加拿大安大略省地质矿产资源概况

加拿大安大略省的矿产资源丰富,主要有镍、铜、铂族元素、金、铁、银、锌、钼、铀、铅、铬、锂、钛、钨等21种金属矿产,其形成时代主要为中太古代至新元古代,上述矿产按照其形成的地质背景划分为17个三级构造分区和6个主要的成矿区带:①阿比提比金铜镍铁成矿带;②科博尔特镍铜铂族铀成矿带;③尤奇金铜成矿带;④瓦比贡金铜铁成矿带;⑤瓦瓦金铜铁成矿带;⑥格林威尔锌铁铀成矿带等.在安大略省主要的矿床类型有:①岩浆型铜镍矿床;②绿岩带型金矿;③VMS型铜锌矿床;④斑岩型铜钼矿床;⑤喷流沉积(SEDEX)型矿床;⑥金伯利岩金刚石矿床等,其中岩浆型铜镍矿床和绿岩型金矿床为该区重要的优势矿种,值得重点关注.     

The aggregate inventory of Alberta,Canada

The Alberta Aggregate Inventory was established in 1976 and given the mandate to map at various scales the aggregate resources of the province. Three scales of mapped information have been found most appropriate: reconnaissance (1:250,000), detailed (1:50,000) and development (1:10,000), each aimed at a different combination of resource developers, resource managers, and land use planners. A geological approach to inventory was decided upon as the most effective method in the Alberta situation. To date aggregate information is available for 44% of the province.     

Millenium Biologix总部

项目地点:加拿大安大略省京士顿项目类型:生物技术公司总部开工日期:未知该项目获2005年豪瑞可持续建筑大奖赛北美地区提名奖     

Nitrate contamination of shallow groundwaters in Ontario,Canada

Highly elevated concentrations of NO₃^? have been found in the groundwaters from shallow aquifers at several locations in Ontario. The nitrate is derived either from the fertilizers applied to the agricultural soils, or from industrial point sources, and should be regarded as a major water quality problem. However, the nitrate levels may be reduced by denitrification processes under reducing conditions in the aquifer. The distributions of ammonia, chloride, dissolved oxygen, redox potential, methane, calcium and magnesium are presented and related to the hydrogeochemical changes undergone by the pollutant nitrate during flux along the groundwater flow systems.     

Fine-scale mercury trends in temperate deciduous tree leaves from Ontario, Canada

This study focused on the value of deciduous leaves as biomonitors of total mercury (THg). Leaf samples were collected from a range of deciduous species from five sampling sites in the province of Ontario, Canada. These included a site in the northwest (the Experimental Lakes Area, ELA), two sites in central Ontario (the town of Dorset and the Centre for Atmospheric Research Experiments, CARE), and two sites in the southeast (Sandbanks Provincial Park, SBPP and the City of Kingston). The sampled species exhibited distinctive species-specific differences with red oaks consistently having lower leaf THg concentrations than all maple species, while black and white ash leaves had the highest concentrations. Spatially, leaves collected across the distance between ELA and SBPP (~ 1500 km apart) had overlapping THg concentrations between 20 and 40 ng/g. Unexpectedly, leaves from urban parks of Kingston had considerably lower THg concentrations (< 25 ng/g) than the other sites, which suggested leaves may not reflect subtle gradients of atmospheric THg found under field conditions. Leaf THg increased with the growing season, with highest THg leaf concentrations found in early autumn just before senescence. Microspatial differences within a single tree, such as position on a branch are important, since higher mercury concentrations were associated with leaves positioned deeper into the canopy relative to outer leaves more exposed to wind turbulence and sunlight. Within any single leaf, THg concentrations were highest in the leaf tissue, and consistently distributed, while the vein and petiole tissue had lower THg concentrations. There was no relationship between THg concentrations and leaf area. Using deciduous tree leaves as regional temporal monitors of bioavailable mercury may be feasible, but careful selection of leaf sampling sites on the tree itself and the timing is of utmost importance for ensuring consistent and high quality biomonitoring data.     

Landscape Policy and Planning Practice: The gap in understanding,Ontario, Canada

Distortions inevitably occur between the creation of policy and its practical application. The gap that exists between the understanding of landscape held by the policy writers and that of the implementers of land-use planning legislation in Ontario, Canada is revealed. The story is told over a nine-month period between the passing and defeat of one planning act, and the introduction of another. A change of government and a substantive shift in governing ideology resulted in the radical transformation of the policies protecting landscapes in this Canadian province's land-use development process. The research documented took place over that crucial period and gives a window into the dynamics of landscape conservation that is created by upper- and lower-tier differences. Higher-level policy makers have a considerable task in protecting landscapes within land-use planning that demands rational and bounded terminology and processes. Conversely, the local implementers of that policy need more flexible and site-specific strategies to conserve those landscapes on the ground. It is this gap that has stalled the protection of landscapes in Ontario, where governments and communities struggle to conserve their valued landscapes - a phenomenon not uncommon in other locations. Some strategies on how to bridge that gap in understanding and improve the prospects for landscape conservation are given.     

Landscape Policy and Planning Practice: the gap in understanding, Ontario, Canada

Distortions inevitably occur between the creation of policy and its practical application. The gap that exists between the understanding of landscape held by the policy writers and that of the implementers of land-use planning legislation in Ontario, Canada is revealed. The story is told over a nine-month period between the passing and defeat of one planning act, and the introduction of another. A change of government and a substantive shift in governing ideology resulted in the radical transformation of the policies protecting landscapes in this Canadian province's land-use development process. The research documented took place over that crucial period and gives a window into the dynamics of landscape conservation that is created by upper- and lower-tier differences. Higher-level policy makers have a considerable task in protecting landscapes within land-use planning that demands rational and bounded terminology and processes. Conversely, the local implementers of that policy need more flexible and site-specific strategies to conserve those landscapes on the ground. It is this gap that has stalled the protection of landscapes in Ontario, where governments and communities struggle to conserve their valued landscapes - a phenomenon not uncommon in other locations. Some strategies on how to bridge that gap in understanding and improve the prospects for landscape conservation are given.     

Small is Transient: Housebuilding Firms in Ontario,Canada 1978-98

The North American housebuilding industry has been neglected in urban and housing studies. Its firm size structure and instability have long been cause for concern, but have rarely been given more than anecdotal treatment. This paper examines the transience of housebuilders in Ontario from 1978 to 1998. Using a census of builders provided by the Ontario New Home Warranty Program, the industry's firm membership is found to be extremely transient. Most transience comes by way of new firm formation and permanent firm exits from the market, while a small cohort of builders withdraw from and re-enter the market on a regular basis. The business cycle speeds and slows these processes but flux is due primarily to the annual turnover of small builders. To reduce transience, policy makers must decide between slowing entry and perhaps raising industry concentration or allowing continued firm entry and probably transience.     

Lead in the tissues of terrestrial raptors in southern Ontario, Canada, 1995-2001

Terrestrial raptors which feed on upland hunted game species may increase their risk to lead exposure and lead poisoning by ingesting lead shot found in the tissues of prey. Lead exposure in 225 individuals of nineteen species of terrestrial raptors, collected as carcasses in southern Ontario from 1995-2001, was examined through the analysis of bone, liver and kidney tissues. In this study, one red-tailed hawk contained liver lead concentrations and exhibited signs consistent with lead poisoning. Liver and kidney concentrations of one turkey vulture were also significantly higher than that associated with subclinical effects. This same bird, plus another turkey vulture and a northern harrier, had elevated bone lead concentrations (>10 microg/g dw) associated with possible toxicity. Turkey vultures had the highest mean concentrations of lead in bone and kidney compared to other raptor species. While it appeared only a single bird suffered acute lead poisoning, lead levels exceeded threshold concentrations associated with subclinical or acute toxicity in 4 of 225, almost 2%, of terrestrial raptors assessed. Given the association between lead exposure in raptors and hunting of game species reported in other studies, the continued use of lead shot for upland hunting in Ontario likely remains as one of the primary sources of lead and a continued risk to these birds of prey.     

Size fractionated particulate matter emissions from a broiler house in Southern Ontario, Canada

In 1999, the National Emission Inventory and Project Task Group developed particulate matter emission inventories for the Canadian poultry industry using Canadian poultry census data and emission factors for all types of poultry operations based on U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and British Columbia/Greater Vancouver Regional District data [MOE. A Compendium of Knowledge on Fine Particulate Matter in Ontario. Ontario Ministry of the Environment (MOE) Review Report (as released to the CRESTech/NERAM expert panel). PIBS 3798e, 1999.]. Recent studies conducted on various poultry operations suggested that the emission factors currently in use could lead to a substantial underestimation of the airborne PM levels in Canada generated by these poultry industries. This study measured real time PM concentrations and house ventilation rates from a commercial broiler operation in southern Ontario in order to develop characteristic PM emission factors and inventories. The averaged particulate matter emission factors obtained were 0.11+/-0.004, 0.13+/-0.005, and 0.56+/-0.02 kg(PM) (1000 birds)(-1) (production cycle)(-1) for PM(1), PM(2.5), and PM(10), respectively. The yearly emissions for the studied commercial broiler operation were 22, 27, 114 kg(PM) (year)(-1) for PM(1), PM(2.5), and PM(10), respectively. The estimated PM emissions for Canada from the broiler sector are 382.4+/-13.9, 472.7+/-16.3, and 2025+/-69.9 tonnes(PM)/year for PM(1), PM(2.5), and PM(10), respectively.     

Microbiological studies on the quality of urban stormwater runoff in Southern Ontario, Canada

The microbiological quality of urban stormwater runoffs was investigated at three different locations in Southern Ontario, Canada. Microbial densities in these waters were similar to those found in dilute raw wastewaters and, therefore, represent a potential health hazard. The recovery of pathogenic bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and salmonellae) further substantiated the existence of health hazards. There appeared to be little relationship between the duration, intensity and amount of rainfall and the occurrence of peak microbial populations. As a result, no typical pattern of time-related distribution of indicator and pathogenic bacteria could be established in this investigation. This suggests that “initial flushing” has minimal effect on the microbiological quality of an individual storm event. Furthermore, the results indicate the seriousness of urban stormwater runoffs as a major factor in nonpoint source pollution of receiving waters and that it would be illogical to disinfect specific portions of these runoffs for removing health hazards as there was no predictable pattern of pathogen occurrence.     

Effects of Housing Development on Bird Species Diversity in a Forest Fragment in Ontario,Canada

This study investigated the effects of a housing development on the number and composition of forest bird species in an adjacent remnant woodlot in Southern Ontario, Canada. The predicted effects of the development on the woodlot species were the subject of two regulatory hearings between 1979 and 1983. Theoretical evidence was presented that predicted a significant decrease in the number of interior species. The regulatory board ruled that theory was insufficient evidence upon which to predict the effects of the development, and allowed the development to proceed. To measure the effects of the development, a pre-development study undertaken by a consulting firm in 1977 was repeated in 1999, about 10 years after completion of the housing subdivision. The observed number of interior forest specialist species was found to have declined in agreement with prevailing theory, but the observed number of interior-edge and edge generalist species had unexpectedly increased. The results of this study, along with those from other recent studies, have been used to suggest mitigating measures for future developments.     

Effects of Housing Development on Bird Species Diversity in a Forest Fragment in Ontario, Canada

This study investigated the effects of a housing development on the number and composition of forest bird species in an adjacent remnant woodlot in Southern Ontario, Canada. The predicted effects of the development on the woodlot species were the subject of two regulatory hearings between 1979 and 1983. Theoretical evidence was presented that predicted a significant decrease in the number of interior species. The regulatory board ruled that theory was insufficient evidence upon which to predict the effects of the development, and allowed the development to proceed. To measure the effects of the development, a pre-development study undertaken by a consulting firm in 1977 was repeated in 1999, about 10 years after completion of the housing subdivision. The observed number of interior forest specialist species was found to have declined in agreement with prevailing theory, but the observed number of interior-edge and edge generalist species had unexpectedly increased. The results of this study, along with those from other recent studies, have been used to suggest mitigating measures for future developments.     

Biophysical processes and bioregional planning: The Niagara Escarpment of southern Ontario, Canada

The Niagara Escarpment is the dominant landscape feature of Southern Ontario and has been designated a UNESCO World Biosphere Reserve. As with many such natural features, the resource planning and management strategies developed tend to be based upon the present-day situation rather than upon a recognition of the changing and evolving nature of the feature. To develop strategies incorporating change demands that a knowledge be gained of the processes operating in those components of the ecosystems in which measurable activity will take place within a planning framework; that is a timescale of several decades. In this particular case, the context is natural resource planning for the scarp face itself. The critical system elements are those related to earth surface processes, forest ecosystem dynamics, and in particular, their interrelationships. Different planning objectives require information at differing spatial scales. Yet these objectives must be related, whether they are local site-specific issues, or are related to the maintenance of the biodiversity of the whole 725 km of the Escarpment. One way to achieve these goals is to establish a hierarchical system of spatially nested land units. These units, however, must be based on the underlying biophysical processes responsible for the dynamics in any one of these spatially determined frameworks. In this case, the underlying biophysical processes relating to geomorphology and forest ecosystem dynamics are found to be influenced by one of three dominant slope forms. The recurrence of these slope forms throughout the Escarpment then permits 9 distinct regional land units to be identified. Within these units, site-specific analysis examines earth surface/forest interactions and change. Subsequently, from these site specific analyses data are accumulated to develop a more general model of earth surface/forest ecosystem interaction for the Escarpment as a whole.     

浅谈加拿大魁北克省矿产资源管理制度

魁北克省是加拿大面积最大的省,其矿产资源丰富,矿产品生产在加拿大及全球占有举足轻重的地位。魁北克省自由而透明的矿产资源管理制度、鼓励商业性勘查的优惠政策、矿山复垦的高度重视和不断完善与修改的《矿业法》及其监督措施等,促进了矿产开发与环境保护。文章以魁北克省《矿业法》为重点,介绍魁北克省在矿产资源管理中的经验和优势,为我国矿产资源管理制度改革和企业走出去提供相关信息。     

Geological compressed air energy storage as an enabling technology for renewable energy in Ontario,Canada

As renewable resources are increasingly used to provide power to the world’s demand centres, dealing with the intermittent nature of these resources and their affect on the power grid is becoming a significant issue. Compressed air energy storage (CAES) is one technology that is proposed to increase flexibility when integrating renewable energy sources such as wind, solar and tidal generation with the power grid. By creating a storage medium where the energy produced from these sources can be stored and dispatched to the grid as required, a higher penetration of renewable energy generation can be achieved.     

A 13-month survey of nematodes at three water treatment plants in southern Ontario, Canada

Nematodes were present in almost every sample of treated water from all 3 plants examined, often in high numbers (a maximum of 42.5 1⁻¹), with a considerable proportion being motile. Existing suggested standards of nematode concentrations were exceeded at each plant. Treatment processes, including coagulation, filtration and chlorination, were ineffective in immobilizing or removing most nematodes. The most significant factor in reducing nematode densities in this study was a slow-moving canal at one plant which acted as a presettling tank.High river flow, heavy rainfall and high raw water turbidity all corresponded to increases in nematode concentrations and can be used to indicate those times when extra measures to reduce numbers might be applied.Further research is recommended on the supposed pathogen carrying abilities of nematodes in drinking water.     

Temporal and spatial trends of mercury in fish collected in the English-Wabigoon river system in Ontario, Canada

The First Nations communities of Grassy Narrows and Wabaseemong (Ontario, Canada) have been impacted by mercury pollution since the 1960s. This study was implemented with the objective of providing these communities with information on current mercury concentrations in their catch, in order to make appropriate fish consumption choices. A total of 851 fish samples, including Walleye, Northern Pike, Large-mouth Bass, and Whitefish, were collected from thirteen lakes and rivers. Total mercury was measured and the relationship between fish length, mercury concentration, and lake of origin were assessed. It was found that fish from most of the lakes exhibit a positive relationship between length and mercury accumulation. Mercury concentrations in fish collected from Clay Lake, closest to the original source of contamination, are higher than those from other lakes. Mercury concentrations have declined over the last 25 years but the gradient of contamination was still observed. Results were communicated to the communities for public health purposes.     

Impact of CO2-induced climate change on residential heating and cooling energy requirements in Ontario,Canada

Space-heating energy requirements per household (or customer) for different fuels for the heating season (October–March), and space-cooling energy requirements per household for the cooling season (July–September), in Ontario, were computed for two scenarios of climate change caused by a doubling of atmospheric CO₂ concentrations (2 × CO₂) assumed to occur during 2025–2065. These computations were done by developing appropriate regression equations in the present climate and then using them for the 2 × CO₂ climate scenarios. Total heating energy consumption was computed by taking into consideration three population growth scenarios. A sensitivity analysis which provides the total heating energy consumption for various increases in temperature and number of households is presented. Compared to 1976–1983 consumption, total space-heating energy consumption/household in the two climate scenarios would decrease by 31–45%. Natural gas consumption/customer would decrease by 19–28% and the oil and electricity consumption/customer would decrease by 49–71%. The actual total energy consumption in the year 2065 for medium (3.6% per decade) and low (1.9% per decade) population growth scenarios is estimated to be less than the current consumption; however the consumption in 2065 would be higher for a high (11.7% per decade) population growth scenario despite climatic warming. The space-cooling energy requirement would increase by 6–7% in the 2 × CO₂ climate scenarios but would still be only 10% of the heating consumption. Cooling-season length would increase, thereby forcing utilities to alter their operation patterns.