由α-环柠檬醛直接缩合制备β-紫罗兰酮的研究

以柠檬醛为原料经酸化环化得到α-环柠檬醛,然后直接与丙酮缩合得到产物 β-紫罗兰酮.对影响反应的主要因素包括催化剂NaOH溶液浓度、反应温度和时间等进行了优化,得到如下较佳工艺条件:α-环柠檬醛和丙酮在5%的NaOH水溶液作用下于45℃反应6 h,减压精馏得到产物β-紫罗兰酮,收率为71.6%,含量为93.5%(GC)...     

正交法优化柠檬醛合成紫罗兰酮工艺

以柠檬醛和丙酮为原料,在氢氧化钠催化条件下,经羟醛缩合反应先制备假性紫罗兰酮,再在磷酸催化条件下,经环化反应制备紫罗兰酮。采用正交法研究了一锅法条件下,柠檬醛合成紫罗兰酮工艺条件。合成假性紫罗兰酮优化工艺条件是:物料比n(柠檬醛)∶n(丙酮)=1∶6,催化剂用量比w(10%NaOH)∶w(柠檬醛)=4%,反应温度60℃,反应时间3 h。合成紫罗兰酮优化工艺条件:物料比n(柠檬醛)∶n(H_3PO_4)=1∶1,反应温度40℃,反应时间3 h。     

环柠檬醛的合成

原文摘录：环柠檬醛是环叶香烯衍生物的一种，有2-B两种同分异构体，利用环柠檬醛，可以合成突厥酮，环香叶醇等名贵香料，是一种重要的有机合成中间体。成功合成环柠朦醛，关键在于选择一条合适的路线，经典合成环柠檬醛的方法有，以紫罗兰酮与过酸（过乙酸，过苯甲酸）反应经水解制得；以紫罗兰酮臭氧化，还原，水解制得；以柠檬醛经胺基化，环化，水解制得，臭氧化的反应是在-30℃的条件进行，应用的设备要求较高。     

2,6，6-三甲基-3-肟基-1-环己烯-1-甲醛的合成

以柠檬醛为原料经苯胺保护、浓硫酸环化、亚硝化、水解制备得到2,6，6-三甲基-3-肟基-1-环己烯-1-甲醛，含量99．1％，收率50．1％。并对反应机理进行了分析。     

β-环高柠檬醛的合成

以β-紫罗兰酮为原料、50%H2O2为氧化剂合成了β-环高柠檬醛,考察了催化剂种类、催化剂用量、氧化剂用量、反应时间、反应温度等因素对β-环高柠檬醛产率的影响。通过单因素实验确定β-环高柠檬醛的最优合成条件如下:β-紫罗兰酮用量为10.0 g,氧化剂50%H2O2的用量为12 mL,催化剂无水AlCl3的用量为3.0 g,反应时间为8 h,反应温度为45℃。此工艺条件下,β-环高柠檬醛产率可达33.7%。产物结构经GC-MS确证,并用内标法测定其含量。     

由柠檬醛合成柠檬腈的工艺研究

从山苍子提取出的柠檬醛 ,与硫酸羟胺反应生成柠朦肟 ,脱水后可得到柠檬腈。通过正交实验确定了柠朦肟合成的最佳工艺条件是 :n(柠檬醛 )∶n(硫酸羟胺 ) =1∶ 1 .5 ,p H=6～ 7,反应温度为 45°C,反应时间 3 .5 h。柠朦腈合成的最佳工艺条件是 :n(柠檬肟 )∶ n(乙酸酐 ) =1∶ 5 ,反应温度为 1 2 5～ 1 3 0°C,反应时间 1 h。柠檬腈的产率约为 89.7%。     

2,6，6-三甲基-2-环己烯-1-甲醛的合成

以柠檬醛为原料,经胺基化,环化,水解三步反应得到2,6,6-三甲基-2-环己烯-1-甲醛,含量97％以上,产率86．8％;并对反应机理进行了分析。此产物是合成香料和类胡罗卜素等萜类化合物的重要中间体。     

环柠檬醛合成方法的改进

柠檬醛经用苯胺保护醛基后在浓硫酸中环化制得了环柠檬醛，对文献方法进行了改进，简化了操作步骤，提高了产率。     

壳聚糖与柠檬醛缩合反应产席夫碱及其抗菌活性

通过壳聚糖与柠檬醛在超声波振荡下反应制备了壳聚糖缩柠檬醛席夫碱。采用[L9（33）]正交实验探讨了反应时间、反应温度及反应物配比对壳聚糖席夫碱缩合率和取代度的影响。最佳条件为：反应物配比n（壳聚糖）∶n（柠檬醛）=1∶6,反应温度40～50 ℃,反应时间10 h,壳聚糖席夫碱的缩合率可达86%,取代度为0.82。红外光谱和X射线衍射光谱结果表明产物具有壳聚糖席夫碱的结构特征。对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和黑曲霉的抗菌实验表明,该产物对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和黑曲霉的最低抑菌浓度分别为1 g/L、1 g/L和5 g/L,其抗菌活性随浓度的增加而增加,且优于壳聚糖。     

二甲基三硫和β-环柠檬醛的颗粒活性炭吸附机理研究

以饮用水源中2种典型的嗅味物质二甲基三硫和β-环柠檬醛为研究对象,分别从吸附平衡试验和吸附动力学方面进行了颗粒活性炭(GAC)吸附试验.结果表明,GAC吸附二甲基三硫和β-环柠檬醛均同时符合伪1级反应动力学和伪2级反应动力学模型;在4种等温吸附模型中,Freundlich方程能最好地拟合吸附等温线;GAC对二甲基三硫和β-环柠檬醛的吸附容量较大,当二甲基三硫和β-环柠檬醛的初始质量浓度为500μg·L-1时,吸附容量分别达到8.680、16.04L·mg-1;pH＞10时更有利于GAC吸附二甲基三硫,而pH为2～13对β-环柠檬醛的吸附效果无显著影响.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。