Children's interpersonal influence with mothers and peers.

Interpersonal influence attempts toward mothers and peers were examined in 75 5-yr-olds. Consistent with a Piagetian view, children were less often immediately successful in their mother-directed attempts than in their peer-directed attempts. However, they were more often able to negotiate a compromise with mothers than with peers. This indicates that interaction with mothers may be more conducive to the development of social competence than interaction with peers. Linkages between both contexts were identified. Children who used abrasive strategies with mothers were aggressive and unsuccessful with peers. Mothers' influence strategies, assessed when children were toddlers and at age 5, predicted children's influence styles with peers: Children whose mothers often used negative control were aggressive and unsuccessful; those whose mothers used polite guidance were rarely inarticulate or coercive; and those whose mothers often issued unclear commands were less successful and less prosocial with their peers. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Some antecedents and consequences of social-comparison jealousy.

80 undergraduates were randomly assigned to 1 of 8 experimental conditions in which they received either positive or negative feedback on a bogus personality test that was either self-definitionally relevant or irrelevant, followed by feedback of successful performance by another person in a domain that was either relevant or irrelevant to the S. Dependent measures included scores on the Depression Adjective Check Lists and the State scale of the State–Trait Anxiety Inventory. Significantly greater jealousy of the other person was reported in the condition in which the S received negative feedback regarding own performance on a self-involving characteristic, and in which the successful performance of the other was on the same characteristic. Ss in this condition were more likely to disparage the rival and less likely to desire his or her friendship. In addition, these Ss tended to feel more depressed and anxious about interacting with the comparison person. (50 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Psychological assessment of interpersonal victimization effects in adults and children.

Because clinical awareness of victimization effects is a relatively recent phenomenon, the field is only now developing assessment methodologies relevant to victims of interpersonal violence. This article reviews current information on the psychological assessment of children and adults with victimization histories, both in terms of general psychological tests such as the MMPI, Rorschach, and Child Behavior Checklist, and trauma-specific measures such as the Trauma Symptom Inventory, Trauma Symptom Checklist for Children, and Child Sexual Behavior Inventory. In addition, issues associated with overlapping traumas, symptom underreporting and overreporting, measurement distortion and misidentification effects, and psychometric quality are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Complaints and complaining: Functions, antecedents, and consequences.

Although everyone complains at least occasionally, surprisingly little research attention has been devoted to the topic of complaining. In this review, complaints are defined as expressions of dissatisfaction, whether subjectively experienced or not, for the purpose of venting emotions or achieving intrapsychic goals, interpersonal goals, or both. A theoretical model of complaining is presented that examines the relationship between self-focus, the perceived utility of complaining, and complaining. In addition, the article examines variables related to people's dissatisfaction and complaining thresholds (i.e., negative affect, locus of control, self-presentational concerns, age, and gender), functions of complaining, and intrapersonal and interpersonal consequences of complaining. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The role of performance antecedents and consequences in work motivation.

Assessed the effects of both antecedents and consequences while keeping supervisory involvement and stimulus changes constant. The safety performance of 200 employees in 4 departments of a processing plant was monitored 3 times/wk over 46 wks. A multiple baseline design was used in which the phases were introduced in steps. Following baseline, the antecedent condition was presented, in which safety rules were explained and safety meetings held, along with frequent supervisor interaction and stimulus changes. Then the performance consequence, feedback, in which a feedback graph was maintained and feedback meetings held, was added. The antecedent condition, even when bolstered by fairly extensive supervisor involvement, resulted in improvements in only 2 out of 4 departments. Only during the consequent condition did performance significantly improve in all departments over baseline and antecedent conditions. Furthermore, employees reported that they preferred obtaining information following their performance. The results confirm that performance consequences such as feedback play a critical role in work motivation and that antecedents alone may not be effective in all cases, even with fairly extensive supervisor involvement. (8 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Burnout among Norwegian police officers: Potential antecedents and consequences.

This investigation examined potential antecedents and consequences of burnout in a large sample of Norwegian police officers. Data were collected via anonymously completed questionnaires. Three burnout components considered were emotional exhaustion, cynicism, and low professional efficacy. Work demands emerged in hierarchical regression analyses as the strongest predictor of each burnout component. With the burnout components as predictors, hierarchical regression analyses indicated that burnout components had significant relationships with a variety of outcomes (work, work-family, psychological health, physical health). Work demands, however, had a stronger relationship with both work and work-family outcomes than did the burnout components, the latter having the strongest relationship with indicators of psychological health. Emotional exhaustion had significant and independent relationships with most of the outcome measures. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

A meta-analysis of the antecedents and consequences of pay level satisfaction.

This study reports results from a meta-analysis of 28 correlates of pay level satisfaction involving 240 samples from 203 studies conducted over the past 35 years. Results are presented in 4 categories: primary determinants, antecedents, correlates, and outcomes of pay satisfaction. The authors controlled for pay in examining relations between correlates and pay level satisfaction, as suggested by theory and when primary studies were available to do so. The authors found support for many of the relations suggested by a theoretical model and also note some limitations in the research that has tested this model. The authors recommend changes and additions to the model and suggest additional primary research in specific areas. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

Relationship quality and relationship context as antecedents of person- and task-focused interpersonal citizenship behavior.

A model hypothesizing relationship quality and relationship context as antecedents of two complementary forms of interpersonal citizenship behavior (ICB) was tested. Measures with coworkers as the frame of reference were used to collect data from 273 individuals working in 2 service-oriented organizations. As hypothesized, variables reflecting relationship quality were associated with person-focused ICB, as mediated by empathic concern. Also as hypothesized, a relationship context variable, network centrality, exhibited a direct relationship with task-focused ICB. Unexpectedly, network centrality was directly associated with person-focused ICB, and empathic concern was associated with task-focused ICB. The results are discussed, and implications for research and practice are offered. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Personal and interpersonal predictors of supervisors' avoidance of evaluating subordinates.

Supervisors' decisions about whether to formally evaluate their subordinates for each of 2 consecutive performance appraisal periods were found to be related to a linear combination of the following variables: subordinate's time under current supervisor, subordinate's job experience, subordinate–supervisor trust, supervisor's initiating structure behaviors, and subordinate's confidence in the operation of the performance appraisal system. A follow-up analysis, in which the criterion was the consistency with which subordinates were rated in both performance appraisal periods, suggested that relations among the predictors, relative to the criterion, may be quite complex. This complexity may reflect the decision strategy used by raters to combine information on the focal predictors when deciding whether to evaluate a particular subordinate. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Intrapersonal and interpersonal risk factors for peer victimization in immigrant youth in Finland.

This study (a) compared native Finns and immigrant children with respect to different forms of peer victimization and (b) tested whether intrapersonal (e.g., depression) and interpersonal (e.g., peer rejection) risk factors help to explain the association between immigrant status and peer victimization. The sample was drawn from the first phase of a large intervention evaluation project, KiVa, in Finland, composed of 4,957 native Finns (51% girls), 146 first-generation immigrants (48% girls), and 310 second-generation immigrants (53% girls) 9 to 12 years of age. The concurrent data included self- and peer reports collected via Internet-based questionnaires. Compared with native youth, first- and second-generation immigrants were more often targets of both peer- and self-reported victimization. Both immigrant groups experienced higher levels of physical, racist, and sexual victimization than natives. Furthermore, second-generation immigrants reported higher levels of property damage, threats, and cybervictimization than native Finns. Significant indirect effects were found between immigrant status and victimization. Interpersonal but not intrapersonal risk factors helped to explain these associations. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Forgetting all else: On the antecedents and consequences of goal shielding.

Six studies explore the role of goal shielding in self-regulation by examining how activation of focal goals to which the individual is committed inhibits the accessibility of alternative goals. Consistent evidence was found for such goal shielding, and a number of its moderators were identified: Individuals' level of commitment to the focal goal, their degree of anxiety and depression, their need for cognitive closure, and differences in their goal-related tenacity. Moreover, inhibition of alternative goals was found to be more pronounced when they serve the same overarching purpose as the focal goal, but lessened when the alternative goals facilitate focal goal attainment. Finally, goal shielding was shown to have beneficial consequences for goal pursuit and attainment. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Own versus other standpoints in self-regulation: Developmental antecedents and functional consequences.

An inner audience is an internal representation of other's values, goals, and standards for the self (other standpoint on self). It contrasts with an internal representation of one's own values, goals, and standards for the self (own standpoint on self). Using self-discrepancy theory (E. T. Higgins, see record 1987-34444-001) as a framework to integrate diverse psychological perspectives on this classic distinction, the authors consider the role of own versus other standpoints in self-regulation. They describe developmental shifts and socialization effects on the self-regulatory strength of own and other standpoints. Evidence that individual differences and sex differences in own versus other standpoints for self-regulation relate to different affective and interpersonal vulnerabilities is reviewed. The concepts of identification and introjection are empirically distinguished in a novel way, and therapeutic implications are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Understanding of logical necessity: developmental antecedents and cognitive consequences

Does abstract reasoning develop naturally, and does instruction contribute to its development? In an attempt to answer these questions, this article specifically focuses on effects of prolonged instruction on the development of abstract deductive reasoning and, more specifically, on the development of understanding of logical necessity. It was hypothesized that instructional emphasis on the metalevel of deduction within a knowledge domain can amplify the development of deductive reasoning both within and across this domain. The article presents 2 studies that examine the development of understanding of logical necessity in algebraic and verbal deductive reasoning. In the first study, algebraic and verbal reasoning tasks were administered to 450 younger and older adolescents selected across different instructional settings in England and in Russia. In the second study, algebraic and verbal reasoning tasks were administered to 287 Russian younger and older adolescents selected across different instructional settings. The results support the hypothesis, indicating that prolonged instruction with an emphasis on the metalevel of algebraic deduction contributes to the development of understanding of logical necessity in both algebraic and verbal deductive reasoning. Findings also suggest that many adolescents do not develop an understanding of logical necessity naturally.     

Sexual assault and other types of sexual harassment by workplace personnel: A comparison of antecedents and consequences.

Although sexual assault by workplace personnel is widely viewed as a type of sexual harassment, little is known about whether these overlapping constructs may possess some unique characteristics. This article compares the theoretical antecedents and consequences of sexual assault by workplace personnel and other types of sexual harassment among 22,372 women employed in the U.S. military. Path analysis revealed that low sociocultural and organizational power are associated with an increased likelihood of both types of victimization. Organizational climate and job gender context are directly associated with sexual harassment but are only indirectly associated with sexual assault by workplace personnel. Both types of victimization are associated with a variety of negative outcomes, but the pattern of negative consequences differs. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Psychosocial functioning and depression: Distinguishing among antecedents, concomitants, and consequences.

In this article we attempt to distinguish empirically between psychosocial variables that are concomitants of depression, and variables that may serve as antecedents or sequelae of this disorder. We review studies that investigated the relationship between depression and any of six psychosocial variables after controlling for the effects of concurrent depression. The six variables examined are attributional style, dysfunctional attitudes, personality, social support, marital distress, and coping style. The review suggests that whereas there is little evidence in adults of a cognitive vulnerability to clinical depression, disturbances in interpersonal functioning may be antecedents or sequelae of this disorder. Specifically, marital distress and low social integration appear to be involved in the etiology of depression, and introversion and interpersonal dependency are identified as enduring abnormalities in the functioning of remitted depressives. We attempt to integrate what is known about the relationships among these latter variables, suggests ways in which they may influence the development of depression, and outline specific issues to be addressed in future research. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Distinguishing among antecedents, concomitants, and consequences of problem-solving appraisal and depressive symptoms.

In the present study, a prospective design was used and data were collected from 277 introductory psychology students to distinguish among the antecedents, concomitants, and consequences of problem-solving appraisal and depression. The results of structural equation path analyses provide preliminary evidence that self-appraised ineffective problem-solving ability is an antecedent that may play a causal role in predicting future depressive symptoms. However, the results also suggest that problem-solving appraisal is a concomitant of depressive symptoms such that the experience of depressive symptoms may cause temporary deficits in self-appraisal of problem-solving ability. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

A longitudinal test of a model of the antecedents and consequences of union loyalty.

In the present study we aimed to construct a process model of union loyalty. Various personal, work, and union-related variables were hypothesized to predict union loyalty, which in turn would cause greater participation in essential union activities. Furthermore, the study assessed whether different models of union loyalty existed for 169 Black and 139 White members of a multiracial South African union. For both samples, cross-lagged regression analyses showed that union loyalty caused greater formal participation in union activities. Separate path analyses demonstrated that perceptions of union instrumentality, extrinsic job dissatisfaction, and early socialization experiences predicted union loyalty in both samples. However, the nature and strength of several relationships between the antecedent variables and union loyalty were moderated by race. In further refinement of the model, perceived union instrumentality was found to moderate the relationship between union loyalty and union participation, and the relationships between the predictor variables and union loyalty. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Vertical dyad linkage: A longitudinal assessment of antecedents, measures, and consequences.

Conducted a 6-mo field study of 49 Junior Achievement companies in which a sociometric alternative to conventional measures of leader–member exchanges (LMEs) was used. 444 members (high school students) completed questionnaires at the beginning and end of this period. Results suggest that the sociometric assessment of LMEs converged with conventional measures of the exchange process. Evidence also indicated that certain demographic variables were predictive of in- or out-group status, thus suggesting that quality of exchange may in part be explained by compatibility of a group member with a leader. Findings also suggest that observable differences in LMEs did not necessarily lead to a lessened sense of influence, job enrichment, or satisfaction with the leader for outgroup members. (12 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

A review and meta-analysis of the antecedents, correlates, and consequences of organizational commitment.

In this article, we summarize previous empirical studies that examined antecedents, correlates, and/or consequences of organizational commitment using meta-analysis. In total, 48 meta-analyses were conducted, including 26 variables classified as antecedents, 8 as consequences, and 14 as correlates. Statistical artifacts were found to account for the variance between studies in only one meta-analysis that used attendance. Type of organizational commitment (attitudinal vs. calculative) was proposed as a moderator variable and was found to account for significant between-study variance in 9 of 18 comparisons. Theoretical and methodological issues pertaining to the measurement of various forms of organizational commitment, its interrelations with other forms of attachments, and its role in causal models of behavior in organizations are reviewed. Directions for future research are highlighted. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The consistency of ratings by peers.

In the validation and improvement of rating scales used to study ratings by peers, how important are contextual factors? Although the data is for air force application, Ss were 144 paid college students. "… in each of the two replications of the design, six groups of six men were observed by 36 observers… . the Os and Ss reversed roles after two sets of four sessions each… . The approximately 100,000 ratings were punched on IBM cards and most of the computational work was carried out on IBM machines." A man's rating tended to vary from setting to setting and according to rating instructions and trait definitions. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)