城区规划和可持续性发展

在法国进行了20多年的地方分权政治运动，使许多城市日益关注其自身的变化，各大城市纷纷开展重要的城市建设，不仅体现了这些城市的雄心壮志，也考虑到了不同层次的规划，从整个区域到公共空间的安排以及景观和建筑之间关系的设计，     

Ozonation des phenols et des acides phenoxyacetiques

The study of the ozonization of phenol, substituted phenols and some phenoxyacetic acids (2-4-D and MCPA) was carried out taking into consideration on the one hand the rate and the mechanism of the reaction leading to the opening of the aromatic cycle and on the other the consumption of ozone in relation to the degree of degradation.We were able to show that in a diluted solution the opening of the aromatic cycle could be obtained with a ratio O₃/ΦOH roughly equal to 5 and that the reaction rate depended on the amount of ozone produced.The existence of reactional intermediates and the development of a u.v. spectrum of the substances during the ozonization allowed us to show that the reaction could evolve with the formation of o and p benzoquinone and that the nature and position of the substituent along the aromatic cycle seemed to be a determinant factor in the orientation of the reaction.The degradation of the substances is influenced by the pH, both as far as the rate and the reactional mechanism are concerned.The decrease in the rate of consumption of ozone resulting from the opening of the aromatic cycle leads us to define an optimum production of ozone, which depends on the concentration in aromatics to be degraded and susceptible of leading to the formation of substances which will be more easily biodegradable.     

Calfeutrement des fenêtres et des portes

Bien qu'elles se rapportent principalement aux exigences optimales pour les portes et les fenêtres que doivent utiliser des personnes handicapées, des études effectuées à l'Institut royal de technologie de Stockholm ont montré que certains genres de joints de calfeutrement peuvent assurer une bonne étanchéité à l'air sans obliger à de gros efforts de fermeture. Toutefois, par extension, des joints de caifeutrement plus sophistiqués peuvent améliorer considérablement l'étanchéité à l'air et permettre des économies d'énergie pour un coût relativement faible.     

Anwendung des Sicherheitskonzepts des konstruktiven Ingenieurbaus auf Investitionsentscheidungen

Application of the safety concept of the civil engineering to decisions on investment. In the field of civil engineering in case of scattered sizes on the actions side and resistance side, a safety concept is applied in order to restrict the probability of failure to determined values. In the sector of investment in real estate such a method is not yet common practice. This has in a multitude of cases led to the fact that investment in construction sites failed on the one hand due to the exceed of construction costs or on the other hand, due to exorbitant rents which are not likely to be achieved on the market. In this paper the safety concept of civil engineering is applied to decisions on investment. This is done by equating the construction costs to actions on structures and the value of the real estate to the resistance. The need for further research is stated.     

Etude des polyosides du mucilage des boues activees

The polysaccharide fraction has been isolated on activated sludges treating domestic sewage and industrial wastewater. It appears that the carbohydrates and related compounds (galacturonic acid and rhamnose) present are partly incorporated into activated sludge mucilage. In the contact-stabilization process, exopolysaccharides synthetized during the contact period are assimilated during the sludge stabilization. Activated sludge exopolysaccharides are believed to be related with some morphological features of the floc particles, i.e. in the case of filamentous bulking.     

Remise en etat des carrieres et stabilite des fronts

Rehabilitation of massive rock quarries first depends on the object in view. Rehabilitation takes into account all the elements: first of all, safety must be considered. In this view, the existence of working face and the risk of long term instability has to be taken into account. The risk may be defined by a direct observation of the altered rocks, of the diaclases, dip and of every element of the rock structure. So the rehabilitation may lead to modify or accept various working faces and even in some cases to direct the project. The investigation of proper treatments for the working faces requires all the techniques concerning the modification, protection, prevention, that have to be adapted to every particular case. In all quarries it is the long term stability which is under consideration.     

Classification des granulats pour les couches de roulement des chaussees

Resistance to polishing mainly depends on microroughness of stone elements, which is considered more or less as a natural quality of the rock and is in connection with its mineralogical composition. On the contrary mechanical resistance depends also on exploitation methods and on the technology of production. We must point out that the knowledge of resistance to polishing of aggregates can be improved if more precise relations between laboratory tests, real behaviour in road courses under the traffic and the proposed classification can be found. This classification depends on two laboratory tests: polished stone value and Los Angeles.     

L'acoustique des salles

Due to the lack of effective design tools, the Acoustic Department of CSTB in France has developed a computed method to allow the designer to control the main acoustic parameters during design planning and improve the reliability of the results. Called the ‘conical beam method’, it is based on geometrical acoustics and makes it possible to calculate, for any room and any point, the room impulse response, from which the main objective acoustic criteria are derived. A simulation of the actual sound in the room can then be made before construction.     

Évaluation de la pollution et des répercussions des rejets des industries des pâtes et papiers sur la vie aquatique

The pulp and paper sector has traditionally been numbered among those industries which are the most damaging to the environment. Based on the scientific literature, this article attempts to describe the behavior of different components of the aquatic environment when exposed to water quality modifications resulting from the effluents of these industries.The first aspect considered treats the global consequences of pulp and paper waste effluents on aquatic life in general. Then, for each of the principal parameters (suspended solids, dissolved oxygen, toxicity) affected by the discharge of these effluents, the article describes the more specific consequences of these agents on sedimentation, on photosynthesis and on the availability of dissolved oxygen in combination with mechanic damage to fish and the toxicity potentials of resinous acids and their derivatives, fatty acids (salts) and sulphurous derivatives on different aquatic organisms. Finally, problems of foul taste and odor (in water and fish) associated with the effluents of pulp and paper mills are discussed.     

Proprietes des betons realises avec des granulats de differentes densites

The recent development of concrete technology is more and more frequently leading to the use of special concretes having different densities compared with the normal concrete. This result is obtained by the use of aggregates with different densities, whose characteristics are so important that they often affect the properties of concrete decisively. whose characteristics are so important that they often affect the properties of concrete decisively. Four different concretes were prepared employing different light-weight aggregates (one composed of expanded clay and another one of sintered pulverised fuel-ash), normal gravel and heavy weight aggregates. An almost monodimensional size of the grains and a constant volumetric ratio between the aggregates and a reference mortar have been fixed up so that the concrete properties obtained can be immediately correlated with the aggregate characteristics. In this paper the results of multiaxial compressive strength tests on cubic specimens are described, with reference to strain measurements too. Furthermore, both the bending and splitting tests and the shrinkage and creep measurements give more information on concrete-aggregate relation and show how the density of aggregates affects the properties of concrete.