Symmetry Hierarchy of Man‐Made Objects

We introduce symmetry hierarchy of man‐made objects, a high‐level structural representation of a 3D model providing a symmetry‐induced, hierarchical organization of the model's constituent parts. Given an input mesh, we segment it into primitive parts and build an initial graph which encodes inter‐part symmetries and connectivity relations, as well as self‐symmetries in individual parts. The symmetry hierarchy is constructed from the initial graph via recursive graph contraction which either groups parts by symmetry or assembles connected sets of parts. The order of graph contraction is dictated by a set of precedence rules designed primarily to respect the law of symmetry in perceptual grouping and the principle of compactness of representation. We show that symmetry hierarchy naturally implies a hierarchical segmentation that is more meaningful than those produced by local geometric considerations. We also develop an application of symmetry hierarchies for structural shape editing.     

The Limits to Safety? Culture,Politics, Learning and Man–Made Disasters

Three interrelated questions are posed. First, what is the significance of culture for theories of institutional resilience and vulnerability? Second, what are the cultural possibilities for organizational safety and learning? Third, can a theory of institutional vulnerability to disaster and crisis be translated into one of practical resilience? The paper explores these issues with reference to Barry Turner’s seminal Man-Made Disasters model of system vulnerability together with more recent extensions and critiques. Attempts to move from this framework to a theoretical characterization of the ‘safe’ organization are outlined, as is parallel research on high reliability organizations. Critique of this work in the debate over the limits to safety in complex organizations has focused in particular upon the political processes which corrupt possibilities for organizational learning. It is argued that such political problems, and in particular that of blame in organizations, ultimately require political solutions. Examples are given of solutions in aviation monitoring systems.     

Learning Part Generation and Assembly for Sketching Man‐Made Objects

Modeling 3D objects on existing software usually requires a heavy amount of interactions, especially for users who lack basic knowledge of 3D geometry. Sketch‐based modeling is a solution to ease the modelling procedure and thus has been researched for decades. However, modelling a man‐made shape with complex structures remains challenging. Existing methods adopt advanced deep learning techniques to map holistic sketches to 3D shapes. They are still bottlenecked to deal with complicated topologies. In this paper, we decouple the task of sketch2shape into a part generation module and a part assembling module, where deep learning methods are leveraged for the implementation of both modules. By changing the focus from holistic shapes to individual parts, it eases the learning process of the shape generator and guarantees high‐quality outputs. With the learned automated part assembler, users only need a little manual tuning to obtain a desired layout. Extensive experiments and user studies demonstrate the usefulness of our proposed system.     

20世纪芬兰建筑之印象

芬兰地理位置特殊,同时由于特殊的历史原因,使得芬兰的建筑形成了独特的风景。这里虽然人口稀少,但却从来不乏建筑大师;这里虽然没有其它欧洲国家建筑的雄伟气魄,但却从来不乏建筑的个性;"亲近自然"的朴实,是芬兰建筑最大的特色。     

20世纪艺术多元化的反思

当世界进入20世纪后,人类社会开始走向全面的解放,随之而来的是各种文化、思潮、风格层出不穷,这就是多元化的时代。多元化的时代反映在艺术上也呈现出风格和流派的多元化,对此,本文试从20世纪艺术多元化的现状、艺术的概念和标准、艺术多元化的反思三个方面进行分析阐释,以探求艺术和社会之间的关系。     

Structure‐adaptive Shape Editing for Man‐made Objects

One of the challenging problems for shape editing is to adapt shapes with diversified structures for various editing needs. In this paper we introduce a shape editing approach that automatically adapts the structure of a shape being edited with respect to user inputs. Given a category of shapes, our approach first classifies them into groups based on the constituent parts. The group‐sensitive priors, including both inter‐group and intra‐group priors, are then learned through statistical structure analysis and multivariate regression. By using these priors, the inherent characteristics and typical variations of shape structures can be well captured. Based on such group‐sensitive priors, we propose a framework for real‐time shape editing, which adapts the structure of shape to continuous user editing operations. Experimental results show that the proposed approach is capable of both structure‐preserving and structure‐varying shape editing.     

浅析20世纪西方服饰文化现象

20世纪是西方服饰翻天覆地变化的一个世纪,这一百年中的服饰文化现象主要集中在三个方面:社会思潮的反映、另类思想的写照、反叛意识的体现,本文是对这三种服饰文化现象的梳理,以期为今天的服装设计提供有益的帮助。     

20世纪初中国现代派绘画探源

20世纪初期,是中国油画发展的特殊时期,印象派、野兽派、立体派等现代主义流派纷呈,现代派绘画以革新陈陈相因的中国传统绘画的姿态出现在这一时期。中国艺术青年从日本和欧美留学归国,以兴办教育、组织社团、编撰文献等方式大量介绍现代派艺术,这期间由全国美展所引发的对现代派绘画的立场和态度的讨论,促进了不同艺术价值取向的绘画交流,对最终现代派绘画在中国近现代美术史中,逐渐归于沉寂的深层原因作了梳理。     

20世纪美国旅游海报的发展与特点

目前学界对美国海报的研究多限于对其商品、文化或公益性海报的研究,而对旅游海报的研究却很少。文章从设计史的角度追溯了美国旅游海报的发展,概括了美国旅游海报的特征及艺术风格。文童通过对美国旅游海报的研究,探讨社会各方面因素与海报设计之间的互动影响,并阐述美国旅游海报设计对当代设计的借鉴意义。     

20世纪德国表现主义对中国油画的影响

20世纪德国表现主义对我国油画的发展有着及其深远的影响。但是我们在"西学东渐"、在借鉴、引进西方德国表现主义艺术的表现方式、主题等实践过程中,更要意识到中、德在社会政治、经济、文化环境下的差异性,油画家要达到"中西融合",必须做到"取其精华,弃其糟粕",同时,还要努力发扬本民族的特色文化精神,发展中国的优秀文化传统,努力构建一套属于自己的油画艺术表现体系。     

Modeling and Exploring Co‐variations in the Geometry and Configuration of Man‐made 3D Shape Families

We introduce co‐variation analysis as a tool for modeling the way part geometries and configurations co‐vary across a family of man‐made 3D shapes. While man‐made 3D objects exhibit large geometric and structural variations, the geometry, structure, and configuration of their individual components usually do not vary independently from each other but in a correlated fashion. The size of the body of an airplane, for example, constrains the range of deformations its wings can undergo to ensure that the entire object remains a functionally‐valid airplane. These co‐variation constraints, which are often non‐linear, can be either physical, and thus they can be explicitly enumerated, or implicit to the design and style of the shape family. In this article, we propose a data‐driven approach, which takes pre‐segmented 3D shapes with known component‐wise correspondences and learns how various geometric and structural properties of their components co‐vary across the set. We demonstrate, using a variety of 3D shape families, the utility of the proposed co‐variation analysis in various applications including 3D shape repositories exploration and shape editing where the propagation of deformations is guided by the co‐variation analysis. We also show that the framework can be used for context‐guided orientation of objects in 3D scenes.     

20世纪美国消费文化的演进和现代设计关系研究

随着社会经济不断发展,消费方式和消费习惯的变迁,人们的需求也越来越不同,随之设计方式为符合大众消费得以转变。本文以美国消费文化的变迁和设计的转变为研究角度,阐述了二者之间的紧密联系,以及相互之间促进作用。     

20世纪后期我国广告设计主导观念的演变

20世纪70年代末至今,我国广告设计的观念在主导与非主导的互证、补充,相互制约及推动下,经历了"产品为中心,直实传达信息"、"产品与消费者心理相联结,注重形象,巧妙传达信息"、"传流文化和消费者个性为本,完善形象,精准灵活传达信息"三个不同阶段。     

Work and Family Trajectories: Changes Across Cohorts Born in the First Half of the 20th Century

This paper deals with the relationship between family formation and employment in older cohorts of the English population born between 1916 and 1957. Based on retrospective life history data of the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA) and using sequence and cluster analyses, we explore three dimensions in particular: employment, marital status, and having children, and the extent to which individuals’ life course trajectories on these three dimensions vary across cohorts, gender, and level of education. While the majority of men followed a trajectory of marriage and family formation with a (relatively) continuous career, the family-work trajectories of women varied noticeably from one cohort to the next, including increased labour market participation combined with fewer and shorter breaks from work to care for children. While the current perception is that the so-called ‘baby boomer’ generation born soon after World War Two was path-breaking in terms of life course innovations, our findings are not compatible with the assumption of a single cohort being particularly pioneering.     

21世纪微处理器技术的发展方向

提高微处理器速度有各种各样的方法 ,例如 :有提高时钟频率、64位体系结构、VL IW、EPIC、分支指令、大容量 Cache、片上多处理器、多线程体系结构等方法。本文将就这些技术开发的现状及今后微处理器发展状况进行了论述     

构建21世纪信息安全解决方案

21世纪信息安全现状 随着Internet的出现,人们的生活发生了巨大的变革。以HTTP和WWW为代表的信息发布服务以及电子邮件、新闻组等Internet服务给人们带来了巨大的方便。电子商务、电子钱包、网络银行等新兴业务的兴起,使得网络成为人们生活中不可缺少的一个部分。 网络给人们带来了便利的同时,也给人们带来了很多的问题,其中安全问题尤为突出。目前计算机犯罪已经成为普遍     

Modeling the High‐Frequency FX Market: An Agent‐Based Approach

The development of computational intelligence‐based strategies for electronic markets has been the focus of intense research. To be able to design efficient and effective automated trading strategies, one first needs to understand the workings of the market, the strategies that traders use, and their interactions as well as the patterns emerging as a result of these interactions. In this article, we develop an agent‐based model of the foreign exchange (FX) market, which is the market for the buying and selling of currencies. Our agent‐based model of the FX market comprises heterogeneous trading agents that employ a strategy that identifies and responds to periodic patterns in the price time series. We use the agent‐based model of the FX market to undertake a systematic exploration of its constituent elements and their impact on the stylized facts (statistical patterns) of transactions data. This enables us to identify a set of sufficient conditions that result in the emergence of the stylized facts similarly to the real market data, and formulate a model that closely approximates the stylized facts. We use a unique high‐frequency data set of historical transactions data that enables us to run multiple simulation runs and validate our approach and draw comparisons and conclusions for each market setting.     

Proactive Contingency Planning vis‐à‐vis Declining Water Security in the 21st Century

This article examines the theoretical and practical risks to water security, which is rapidly declining in many parts of the world, particularly in drylands. Water security is threatened by current land‐use developments and over‐utilization of groundwater. About 70 per cent of freshwater resources is globally used by irrigation agriculture. Interrelated water and food shortages may occur in the 21st century as the predictable outcome of current developments. This may lead to regional famine and political instability. Unpredictable contingencies, such as drought, earthquakes, terrorism, conflict and war, can also affect water security in a negative and dangerous way. Predictable and unpredictable, adverse developments vis‐à‐vis water security require more theoretical and practical studies. The important linkage between contingency planning and crisis management has to be developed and refined, including terminology. Safe underground water resources must be identified and developed in every nation and province as strategic reserves in civil emergency planning.