Effect of insoluble materials on the volumetric behavior of rock salt

This paper focuses on the presence of nodules of insoluble materials within salt specimens,and their effect on the volumetric strain measurements and the dilatancy phenomenon.We analyzed experimental results of over 120 conventional triaxial compression tests,and found that in 20%of the cases,the volumetric strain measurements were atypical.We also noted that the natural variability of the specimens can lead to a non-negligible data scattering in the volumetric strain measurements when different specimens are subjected to the same test.This is expected given the small magnitude of those strains,but it occasionally implies that the corresponding specimens are not representative of the volumetric behavior of the studied rock.In order to understand these results,we numerically investigated salt specimens modeled as halite matrices with inclusions of impurities.Simulations of triaxial compression tests on these structures proved that such heterogeneities can induce dilatancy,and their presence can lead to the appearance of tensile zones which is physically translated into a micro-cracking activity.The modeling approach is validated as the patterns displayed in the numerical results are identical to that in the laboratory.It was then employed to explain the observed irregularities in experimental results.We studied the natural variability effect as well and proposed a methodology to overcome the issue of specimen representativity from both deviatoric and volumetric perspectives.     

邓肯E-B模型弹性部分能量守恒的探讨

 邓肯E-B模型的卸荷再加荷模量和体积模量出发,以热力学定律为基础,构造土体的吉布斯自由能函数,通过勒让德变换,得到增量的应力–应变关系。采用热力学方法对柔度矩阵进行修正,从而产生弹性体应力(或应变)与弹性剪切应变(或应力)的耦合项。经典的弹性本构认为剪切与胀缩效应是不相关的,但几个闭合应力路径的计算表明,其能量存在不守恒问题。所提出的修正模型能够满足闭合应力路径的能量守恒,且能更好地拟合三轴试验弹性应力–应变关系。     

Stress–dilatancy relationships of sand in the simulation of volumetric behavior during cyclic torsional shear loadings

In order to describe the volumetric behavior of soil subjected to shearing, a relationship that deals with the ratio of plastic strain increments to stress ratio (i.e. a stress–dilatancy relationship) is required in addition to the stress–shear strain relationship. In view of the above, stress–dilatancy relationships during cyclic torsional shear loadings were experimentally investigated in the current study. Based on the experimental results, a bilinear non-unique stress–dilatancy model was proposed for stress controlled drained cyclic torsional shear loading. The stress–dilatancy relationships during virgin loading and subsequent cyclic loading were modeled separately by considering the effects of stress history (over-consolidation or normal consolidation). Then the volume change of Toyoura sand specimens subjected to cyclic torsional shear loading was simulated by combining the simulation of stress–shear strain relationship with the proposed stress–dilatancy relationships. It was observed from the comparison of the experiment results with the simulation of volumetric strain that, after combining with accurate modeling of stress–shear strain relationship, the proposed stress–dilatancy relationship can reasonably simulate the volumetric behavior of sand subjected to various drained cyclic torsional shear loadings.     

Mechanical behavior of sandy facies of Opalinus Clay under different loadconditions

The mechanical behavior of sandy facies of Opalinus Clay at the Mont Terri underground rock laboratory(URL)in Switzerland was investigated with drained and undrained triaxial compression and extension,cyclic compression,and creep tests.Samples were taken from boreholes drilled parallel to bedding.Most of the samples were reconditioned to minimize sampling effects of desaturation and micro-cracking.The compression was accomplished by increasing axial stress at constant radial stress.The extension was carried out by increasing radial stress at constant axial stress.Moreover,extension was also achieved by simultaneously increasing radial stress and decreasing axial stress under constant mean stress.The test results showed elastoplastic stress-strain behavior with volumetric compaction until onset of dilatancy at high deviatoric stresses above 80%-90%of the peak failure strength.The strength is dependent upon load path and mean stress.The strength under triaxial compression is higher than that under extension.The respective strength increases with increasing mean stress.Desaturation enhances the stiffness and strength of the claystone.The deformation and strength of the elaystone are time-dependent.Under constant deviatoric stress,the claystone crept continuously with time,which can be characterized by a transient phase and a following stationary phase,and even a tertiary phase at high deviatoric stresses to rupture.     

粗粒土与结构接触面的静动本构规律

进行了系统的粗粒土与结构接触面静动力学试验以研究其本构规律。基于试验得到的宏观和细观测量结果,归纳总结了粗粒土与结构接触面静动力学特性的五条基本规律,即:(1)抗剪强度与法向应力近似成线性关系;(2)在一条法向应力不变条件下的单调剪切应力路径中,剪应力随着剪应变的增加而不断增长并趋向于一稳定值;(3)剪胀体应变由不可逆性和可逆性的体应变分量构成,可逆性剪胀体应变表现出明显的接触面异向性,与剪胀体应变有关的剪应变在总剪应变中所占比例在不同剪切阶段是不同的;(4)压缩性随着法向应力的增大而逐渐降低;(5)受载过程中发生物理状态及力学特性的演化并逐渐趋于稳定。     

偏应力往返作用下饱和砂土变形特性的试验研究

在固结排水条件下保持球应力不变,进行了偏应力往返作用下的动三轴试验,分析了饱和砂土的体积变形特性。结果表明:(1) 体应变可视具体条件表现为C1型剪缩(初次加荷)、C2型剪缩(卸荷前未产生剪胀)、C3型剪缩(卸荷前产生剪胀)、剪胀P及剪刚R(再加载无胀缩)等物态有规律的变化;(2) 各物态的体应变均与所作用的偏应力比有良好的线性关系。其参数与综合反映应力特征及土性特征的各物态起始体应变间均有良好的指数或直线关系;(3) 体应变可跟踪偏应力的往返变化,区分加荷、卸荷段的各不同物态,依序考虑各物态起始时的体应变,在对应确定相应参数的基础上进行计算,计算的结果与试验关系间有良好的一致性。     

Rock salt dilatancy boundary from combined acoustic emission and triaxial compression tests

This paper presents an experimental investigation of rock salt dilatancy boundary based on combined acoustic emission and triaxial compression tests carried out on the rock salt samples from the Asse Salt Mine, Germany. The experimental results were evaluated to determine the dilatancy boundary under specified stress, stress loading rate and pore pressure. Pore volume changes caused by deviatoric stresses were measured during triaxial compression tests. The dilatancy boundary was then determined from the maximum compression on a stress–strain curve which separates the compression and dilatancy regions. Variations in acoustic emissions that occur during microcrack development under triaxial compression were recorded with ten sensors mounted on the outer surface of the cylindrical samples. A spontaneous increase observed in the cumulative number of acoustic events is consistent with the dilatancy boundary determined from the minimum pore volume. It is confirmed that the dilatancy boundary depends on both stress loading rate and pore pressure. The dilatancy boundary slightly decreases with increasing the loading rate, but increases with increasing the minor normal stress. High pore pressures accelerate the dilatancy. A Biot coefficient of 0.25 for Asse rock salt was determined from the dilatancy boundary. An analysis of two-dimensional (2D) fractal dimensions determined for several samples shows that the samples with smaller dimensions have slightly higher dilatancy boundaries. The dilatancy boundary values of Asse rock salt are lower than those reported for crystalline rocks, although both rock types show similar dilatancy behaviour.     

土的弹塑性应力应变关系的合理形式

土与金属材料不同的一个基本特性是平均压应力对偏应变以及偏应力对体应变之间的交叉影响。另外还有不少试验资料证明,土的塑性应变方向不是唯一的,而与加荷方向有关。为了考虑土的这些基本特性,文中提出了部分屈服面的新概念,并把传统意义上的屈服面称为整体屈服面。按照这一概念,体应变屈服面的屈服只引起塑性体应变,偏应变屈服面的屈服只引起塑性偏应变。基于这一概念建立起来的模式除了能反映塑性应变方向与加荷方向之间的依存关系外,还能说明土的剪胀-剪缩和硬化-软化现象,而且也符合依留辛的塑性假设和满足弹塑性边值问题的解的唯一性要求。文末针对正常压密粘土提出了一个具体的计算模式。     

岩石扩容起始特性与峰值特性的比较

边坡、隧洞、矿井等岩土工程的失稳过程都伴随着岩体的扩容现象,研究各种工程岩体的扩容特性对工程岩体稳定性评价有重要意义。采用TAW-2000电液伺服岩石三轴试验机,通过对8种岩样的单轴、三轴压缩试验结果分析,获得了低围压下的应力-体积应变曲线,寻求不同岩石的扩容起始点的的变化规律,揭示岩石扩容起始特性与峰值点特性的对应关系。研究结果表明：①岩石扩容起始点处的应力随着围压的增大而增大,并且相比峰值点应力变化,扩容起始点的应力随着围压的变化更强烈;②分别定义了岩石的扩容起始点与峰值点的应力比和应变比计算公式,应力比和轴向应变比呈现很强的线性相关性,并且与其岩性和围压无关。如果确定了峰值点的应力应变关系,便可以较方便地找到岩石的扩容起始点。通过岩石扩容起始点与峰值点变化规律的研究,找到了一条确定岩石扩容起始点的新思路,对岩石的长期强度预测提供了理论依据。     

三轴低频循环荷载下盐岩体积应变特性研究

地下储气库围岩长期处于复杂疲劳应力状态下,盐岩三轴循环荷载下的变形规律对储气库稳定性分析有参考价值。对8个盐岩试块进行了不同围压、不同应力水平和不同频率条件下的循环荷载试验。对每一试块施加恒定围压和轴向低频循环荷载。对试验参数进行了无量纲处理,分析了应力比强度(广义剪应力强度与球应力的比值)、应力比振幅、上限应力水平、荷载频率、循环次数(N)等对体积应变(?v)的影响。利用函数?v=?lg N+?v0,对每一试块的体积应变–循环次数曲线进行了拟合分析,获得了参数?和?v0随应力比振幅、上限应力水平和频率变化的数学表达式。标准化回归系数分析表明,上限应力水平是影响盐岩体积变形的主要因素,其次是应力比振幅。在高上限应力水平三轴状态下,盐岩主要表现出体积扩大现象。     

基于梯度塑性理论的岩样单轴压缩扩容分析

采用梯度塑性理论，对岩样剪应变局部化引起的扩容进行了理论分析。假设岩石的剪切本构关系为弹性-应变软化双线性，局部化启动于应力峰值强度，利用局部塑性剪应变与局部塑性体积应变的线性关系，得到了局部塑性体积应变、局部塑性体积增量及剪胀引起的剪切带总塑性体积增量的解析式，这体现了该理论在研究剪胀问题时的优越性。另外，还得到了弹性阶段及应变软化阶段的轴向应力-体积应变曲线的理论关系。塑性体积应变是专指由剪切带剪胀而引起的，因而，轴向应力．体积应变不具有尺寸效应，与局部化带的尺寸无关，但扩容角、剪切降模量及泊松比却对该曲线有重要影响。在弹性阶段及应变软化阶段轴向应力-体积应变均呈线性。在相同的应力水平下，扩容角越大则剪胀程度越大；剪切降模量越大，剪胀程度越小。在应变软化阶段，泊松比不影响塑性体积应变。     

砂土的可逆性和不可逆性剪胀规律

基于对较高精度的砂土扭剪试验成果的分析,表明砂土的剪胀是由一个完全可逆的体应变分量和一个不可逆的体应变分量构成的。前者取决于现时剪应变的大小,后者则主要取决于剪切作用的历史。砂土剪胀的可逆性与剪切过程中相对滑移机制以及颗粒转动引起的砂粒集合平均定向率的可逆变化有关,而砂土剪胀的不可逆性则可能是剪切过程中砂颗粒破碎、平均孔隙率减少及大孔隙消失的结果,它们分别服从不同的剪胀规律。     

盐岩蠕变特性温度效应的实验研究

对经历不同温度后的盐岩蠕变特性进行了实验研究,研究了应力水平和温度对盐岩蠕变特性的影响,通过实验获得的蠕变曲线和岩石参数,回归出了其稳态蠕变率本构方程。分析结果表明:偏应力和温度对盐岩稳态蠕变率影响较大;稳定蠕变应变率本构方程是作用在盐岩上的应力偏量的幂次函数和能量与温度的指数函数。并从盐岩蠕变模量随蠕变时间的变化规律入手,导出了以蠕变时间为自变量的损伤率演化方程和用损伤表示的蠕变模量演化方程。     

基于耦合应力建立土本构模型的方法

土的平均应力与广义剪应力在引起塑性应变时会相互交叉影响,为此从反映该交叉影响的剪胀试验规律出发,构造了一个能综合考虑平均应力与广义剪应力交叉作用的耦合应力。在对已有的黏土应力应变试验规律分析的基础上,引用微积分学中曲线积分路径无关的充分必要条件,推导确立了黏土塑性体积应变与耦合应力的一维化本构关系。将该推导方法应用于砂土,又建立了砂土的类似一维化弹塑性本构关系。通过耦合应力的建立以及耦合应力与塑性体积应变一维化本构关系的推导,从全新的视角介绍了一种理解和建立土本构模型的方法。     

球应力和偏应力对粗粒土变形影响的真三轴试验研究

为了研究p,q,θσ单独变化对粗粒土变形的影响,使用河海大学TSW-40型真三轴仪,对粗粒土进行了等q等b(b=(σ2-σ3)/(σ1-σ3))试验,等p等b试验和等p等q试验,试验结果表明:q,b保持不变,p单独减小时,初期几乎不产生偏应变,但会产生膨胀的体积应变,随着p的减小,体积膨胀增大,偏应变也逐渐增大,但偏应变数值上比体积应变小,到后期体积应变和偏应变都加速发展,直至破坏;p的减小直接引起体积膨胀,体积膨胀后颗粒结构松动,进而导致偏应变的产生;p,b保持不变,q单独增大时,初期几乎不产生体积膨胀,但会产生偏应变,随着q的增大,偏应变增大,体积膨胀也逐渐增大,但体积应变数值上比偏应变小,到后期体积应变和偏应变都加速发展,直至破坏;q的增大直接产生偏应变,偏应变使得颗粒之间产生错动,进而导致体积膨胀的产生;p,q保持不变,应力罗德角θσ单独变化会产生不可恢复的体积应变和偏应变,但数值上很小。引入参数sp(sp=(p/q-p0/q0)/(1/Mf-p0/q0))和sq(sp=(q/p-q0/p0)/(Mf-q0/p0)),p0,q0分别为初始球应力和偏应力,Mf为破坏应力比,发现q,b保持不变,p单独减小时,dεv/dp与1/(1-sp)1/2-1成正比例关系,dεs/dp与-sp[1/(1-sp)1/2-1]成正比例关系,应力–剪胀方程为dεv/dεs=-1/sp;p,b保持不变,q单独增大时,dεs/dq与1/(1-sq)1/2-1成正比例关系,dεv/dq与-sq[1/(1-sq)1/2-1]成正比例关系,应力–剪胀方程为dεv/dεs=-sq。最后根据本文试验结果对粗粒土柔度矩阵元素的特性进行了分析。     

双向耦合循环剪切条件下饱和砂土体应变发展规律试验研究

砂土的剪胀与循环应力路径密切相关。针对饱和南京细砂,利用空心圆柱扭剪仪(HCA)进行了一系列均等固结条件下轴向–扭转耦合循环剪切排水试验,研究了复杂应力路径下饱和砂土的剪胀性及其体应变量化方法。研究表明:双向耦合循环剪切条件下饱和砂土的剪胀由一个完全可逆的循环体应变分量和一个不可逆的累积体应变分量构成,循环应力路径对累积体应变发展规律影响显著;以等效循环应力比ESR作为表征复杂应力路径下动应力大小的指标,饱和砂土累积体应变与ESR值具有事实上的唯一性关系,累积体应变随ESR的增加而线性累积;通过引入参数ESR,提出了双向耦合剪切条件下饱和砂土累积体应变规准化方法。验证性试验表明新的体应变增量模型的预测值与试验结果的吻合度较高,而基于循环直剪试验结果建立的Byrne模型对双向耦合剪切条件下饱和南京细砂的体应变预测偏小。     

考虑结构性影响的原状软黏土应力–应变特性真三轴试验研究

通过对营口原状软黏土和饱和重塑软黏土的真三轴试验,研究围压和中主应力系数对软黏土强度的影响。基于综合结构势理论,提出真三维应力条件下软黏土的应力比结构性参数,建立引入结构性参数的原状软黏土偏应力–广义剪应变关系式。研究结果表明:当固结围压先期固结压力时,原状软黏土偏应力–广义剪应变曲线形态表现为应变软化,体应变表现为剪缩特性;当固结围压先期固结压力时,其曲线形态表现为应变硬化,体积应变表现为剪胀特性;饱和重塑软黏土的偏应力–应变关系曲线则不受先期固结压力的影响,均表现为应变硬化型。软黏土强度都随着固结围压和中主应力系数的增大而增大。应力比结构性参数m_η随广义剪应变、固结围压和中主应力系数的增大而降低,其与广义剪应变呈显著的对数关系。将拟合得到的应力比结构性参数m_η引入到原状软黏土的q-ε_s曲线中,得到q/m_η-ε_s关系曲线,进而建立引入结构性参数的原状软黏土偏应力–广义剪应变关系式,其与试验结果具有较好的一致性,从而使原状软黏土q-ε_s曲线得到合理描述。     

粗晶大理岩单轴压缩力学特性的静态加载速率效应及能量机制试验研究

 加载速率对岩石力学性质具有重要影响,影响的程度与岩石本身的微结构和加、卸载应力路径及状态等密切相关。基于静态加载速率范围内的9个不同等级应变率下粗晶大理岩单轴压缩试验,研究加载应变率对岩石的应力–应变曲线、破坏形态、强度、弹性模量及变形模量与应变能耗散及释放的影响规律,探讨岩石损伤演化的能量机制。根据总体积应变及裂纹体积应变与起裂及扩容应力的相关性,确定各应变率下岩石起裂及临界扩容应力。加载应变率大约以1×10－3 s－1为分界点,小于该值时应力–应变曲线峰值点附近仍存在一定的塑性屈服或流动段,超过该值后表现为“折线”型。随着加载应变率的增加,岩样破裂模式由张剪型逐渐过渡到张性劈裂甚至劈裂弹射。一般而言,起裂及临界扩容应力和峰值应力均随加载速率增大而增大,且起裂及临界扩容应力越接近峰值强度,但当应变率为1×10－4～1×10－3 s－1时,上述值均出现一个相对低值区间,这与粗晶大理岩的微结构特征相关。起裂应力、临界扩容应力、弹性模量及变形模量均与峰值强度线性相关。单轴压缩下峰前能量耗散量越多,强度越高,峰后可释放弹性应变能和释放速率越大,岩石的张性贯通破裂特性愈强,破裂块数越多。能量耗散使岩石损伤而强度丧失,而能量释放使岩石宏观破裂面贯通而整体破坏。     

重塑粉质黏土的剪切蠕变特性及本构模型研究

通过室内三轴试验,对重塑粉质黏土的剪切蠕变特性进行研究,分析了粉质黏土在不同偏应力水平下和不同偏应力分级方式下的蠕变变形特性。试验表明,粉质黏土的偏应变蠕变变形与对数时间关系具有明显的非线性;在同样的剪切应力水平下,不同的加载分级方式对试样的最终偏应变量有明显的影响,加载分级越多,最终的偏应变量越小。基于试验数据,建立了适合描述重塑粉质黏土蠕变特性的双曲线模型,并对模型参数的物理意义和取值方法进行了讨论。分析表明,模型参数的取值与应力水平及试样的初始孔隙比有关;结合试验结果,给出了粉质黏土剪切蠕变双曲线模型参数取值建议。     

复杂应力下强风化软岩湿化变形试验研究

强风化软岩用于高等级公路路基填筑时，压实特性和湿化变形特性是评价填料性能的主要指标。对填料在不同压实度下进行承载比试验，试验结果表明，承载比值随填料压实度的增大而增大。利用室内三轴剪切仪对强风化软岩进行干、湿双线平行试验和在复杂应力状态下不同压实度的湿化变肜认验，试验结果表明，填料在压实度为90％且有较大的偏应作用下，湿化不仅产生较大的附加轴向应变，而且还能引起相当大的附加体积应变和偏应变。因此，提高路基填士的压实度是减少湿化变形的关键因素。