间歇式HPEF的高压脉冲电源及其杀菌实验

高压脉冲电场非热处理应用到食品杀菌可代替传统的热处理方法灭活液体中的病菌,高强度电脉冲能迅速杀死细胞但并不破坏食品的自然风味如色泽和营养,为此研制了高功率脉冲电源,其输出最高电压15 kV,最大电流40 A。在详细介绍了高功率电力电子器件IGBT使用过程中的过流和过压保护等问题和在输出端串联无感小电阻来修正波形实现了输出波形更陡峭的良好效果后,进行了两种相对难杀的典型微生物(枯草芽孢杆菌和黑曲霉菌)在间歇式处理室中的杀菌实验。结果表明,脉冲电场强度为13 kV/cm、脉冲宽度为15μs时,连续作用200个脉冲后,黑曲霉菌灭菌率能达99.64%,1000个脉冲后,所有的黑曲霉菌都被杀死;枯草芽孢杆菌相对难灭,在13kV/cm、15μs作用下灭菌率仅达87.08%;应在提高电场强度的同时避免放电,这对下一步的连续式杀菌实验有技术指导作用。     

微秒级脉冲电场下剩余污泥中微生物细胞的破解特性

为破解城市剩余污泥中的微生物细胞膜,提高污泥的厌氧消化效能。采用μs级脉冲电场对污泥试样进行处理,通过光学显微镜观察微生物细胞经脉冲电场处理后的性状变化,基于分光度法测量污泥试样的溶解性化学需氧量,分析脉冲电场参数和环境温度等因素对微生物细胞内有机成分释放程度的影响。结果表明:当脉冲电场幅值从0.588 MV/m增大至1.470 MV/m时,微生物细胞内有机成分渗出指数K提高约40倍;当温度从20℃升高至60℃时,K提高约60倍;而当脉冲电场重复频率从1 Hz增大至100 Hz时,K降低38.5%。其主要原因为,脉冲电场作用下微生物细胞膜的电穿孔现象引发了细胞内有机成分的释放,脉冲电场参数和环境温度的改变导致细胞膜电穿孔的微观物理过程发生变化,从而影响了有机成分的渗出程度。     

PEF对乳杆菌和青霉菌的灭活效果研究

近年来新兴的非热食品加工技术高压脉冲电场(PEF)处理温度低、节能、货架期长且能较好保持果蔬汁中的营养成分,而人们对食品品质的要求逐渐提高。为此,采用一套自行研发的高压脉冲食品非热处理系统,研究了PEF对植物乳杆菌和扩展青霉菌残活率的影响。当外加峰值为17 kV、420个脉冲电压时,乳酸杆菌和扩展青霉的对数残活率最大分别降低了约4.135和3.810。在处理室出口处放置热电偶来监测物料温度,测得数据表明,PEF处理会导致菌液温度升高。随电场强度增强和脉冲数增加,不冷却回路处理后比冷却回路处理后菌液温度增加幅度增大,在外加峰值电压分别为8、13和15 kV时前者比后者的菌液温度增加幅度分别在2-8、3-10、3-17°C。在电压峰值为15 kV、420个脉冲时菌液温度最高增加了30°C。试验结果表明,随着外加脉冲电压及脉冲数的增加,两种细菌的残活率都有显著下降,且微生物对PEF的敏感性增强,乳酸杆菌对PEF敏感性强于扩展青霉。     

变压器油中微生物的生长规律及污染控制措施研究

变压器油在贮存、使用和运输过程中易发生微生物污染,影响其品质和绝缘性能。本研究主要考察温度和湿度对变压器油中微生物生长的影响,分析变压器油处理前后的品质变化,识别变压器油的官能团结构和有机物种类,提出有效处理变压器油微生物污染的方法。结果表明：变压器运行油和故障油中均含有枯草芽孢杆菌、利用糖产酸的杆菌、利用糖产酸产气的杆菌和不利用糖产酸产气的球菌,故障油中的微生物数量远大于运行油,其中枯草芽孢杆菌数量最多;新变压器油中未培养出微生物。高温能够抑制变压器油中微生物的生长,当温度为60℃时,微生物不会完全灭活,一旦温度恢复至37℃,又重新开始生长繁殖。在37℃下,当油水质量比为99∶1、49∶1、19∶1和9∶1时,4种细菌均存在,且随着油水质量比升高,菌株数量增大。采用高压灭菌+分子筛粗滤+超滤的再生处理方法可使污染的变压器油变得清澈透明,且检测不到微生物的存在,再生油中主要含有O-H、C-H、C=O键和不饱和键。经过再生处理后,变压器油的击穿电压和体积电阻率分别由29.67 kV和5.70×10¹⁰Ω·m升高至49.50 kV和4.68×10¹¹     

脉冲电场处理电厂冷却水系统微生物的研究

用脉冲电场处理冷却水系统中的微生物是切实可行的。该法不同于向水中添加杀生剂的方法 ,其基本原理是用脉冲电场处理冷却水 ,使水中的微生物在流过冷却设备时暂时失去活动能力 ,不发生沉积。由实验可知 ,对单脉冲电场来说 ,微生物的抑制时间由脉冲持续时间和脉冲电场幅值或能量密度决定。用重复频率的脉冲处理冷却水中的微生物可在较小的电场强度下获得与较大电场强度单脉冲电场相同的效果。在使用时 ,对处理池中的电极施加脉冲电场 ,可通过改变电极间距改变施加的场强值。     

纳秒脉冲细胞内电处理机理及其研究进展

介绍了细胞内电处理效应的研究现状及其进展 ;重点描述了KarlHSchoenbach提出的脉冲电场与细胞相耦合的球形模型 ;探讨了细胞内电处理机理 ,即当脉冲作用于悬浮生物细胞时 ,随脉冲宽度变小 ,电场对细胞核及核膜影响增强 ,当脉宽大于细胞膜充电时间常数时 ,脉冲电场主要作用在细胞外膜上产生电穿孔 ;当脉宽小于细胞膜充电时间常数时 ,脉冲电场对细胞内进行电处理。     

脉冲电场与生物医药技术的交叉及其对肿瘤治疗模式的改变

生命现象与电密切相关。脉冲电场的生物效应促进了生命科学与电气工程技术的交叉融合,使得高功率脉冲技术在生物医药领域形成了快速发展的边缘交叉学科,在医学、农业、给药系统、细胞生物工程上应用广泛。为此,就非热电场灭菌、脉冲电场活化血小板、电化学药物治疗、电转染治疗心肌缺血、脉冲电场消融肿瘤等研究,结合电工和生物新原理、新理论、新技术、新材料,介绍、分析了脉冲电场技术在生物医药应用中的最新进展。主要结论包括:μs脉冲电场对电化学治疗、不可逆电穿孔有重要作用;ns脉冲电场不联合化疗药物而单独使用就可以达到肿瘤消融的目的;脉冲电场消融对外科手术禁区或射频消融不能达到的位置有特殊帮助;改进肿瘤适形电极设计才能进一步提高肿瘤消融效果;目前电脉冲消融肿瘤还需要多中心大规模前瞻性临床试验来验证其长期疗效。提出脉冲电场生物医药领域应用具有广阔的发展前景。     

用于直流陡脉冲复合电场净化脏污变压器油的可循环反应器研制

为开展直流陡脉冲复合电场净化脏污变压器油的实验研究,研制了1套可循环运行的电场反应器。首先建立了油中杂质颗粒在直流及脉冲电场作用下的受力模型,得出适合净油的电场类型;然后采用Ansoft Maxwell仿真软件对板-板电场反应器、线-筒电场反应器进行电场分布的优化仿真;最后,综合考虑电气、机械等因素,对反应器的循环方式、板间距离、使用材料等进行设计和制作,并进行性能测试。模型计算显示,具有较大电场强度和电场梯度的直流陡脉冲复合电场适用于净化脏污变压器油;仿真结果显示,含有集尘体的板-板电场反应器更适于变压器油净化;测试结果显示,反应器的各项性能均满足设计要求,其中绝缘性能可以承受20 kV直流叠加10 kV脉冲,完全可以用于后续脏污变压器油的净化实验研究。     

基于测量脉冲反馈信号的组织电穿孔动态过程分析

为深入研究脉冲电场与生物组织的相互作用机制,通过在脉冲处理全过程施加低压测量脉冲的方式,探究了组织电穿孔过程的动态变化,分析了组织的电容效应、电穿孔过程中的形成与释放。研究结果表明：生物组织作为电阻电容性负载,在脉冲电场作用下发生复杂电穿孔形式（可逆电穿孔、不可逆电穿孔）,脉冲参数大小可调控所诱导发生的电穿孔形式,在传统脉冲（脉冲宽度为100μs,重复频率为1 Hz,电场强度为100~1 000 V/cm）作用下,随着脉冲个数增加,电穿孔程度增加,组织由可逆电穿孔向不可逆电穿孔形式转变;同时,脉冲期间电穿孔的释放主要发生在ms级时间内,1 s时间后以不可逆电穿孔占主导形式。综上所述,通过测量脉冲反馈信号的分析进一步了解了脉冲与生物组织或细胞的相互作用机制,建议通过此反馈信号来建立电穿孔效果实时评估体系,结合实际的电场分布、热场分布以及电穿孔消融阈值,从而更加准确地模拟脉冲电场作用下的处理效果,为进一步深入了解脉冲电场作用下组织的生物电效应,推进脉冲电场的应用提供理论依据。     

高压脉冲电场冲击波法的液体杀菌实验研究

为研究高压脉冲电场冲击波对液体食品杀菌以实现不破坏食品的营养结构与原有风味的食品杀菌保鲜技术,阐述了在常温条件下产生高压脉冲电场冲击波的方法及其杀菌机理,介绍了以黄酒为试验原料的杀菌实验结果以及脉冲电压幅值、电容容量和放电次数对杀菌效率的影响规律。结果表明,该法在常温条件下注入能量>12 J/mL时,能使菌落总数降低2个数量级,可杀死黄酒中>97%的细菌,而对山渣汁营养成分(维生素和氨基酸等)几乎无破坏作用。     

Inactivation of microorganisms by pulsed electric fields ofdifferent voltage waveforms

Processing foods with HV pulsed electric fields (PEF) is a new technology to inactivate microorganisms and denature enzymes with only a small increase in temperature. Introduction of this new technology will replace or complement conventional thermal processing methods. It will also provide consumers with safe, nutritious foods with fresh quality. For a given peak value of field intensity and amount of electric energy input, PEF inactivation of microorganisms is closely related to the waveform of applied pulses. Inactivation of microorganisms was studied with different waveshapes including exponential decay, oscillatory decay, square waves, and bipolar pulses. Microbial inactivation was tested in a parallel-plate static treatment chamber. Treatment field intensity ranged from 12 to 40 kV/cm while pulse length ranged from 30 to 180 μs. From the microbial test results, bipolar square-wave pulses are the most efficient in terms of microbial inactivation for commercial PEF pasteurization     

Inactivating microorganisms using a pulsed electric fieldcontinuous treatment system

High-voltage pulsed electric fields (PEFs) can be used to inactivate microorganisms in liquids. Applying PEF technology to food pasteurization is a promising nonthermal method, which may radically change food preservation processes and provide consumers with microbiologically safe, minimally processed, fresh-like products. A continuous-flow system in a laboratory-size prototype was constructed for the nonthermal pasteurization of liquid foods with PEF technology. Major components in the prototype include a high-voltage repetitive pulse generator, a coaxial liquid food treatment chamber, a fiber-optic temperature sensing instrument and a data acquisition system. Microbial inactivation tests were conducted in the continuous PEF treatment system. Repetitive high-voltage pulses with an exponential decaying waveshape were applied to the liquid food which was pumped through the treatment chamber. Test microorganisms selected for inactivation were Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Over 6-order-of-magnitude reductions in the viability of selected microorganisms were achieved while the food temperature was maintained below 40°C     

Inactivation property of microorganisms in water irradiated by atmospheric‐pressure plasma using dielectric barrier discharge

Microorganisms in water were inactivated by irradiating with an atmospheric‐pressure plasma generated by a dielectric barrier discharge. To understand the inactivation mechanism of microorganisms, the actions due to irradiation with plasma discharge, heating, and chemical reaction are studied. We compare the buffer gases helium and argon in generating the atmospheric‐pressure plasma. The results indicate that the inactivation with the helium as buffer gas is higher than with argon. It is found that the inactivation ratio at different reactor volumes depends on the density of microorganisms in water. © 2013 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Bacterial decontamination of liquids with pulsed electric fields

The effect of pulsed electric fields on the viability of microorganisms, mainly bacteria, in liquids has been studied since the 1960's. Experimental results obtained over a large range of electrical and microbiological parameters, point towards an irreversible formation of pores in the cell membrane as the mechanism for lysing. The model of membrane pore formation seems to fail only for ultrashort electrical pulses, where intracellular effects, and possibly resonant effects, might dominate. This paper presents an overview of the effect of pulsed electric fields on the viability of microorganisms in liquids, In particular, the lytic effect of variations in the electrical pulse parameters, such as pulse shape, amplitude, duration, and single shot vs. repetitive operation, is described, A major application of the pulsed electric field method is `cold' bacterial decontamination of liquid food and drinking water. The energy consumption for complete bacterial decontamination is presently 100 to 400 kJ/l. A possible reduction of the required energy by utilizing intracellular electric field interactions and resonance effects is discussed     

介质阻挡放电对橙汁灭菌及其品质的影响

为了消除加热杀菌的不利影响,开发和研究冷灭菌技术日益受到人们的重视。为此,利用大气压空气中平行平板介质阻挡放电(DBD)产生的低温等离子体对橙汁灭菌效果及品质的影响进行了研究。选取了3种具有代表作用的微生物(革兰氏阳性的金黄色葡萄球菌、革兰氏阴性的大肠杆菌和典型真菌的代表白色念球菌)。研究了不同处理时间下低温等离子体对掺入橙汁中微生物的灭活效果。此外,还研究了低温等离子体对橙汁货架期的影响,并且利用一系列生物医学检测手段和仪器(2,4二硝基苯肼比色法、氢氧化钠滴定法、数字阿贝折射仪、pH计和分光光度计)对经低温等离子体处理前后的橙汁维生素C的质量浓度、总酸、糖度(°Brix)、pH值和浊度进行了测量,考察了pH值对微生物的灭活效果。实验结果表明:低温等离子体可以快速有效地杀灭掺入橙汁中的微生物(金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌和白色念球菌)并延长橙汁储存的货架期,而且等离子体对橙汁营养及理化性质的影响不大。pH值在等离子体菌类灭活中不起主要作用,分析后认为等离子体中的带电粒子和氧自由基(ROS)才可能是导致菌类灭活的主要因素。     

Effect of short HV pulses on bacteria and fungi

The survival of three kinds of microorganisms under strong-pulse electric field conditions was investigated with a possible application of the electric pulse method for sterilization of consumable liquids. The results of the investigations of survival ratio of Gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Yersinia enterocolitica) and Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes) bacteria and yeastlike fungi (Candida albicans) are presented. The HV pulses with peak voltage U=0 to 100 kV and rise time t_n= 0.5 to 1.2 μs were applied. The microorganisms were suspended in an NaCl solution with γ=6 to 13 mS/cm conductivity and pH=7.2. The experimental setup and the dependency of the microorganism survival ratio on the rise time, peak voltage and on the number of pulses applied, are presented. It has been found that the lethal effect on microorganisms caused by HV pulses depends on the pulse parameters as well as on the kind of microorganism being treated     

Energy efficiency improvement of electrical sterilization usingoscillatory waveforms from a RLC discharging circuit

This paper describes effects of pulsed HV waveforms on biological cell inactivation. A simple RLC circuit with various inductance values was employed to investigate the waveform effects on the electrical sterilization of Escherichia Coli. It has been found that the minimum value of cell survivability can be realized by choosing an appropriate inductance value, even when the initial energy stored in a capacitor is constant. In order to realize higher energy efficiency than a conventional RC discharging network, circuit parameters should be determined so that amplitude and width of each pulse becomes larger than the critical values 15 kV/cm and 50 μs, respectively     

动力电池充放电效率测试分析

从理论上对动力电池充放电效率的不同测试方法进行了分析,建立了电池充放电效率的测试模型,提出了直流脉冲法快速测试电池在不同放电率和放电深度下的充放电效率。同时采用不同的测试方法测试了不同动力电池的充放电效率,分析了不同放电率和不同放电深度对电池效率的影响。直流脉冲法和其它测试方法相比,测试结果基本相同,但这种测试方法可以缩短测试的时间。     

COMPETITIVENESS OF RENEWABLE ENERGY FROM ICELAND VIA THE PROPOSED ICELAND /UK HVDC SUBMARINE CABLE LINK

ABSTRACT

This paper extends earlier work presented in IEEE papers to assess viability of connecting the UK, The Netherlands and Norway to the proposed Iceland/UK HVdc submarine cable link, and cost of delivered power to these countries should the connection go ahead. Likely profit from the development for electricity supplied to the UK considering alternative routes, varying discount rates, possible carbon/fossil fuel levies, and fossil fuel emission constraints are illustrated in the comparisons that are made.

It is concluded that power from Iceland is viable in all but the most exacting scenarios and the best landing point for the cable is the North of Scotland. There are no technical reasons why the Link should not proceed. There would not seem to be significant advantages in tying in existing national markets in The Netherlands and Norway at this time should the development go ahead. The Link should be designed for base-load operation at high load factor, and the most advantageous return on capital employed would probably be realised by independent operation of the development where contracts for the supply of electricity are negotiated direct with prospective customers in the UK and electricity is supplied to the Pool.