An examination of variables from a social-developmental model to explain physical and psychological dating violence.

Examined individual difference variables derived from a social-developmental perspective to help explain physical and psychological violence in dating relationships. 110 male and 225 female Ss (aged 25 yrs and older) completed measures of physical and psychological violence, self-esteem, personal power, peer relations, romantic love, and dominance. Self-esteem, personal power and peer relations were variables from the social-developmental model that, with dominance, predicted dating violence. Males were more likely to report receiving violence, females more likely to report inflicting violence. Those participants reporting bidirectional physical violence, both receiving and inflicting physical violence, experienced the most frequent physical and psychological violence. The implications of these findings for understanding the origins and the context of dating violence are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Decision-based forgiveness treatment in cases of marital infidelity.

Recent research and clinical practice literature indicates that forgiveness treatment is effective for resolving family and marital problems. This article presents a decision-based definition of forgiveness that paves the way for immediate intervention in marital therapy for infidelity. A step-by-step strategy is presented that makes possible a forgiveness decision in the beginning of treatment. Two case examples are used to illustrate the strategy. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Toward a model for test prediction.

Presents an analogy between the learning theorist and the test-theorist, suggesting that present models for test prediction do not provide for generalizability of test results fron 1 situation to another or for explaining failures of tests to predict. It is proposed that future models include motivational variables. As a 1st step, it is proposed that Hull's model of learning be adapted for test prediction. The new model would be as follows: P = A * M * L, where P = performance; A = some weighted sum of aptitude, knowledge, and skills; M = some weighted sum of internal and external motivations; and L = situational variables. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Predicting sexual infidelity in a population-based sample of married individuals.

Predictors of 12-month prevalence of sexual infidelity were examined in a population-based sample of married individuals (N = 2,291). Predictor variables were organized in terms of involved-partner (e.g., personality, religiosity), marital (e.g., marital dissatisfaction, partner affair), and extradyadic (e.g., parenting) variables. Annual prevalence of infidelity was 2.3%. Controlling for marital dissatisfaction and demographic variables, infidelity was predicted by greater neuroticism and lower religiosity; wives' pregnancy also increased the risk of infidelity for husbands. In comparison, self-esteem and partners' suspected affair were predictive of infidelity when controlling for demographic variables but were not uniquely predictive of infidelity when also controlling for marital dissatisfaction. Religiosity and wives' pregnancy moderated the association between marital dissatisfaction and infidelity. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Understanding infidelity: Correlates in a national random sample.

Infidelity is a common phenomenon in marriages but is poorly understood. The current study examined variables related to extramarital sex using data from the 1991-1996 General Social Surveys. Predictor variables were entered into a logistic regression with presence of extramarital sex as the dependent variable. Results demonstrated that divorce, education, age when first married, and 2 "opportunity" variables--respondent's income and work status--significantly affected the likelihood of having engaged in infidelity. Also, there were 3 significant interactions related to infidelity: (a) between age and gender, (b) between marital satisfaction and religious behavior, and (c) between past divorce and educational level. Implications of these findings and directions for future research are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

一种热轧带钢力学性能预报模型的适用性分析方法

GLOSP模型是以宝钢2050 mm热轧产线的实际生产数据为基础,历经10年的探索与研究,从实际应用的角度研制出的一个全局通用型热轧带钢力学性能预报模型.提出了一种GLOSP模型的适用性分析方法,该方法通过设置分组变量以剔除一些可见因素造成的干扰,并在各分组内分别对力学性能实测值、预报值与其关键自变量进行线性回归,进而根据相应线性回归系数的相似度进行模型的适用性分析.应用实践表明,该方法不仅有效,还为模型的跨产线应用提供了方便.     

Outcomes of couples with infidelity in a community-based sample of couple therapy.

Infidelity is an often cited problem for couples seeking therapy, but the research literature to date is very limited on couple therapy outcomes when infidelity is a problem. The current study is a secondary analysis of a community-based sample of couple therapy in Germany and Austria. Outcomes for 145 couples who reported infidelity as a problem in their relationship were compared with 385 couples who sought therapy for other reasons. Analyses based on hierarchical linear modeling revealed that infidelity couples were significantly more distressed and reported more depressive symptoms at the start of therapy but continued improving through the end of therapy and to 6 months posttherapy. At the follow-up assessment, infidelity couples were not statistically distinguishable from non-infidelity couples, replicating previous research. Sexual dissatisfaction did not depend on infidelity status. Although there was substantial missing data, sensitivity analyses suggested that the primary findings were not due to missing data. The current findings based on a large community sample replicated previous work from an efficacy trial and show generally optimistic results for couples in which there has been an affair. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

An interactional model of independence.

Proposes an interactional model of independence that focuses on personal and environmental variables. Personal variables in rehabilitation include physical abilities, knowledge and skills, and values and goals. Environmental variables include the physical environment, social networks and service programs, and the system of laws, policies, and public attitudes that guide institutional responses to people with disabilities. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Self-monitoring and dating relationships.

Four investigations, with 479 university students, examined the involvement of self-monitoring propensities in dating relationships. Studies 1 and 2 examined willingness to change dating partners and form close, intimate dating relationships with other partners. Only Ss high in self-monitoring, as measured by the Self-Monitoring Scale, were willing to terminate current relationships in favor of alternative partners. In Study 3, for those involved in multiple dating relationships, high self-monitoring Ss reported having dated a greater number of partners in the preceding year than low self-monitoring Ss; for those in steady, exclusive dating relationships, low self-monitoring Ss reported having dated their current partner for considerably longer than high self-monitoring individuals. Study 4 examined growth of intimacy in dating relationships. The link between length of relationship and level of intimacy was more pronounced for low than high self-monitoring Ss. Findings suggest that high self-monitoring individuals adopt an "uncommitted" and low self-monitoring individuals a "committed" orientation toward dating relationships. Implications for understanding the evolution of intimate relationships, including marital ones, are discussed. (17 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

高等教育投资主体分析

一、高等教育投资主体多元化的理论依据 现代公共经济学理论认为,依照社会产品消费时是否具有排他性和竞争性的标准,可以将全社会产品分成三大类:私人产品、公共产品、准公共产品.     

An empirical psychophysical model of pain.

Presents an empirical model of pain motivated by the remarks of J. W. Tukey (see record 1969-08913-001) on exploratory data analysis and the data of E. R. Hilgard (see record 1969-09295-001) on cold pressor pain. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

An integrated model of developmental coaching.

This article outlines a coaching paradigm derived from constructive-developmental psychology, family therapy supervision, and theories of organizational cognition. The paradigm is one of transformative, developmental coaching, and thus it differs from both cognitive-behavioral and psychodynamic approaches. The paradigm is exemplified by a model of the mental space (topology) in which executive coaching is thought to take place. The paradigm and the model are developmental in a twofold sense, that of "ontic" development occurring in cognitive organisms maturing over their lifetime ("nature") and of "agentic" development brought about by humans ("nurture"). An introduction to the model is presented, followed by the topology of the mental space of coaching, a summary, and suggested topics for future research. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

An analytical model for the prediction of the transfer bar temperature in a roughing mill

Abstract

An online model is presented for the prediction of temperature distributions in the bar in the roughing mill of a hot strip mill. The model consists of an analytic model for the prediction of temperature distributions in the interstand zone, and a semianalytic model for the prediction of temperature distributions in the bite zone. The prediction accuracy of the model is examined through comparison with predictions from a finite element model.     

An attentional model of dimensional contrast.

In this article, the authors introduce a model of dimensional stimulus control designed to explain dimensional contrast effects. The model suggests that dimensional contrast is the result of the nonuniform allocation of limited attentional resources during discrimination training. Attention in the model is conceived as a gradient that extends throughout a spatial representation of stimuli. The authors examine the results of 5 experiments to assess the quality of fit of the model and its theoretical implications. Variations in training procedures, such as changing presentation probability of stimuli, changing the distribution of training stimuli, and changing the relative difficulty of discrimination, can all be accounted for by differences in the allocation of attentional resources. The good fit of the model indicates that attentional limitations may play an important role in stimulus control phenomena such as dimensional contrast. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Probability of acceptance in dating choice.

Examined the influence of probability of acceptance and physical attractiveness on dating choice in 3 experiments. In Exp I, 15 female undergraduates made preferential choices between 2 male dates, each described by a photograph and a statement of the probability of acceptance. Both probability and attractiveness of the date were found to be important in Ss' judgments. Further, a multiplying rule for the combination of probability of acceptance and attractiveness was supported, in agreement with the subjective expected utility theory of risky decision making. In Exp II, the same Ss made preferential choices between pairs of dates described by photographs alone. The preferences for 11 of the 15 Ss could be accounted for only by using both probability and attractiveness. A multiplicative combination of probability and attractiveness was also found to be predictive of dating choices made by these Ss. Exp III replicated the results of Exp II with a new group of 14 Ss. Results suggest that (a) females are influenced by both probability of acceptance and physical attractiveness in dating choice, and (b) they tend to combine probability with attractiveness in a multiplicative fashion. (20 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Gender differences in mate selection preferences: A test of the parental investment model.

Evolutionary-related hypotheses about gender differences in mate selection preferences were derived from R. Trivers's (1979, 1985) parental investment model, which contends that women are more likely than men to seek a mate who possesses nonphysical characteristics that maximize the survival or reproductive prospects of their offspring, and were examined in a meta-analysis of mate selection research (questionnaire studies, analyses of personal advertisements). As predicted, women accorded more weight than men to socioeconomic status (SES), ambitiousness, character, and intelligence, and the largest gender differences were observed for cues to resource acquisition (status, ambitiousness). Also as predicted, gender differences were not found in preferences for characteristics unrelated to progeny survival (sense of humor, "personality"). Where valid comparisons could be made, the findings were generally invariant across generations, cultures, and research paradigms. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Interpersonal skill training for dating couples: An evaluation of an educational mental health service.

In a previous study by S. Schlein (1971) of a preventative mental health program which stressed relationship improvement by maximizing empathy and self-disclosure, the efficacy of the program in improving communication and the general quality of the relationship between 48 college dating couples was demonstrated. The present reanalysis of Schlein's data shows that the experimental group, compared to the control group, also improved significantly on 2 key behavior rating scales by R. R. Carkhuff which are widely used to assess the efficacy of general helping relationship skills. As a result of less than 20 hrs of training, participants moved from providing levels of skills typical of college students to levels provided by typical counselors. The Empathy scale was highly correlated with 2 other Carkhuff scales, Respect and Immediacy. The trained Ss also showed a significantly greater increase in self-disclosure. (28 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Psychophysiological responses to imagined infidelity: The specific innate modular view of jealousy reconsidered.

Three studies measured psychophysiological reactivity (heart rate, blood pressure, and electrodermal activity) while participants imagined a mate's infidelity. The specific innate modular theory of gender differences in jealousy hypothesizes that men are upset by sexual infidelity and women are upset by emotional infidelity, because of having faced different adaptive challenges (cuckoldry and loss of a mate's resources, respectively). This view was not supported. In men, sexual-infidelity imagery elicited greater reactivity than emotional-infidelity imagery. But, sexual imagery elicited greater reactivity even when infidelity was not involved, suggesting that the differential reactivity may not specifically index greater jealousy. In two studies with reasonable power, women did not respond more strongly to emotional infidelity. Moreover, women with committed sexual relationship experience showed reactivity patterns similar to those of men. Hypothetical infidelity self-reports were unrelated to reactivity. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

An investment appraisal approach to clinical trial design

In this paper, a general investment appraisal model is presented which shows how pharmaceutical companies could take profit considerations into account when making decisions about the design of randomized controlled trials. A general model is presented based on the net present value method of investment appraisal. The approach is illustrated with a hypothetical example which shows how optimal (net present value maximizing) designs can be determined based on choices about sample size and endpoint measurement. The method could be extended to accommodate considerations about other trial design features, and could be used to determine a portfolio of studies which maximizes the expected return on a given development or trial budget. Furthermore, the approach could be used by pharmaceutical companies to evaluate the incremental costs and benefits of incorporating non-clinical objectives into trials, such as quality of life research and economic evaluation studies. A number of practical difficulties would need to be overcome to utilize the approach. Directions for further research are therefore highlighted centred on the key components of the model: a trial cost function, a product demand function, innovation diffusion processes and Bayesian approaches to trial design.