue loading were studied.Before fatigue loading,the microstructure of the as-deposited parts was found to exhibit a non-homogeneous distribution of columnar prior-β grains(200-4000 μm)at various scanning velocities(300-1500 mm/min)and rela-tively coarse α-laths(1.0-4.5 μm).Under cyclic loading,fatigue microcracks typically initiated within the aligned α phases in the preferred orientation(～45° to the loading direction)at the surface of the fatigue specimens.Fatigued Ti-6Al-4V exhibited a single straight dislocation character at low strain amplitudes(＜0.65％)and dislocation dipoles or even tangled dislocations at high strain amplitudes(＞1.1％).In addition,dislocation substructure features,such as dislocation walls,stacking faults,and disloca-tion networks,were also observed.These findings may provide opportunities to understand the fatigue failure mechanism of additive manufactured titanium parts.     

Quantitative characterization of precipitate free zones in Al–Zn–Mg(–Ag) alloys by microchemical analysis and nanoindentation measurement

To correlate quantitatively the mechanical properties of precipitate free zones (PFZ) with the corresponding microstructural and compositional characteristics, TEM observation, EDX analysis and nanoindentation measurement have been performed in the vicinity of grain boundaries in Al–4.9 mass%Zn–1.8 mass%Mg (–0.28 mass%Ag) alloys. The remarkable decreases in hardness and solute concentrations were observed towards grain boundaries even in the regions just outside PFZ. With increasing aging time, it is firstly revealed that the hardness inside PFZ monotonously decreases although the hardness inside grains increases in the earlier stage of aging. Three distinct regions of “PFZ”, “Transition-area” and “Grain-region” were therefore proposed to explain the origins of such age-hardening behavior observed in this work. In the Ag-added alloy, on the other hand, the hardness could be maintained up to closer regions to grain boundaries at the same level as that inside grains.     

Transition and fracture shift behavior in LCF test of dissimilar welded joint at elevated temperature

This work focused on the low-cycle fatigue(LCF) behavior of modified 9Cr/CrMoV dissimilar welded joint at elevated temperature. Narrow gap submerged arc welding(NG-SAW) process via multi-pass and multi-layer techniques was employed to fabricate the welded joint. LCF tests at different strain amplitude range from 0.22% to 0.75% were performed at strain ratio R =-1. The two-slope behavior based on fracture location shift was presented both on the cyclic stress-strain(CSS) curve and Manson-Coffin(M-C) curve, which could be applied to predict the fatigue life more precisely especially at relatively low strain amplitude. The results indicated that the joint failed in CrMoV-base metal(BM) at relatively low strain amplitude below 0.4% while failure shifted to CrMoV-over tempered zone(OTZ) at higher strain amplitude above 0.4%. Fatigue failure occurred in CrMoV-BM at low strain amplitude could be attributed to temperature softening effect in CrMoV-BM combined with cyclic strengthening in CrMoV-OTZ. While CrMoV-OTZ with a comparable number of grain boundaries and much lower hardness than that of CrMoV-BM was deemed to be the weakest zone across the welded joint at higher strain amplitude.EBSD investigations also revealed that CrMoV-BM experienced more fatigue damage at relatively low strain amplitude, while CrMoV-OTZ accumulated more plastic strain at higher strain amplitude.     

Fatigue damage analysis in a duplex stainless steel by digital image correlation technique

Strain field measurements by digital image correlation today offer new possibilities for analysing the mechanical behaviour of materials in situ during mechanical tests. The originality of the present study is to use this technique on the micro-structural scale, in order to understand and to obtain quantitative values of the fatigue surface damage in a two-phased alloy. In this paper, low-cycle fatigue damage micromechanisms in an austenitic-ferritic stainless steel are studied. Surface damage is observed in real time, with an in situ microscopic device, during a low-cycle fatigue test performed at room temperature. Surface displacement and strain fields are calculated using digital image correlation from images taken during cycling. A detailed analysis of optical images and strain fields measured enables us to follow precisely the evolution of surface strain fields and the damage micromechanisms. Firstly, strain heterogeneities are observed in austenitic grains. Initially, the austenitic phase accommodates the cyclic plastic strain and is then followed by the ferritic phase. Microcrack initiation takes place at the ferrite/ferrite grain boundaries. Microcracks propagate to the neighbouring austenitic grains following the slip markings. Displacement and strain gradients indicate probable microcrack initiation sites.