研究黄土湿陷性的新方法

为了研究吸力对黄土湿陷变形的影响,研制了一套可以控制吸力的非饱和土湿陷三轴仪。该三轴仪底座为二元结构,既能控制吸力又能浸水。将该三轴仪和GDS压力/体积控制器相结合,实现了浸水过程中量测浸水体积的功能,并可施加浸水压力。该设备能精确量测试样体变;控制偏应力;精确量测浸水量。利用该仪器探讨了原状湿陷性黄土控制吸力三轴湿陷试验的方法,并进行了净围压相同吸力不同和吸力相同净围压不同的双线法三轴湿陷试验。结果表明:吸力越大湿陷变形越大,净围压对湿陷变形有显著影响。非饱和土湿陷三轴仪为研究黄土的湿陷特性提供了有力的工具。     

A new method of studying collapsibility of loess

A new triaxial testing system that could control suction in wetting-induced collapsible tests was successfully developed to study the suction effects on wettinginduced collapsible deformation. The pedestal of the triaxial cell was made up of two parts, and the equipment not only could control suction but also could make water accessible to soil. A pressure/volume-controlled equipment was combined with the triaxial system to measure the water volume absorbed by samples accurately and to add pressure on water to filtrate into the sample. The apparatus could measure volume change precisely and keep the deviator stress unvaried, as well as measure the volume of water filtrating into the samples exactly. A triaxial collapsible testing procedure was described using the new apparatus for undisturbed collapsible loess with controlled suction. Furthermore, a series of double triaxial collapsible tests were conducted under different suctions and the same net cell pressure, and tests under different net cell pressures and the same suction were also done. It was indicated that the collapsible deformation increased with the increasing suction, and the effect of the net cell pressure on collapsible deformation was remarkable. The new triaxial apparatus was a useful facility to study the collapsible behavior of loess. __________ Translated from Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 2008, 30(4): 524-528 [译自: 岩土工程学报]     

Unsaturated elasto-plastic constitutive equations for compacted kaolin under consolidated drained and shearing-infiltration conditions

Transient process of water flow changes the equilibrium conditions of an unsaturated soil, resulting in volume change of a soil. The volume change alters the hydraulic properties of the soil and thus influences the transient process of water flow through the soil. Therefore, the interactive processes between stress-strain behavior and pore-water pressure are the primary processes affecting the mechanical behavior of unsaturated soils. This paper presents coupled elasto-plastic constitutive equations for unsaturated compacted kaolin under consolidated drained and shearing-infiltration conditions. The study focused on the development of the suction increase (SI) yield curve that incorporates changes in matric suction during transient processes. In addition, the relationship of change in specific water volume with respect to net mean stress and matric suction was also proposed by incorporating the hysteresis of soil-water characteristic curve. The simulated results by the proposed constitutive model were compared with those obtained from isotropically consolidated drained tests and shearing infiltration tests of compacted kaolin to verify the proposed model. The simulated results are in close agreement with the experimental results.     

侧限条件下增湿时湿陷性黄土的变形及持水特性

 用改装的非饱和土直剪仪在无应力及净竖向应力作用下对湿陷性黄土进行分级增湿试验,测量增湿过程中变形及吸力的变化,分析增湿前孔隙比(无应力时)及净竖向应力对增湿时湿陷性黄土的变形及持水特性的影响,探讨无应力与净竖向应力作用时增湿持水特性之间的关系,提出力水耦合作用下孔隙比与吸力关系的表达式及以饱和度与吸力关系表征的持水特性模型。研究结果表明：力水耦合作用下,孔隙比与归一化吸力关系可用对数函数来描述,可以用孔隙比的变化来反映净竖向应力对持水特性的影响。无应力及净竖向应力作用时,只要孔隙比相同,则饱和度与吸力间关系相同。吸力小于阈值时,增湿前孔隙比和力水耦合作用所致孔隙比的变化对含水率与吸力间关系皆有较大影响;大于阈值时,几乎没有影响,且可用同一幂函数描述,据此提出考虑孔隙比变化的修正V-G模型,该模型可以预测无应力及净竖向应力作用时湿陷性黄土的增湿持水特性,预测结果与试验结果吻合较好。     

非饱和土固结仪和直剪仪的研制及应用

研制出国内第一台非饱和土固结仪和第一台非饱和土直剪仪。这两种仪器都采用内置荷载传感器和数据自动采集,既可控制竖向压力,又可控制基质吸力。非饱和土直剪仪备有15档剪切速率。做了三组直剪试验和两组固结试验,对原状黄土的变形、强度和水量变化特性取得了一些初步认识。     

干–湿循环过程中吸力与强度关系研究

针对膨胀土干–湿循环过程中的吸力变化和强度变化特征,开展试验研究。采用体积压力板仪实现脱湿和吸湿并制备不同吸力的试样,通过直剪试验测试不同吸力下的抗剪强度。试验成果显示:①土水特征曲线是不稳定的,它与土体含水率的变化路径有关;②在干湿循环过程中,相同的吸力具有不同的强度贡献。     

膨胀土边坡的现场吸力量测

论述了膨胀土边坡现场吸力量测的方法和成果。研究认为,膨胀上边坡的基质吸力沿深度呈指数函数分布,且边坡中存在一个吸力“临界深度”,在此深度以上,基质吸力受土质、气候、温度等环境因素影响较大;在此深度以下至地下水位以上,吸力一般较小但并不为零。比较挖方和填方边坡的观测成果可知填方边坡的基质吸力比相同深度控方边坡的基质吸力大１～２倍,这主要是因为填方边坡密度、含水量均较低。根据实测吸力与含水量的关系,本文还绘制了现场土一水特征曲线。研究成果为非饱和土理论应用于实际工程探索了经验。     

基于饱和土总应力强度指标的非饱和土强度 理论及其应用

 实际工程中求解和测定吸力比较困难,特别在不排水条件下,吸力并非常量,从而难以确定。而饱和度相对容易确定,选择饱和度代替吸力,建立关于饱和度的非饱和土的抗剪强度公式有着重要的实用价值。提出不排水(等含水量)条件下的基于饱和土总应力强度指标的抗剪强度公式,克服了以往相关模型只适合于较小范围的缺陷,能够实现从非饱和土状态到饱和状态的平稳过渡,同时更能反映土体的工程特性;结合非饱和土的土水特征曲线试验及常含水量三轴剪切试验成果,确定适用于云南红黏土的相关拟合参数;将所得抗剪强度公式应用于地基承载力分析中,得到地基承载力随饱和度的减少接近线性增加的结论。     

生态边坡的水力和力学特性分析:试验研究

植物护坡是一种新型的护坡方式,是很多边坡防治灾害的首选方案。然而在降雨过程中植物的根系可能会诱发沿根系的优势流,使得坡体内孔隙水压力升高,从而降低土体的抗剪强度。另一方面,植物的根系在土中相互缠绕,可增强浅层土体的抗剪强度。在植物护坡过程中到底哪种效应占主导地位目前尚无定论。通过现场试验联合室内三轴试验综合评价植物土体的水力特性和力学特性。首先在室外建立香根草覆盖区、狗牙根草覆盖区和无植被裸土区,在经历一年半自然状态下的干湿循环之后监测3种覆盖区的体积含水率和基质吸力,并计算3个区域的非饱和渗透系数。其次研制取样器并对现场区域的3种土体进行取样,利用现场土样进行三轴剪切试验,研究室外裸土、含狗牙根草土体和含香根草土体的应力–应变关系和抗剪强度指标。同时为了与上述经历干湿循环的土体进行对比,也测量了重塑土的渗透系数和抗剪强度。结果为生态边坡的稳定性研究提供了必要的数据和基础。     

An Active Control System for Matric Suction Measurement

Matric suction is an important stress state parameter in unsaturated soil mechanics. Many studies have been carried out in the past to determine the matric suction through direct and indirect methods. Direct measurement of matric suction has been proven possible with high-suction tensiometer; however high-suction tensiometers are still susceptible to cavitation. The axis translation technique developed by Hilf (1956) has been employed in many laboratory tests for unsaturated soils to avoid problem of cavitation in the water pressure measurement system. However in laboratory testing of unsaturated soils, air and water pressures are usually independently controlled and there is no need for a feedback control. The matric suction of soil can be measured using a modified pressure plate apparatus by actively changing the air pressure to maintain the water pressure to be close to zero thus imposing negligible water content change in the soil. A major setback of the existing practice is the need to manually adjust the air pressure of the modified pressure plate in response to the changes in the water pressure. This paper presents an active control system for the modified pressure plate apparatus for matric suction measurement. The experimental results obtained from modified pressure plate apparatus with active control system show good performance as compared to the high suction tensiometer.     

Geotechnical characterization of collapsible salty sands subjected to monotonic and cyclic loadings – A case study for areas with high seismicity

Collapsible soils are typically found in arid regions and often have an aeolian or alluvial origin. In their natural states, they may have a low moisture content and cemented structure that can contribute to high strength and stiffness; however, wetting or saturation can reduce the strength and stiffness due to loss of the cementation. This paper presents a geotechnical characterization of collapsible salty sands in the highly seismic southern coast of Peru, which makes the characterization of their dynamic properties and expected response to earthquake-induced demands (e.g., liquefaction) of primary importance. The geotechnical characterization was performed on intact and remolded samples utilizing various field and laboratory tests, including oedometer, direct shear, static triaxial, cyclic simple shear, torsional resonant column, plate loading, and MASW tests. The results revealed insights on the geotechnical properties and mechanical response of collapsible soils and the effects of salt cementation. The results indicated: 1) a decreasing brittle and collapsible behaviors with decreasing cementation while maintaining consistent post-collapse residual strength; 2) oedometer and in situ plate loading tests showed a sudden increase in deformations once cementation is broken; 3) higher dilation potential of collapsible soils as compared to natural sands; 4) decrease in the maximum shear modulus due to the loss of cementation; 5) increase in the stress dependence of the maximum shear modulus with loss of cementation; and 6) a higher resistance to liquefaction for the collapsible soils, even after washing, as compared to natural sands, which may be ascribed to the more pronounced dilation potential.     

路基非饱和土抗剪强度的吸力效应

从宏观的吸力控制型直剪试验和微观的土体颗粒结构2方面入手,对路基非饱和土抗剪强度的吸力效应进行了研究.在不同吸力和不同法向应力条件下完成4组剪切试验,并选取2种不同含水量的同类型土样进行结构扫描.研究结果表明,与粘性土不同的是,当粉质砂土含水量逐渐降低时,土体基质吸力对土体抗剪强度的贡献效果并不是一直增加的,而是存在一...     

Unsaturated creep tests and empirical models for sliding zone soils of Qianjiangping landslide in the Three Gorges

Creep of sliding zone soils may cause significant displacement in large-scale landslides in the Three Gorges reservoir area.To investigate the effects of water on the soil creep behavior of the Qianjiangping landslide,a series of unsaturated triaxial creep tests on the sliding zone soils were performed.Based on the analyses of testing results,a new stress intensity incorporating matric suction was defined and an unsaturated Singh-Mitchell creep model was developed.Predicted results are in good agreement with the experimental results,which indicates that the established unsaturated model can reasonably simulate the effects of water on the soil creep behavior of the landslide.Finally,relationships between matric suction and the parameters of the model were analyzed.This study provides a calculation model and parameters for the evaluation of long-term stability of landslides under the influence of water.     

干密度对非饱和黄土基质吸力的影响

为了研究起始湿度、天然密度以及竖向荷载对吸力特性的影响,对西安原状黄土进行不同起始湿度、密度条件下的常含水量压缩试验,提出无应力作用下同时反映初始含水率和天然干密度的基质吸力表达式。研究结果表明:天然干密度、初始含水率、应力相关的干密度对基质吸力的影响程度都与试样的起始湿度有关,起始湿度小于试样塑限含水量时,影响都比较大,起始湿度大于试样塑限含水量时影响都很小。净竖向荷载对吸力特性的影响与起始湿度、天然密度有关,净竖向荷载小于等于400 kPa时,对吸力的变化影响很小,可不考虑净竖向荷载影响,可用未受荷载作用时的SWCC曲线来描述原状试样的吸力特征;净竖向荷载大于400 kPa时,对吸力的变化影响较为显著。视起始湿度和天然密度的不同,净竖向应力相关的干密度增大引起基质吸力非单调增减或单调下降,天然干密度的增大引起基质吸力单调上升。     

非饱和原状黄土增湿条件下力学特性试验研究

利用FSY30型应变控制式非饱和土三轴仪采用常含水率试验,研究陕西泾阳县某边坡原状黄土在不同含水率(无偏应力条件下增湿)、不同固结围压下的强度和变形特性,求得Fredlund双应力状态变量抗剪强度公式中b?值并利用含水率建立了工程中实用的抗剪强度公式;再将天然原状土在不同偏应力水平下增湿饱和后继续剪切,观察其力学特性。两种增湿条件下试验结果表明:该地区黄土应力应变曲线关系呈剪切硬化型;含水率与初始基质吸力呈双曲线关系,剪切过程中基质吸力无明显变化,抗剪强度指标黏聚力随着含水率的增大显著降低而内摩擦角所受影响较小;有偏应力条件下试样浸水饱和后破坏强度显著降低,但对应力应变关系影响较小,增湿时偏应力水平越低,土样饱和后的稳定偏应力值越小。     

非饱和路基土模量确定方法

 基于孔隙比和含水量随净应力和基质吸力变化的特征,建立孔隙比和含水量与净应力和基质吸力之间的关系式,并结合非饱和土的本构关系,得到弹性模量E和H及体积模量 和 与净应力、基质吸力和含水量之间的关系。然后采用试验数据拟合孔隙比–净应力–基质吸力三维曲面及体积含水量–净应力–基质吸力三维曲面,得到弹性模量E和H及体积模量 和 与净应力和含水量关系式中的参数,并分析了净应力和含水量对这4个模量的影响的规律性。分析结果表明：在一定净应力下,模量E随着质量含水量增大而减小;净应力越大,模量E随质量含水量减小越显著;在同一质量含水量下,净应力越大,模量E越大。随着质量含水量增大,模量H单调减小;随着净应力增大,模量H单调增大。在低质量含水量时,增加净应力,体积含水量增大,当质量含水量增加到一定程度以后,增加净应力会引起体积含水量的减小。在一定净应力下,增加吸力会使体积含水量减小;在同一质量含水量下,增加净应力能够减弱吸力对体积含水量的影响。     

垃圾填埋场覆盖层现场试验及特性评价(英文)

填埋场覆盖系统由不同的土层组成,它们具有不同的性质和功能。覆盖层直接与大气和植被接触,因此土的含水率随季节和天气条件不断变化。冬天,土的饱和度增加。夏天,土的含水率减少,同时土中吸力增加。如果土中吸力达到某个极限值,将出现干缩裂缝。这时,粘土阻隔层的密封功能将受到损害。为了研究粘土覆盖系统的长期性状,我们进行了两个大规模现场试验。本文介绍第一批现场试验结果,包括水流量、土中吸力和温度的变化规律。重点介绍保护层(营养层)厚度对覆盖系统水平衡的影响。     

The effect of soil mineralogy and pore fluid chemistry on the suction and swelling behavior of soils

Soil suction is one of the most important parameters for describing the moisture condition and engineering behavior of unsaturated soils. Therefore, changes in suction behavior of soils in the presence of saline waters are important for engineered barriers. The aim of this study was to determine the change in suction and swelling behavior of soils, which were exposed to salt solutions (NaCl, CaCl₂, natural seawater) with respect to distilled water. The three soil samples were gathered with different mineralogy and plasticity characteristics and tested for determining matric and total suction values and for obtaining free swelling characteristics in the presence of salt solutions. The bentonitic soil sample had the highest total suction value in the presence of seawater. Kaolinitic and zeolitic soil samples had the highest total suction values in the presence of NaCl solution. The highest modified free swell index value of the samples was obtained in the presence of NaCl solution for all the soil samples. No relationship was found between the total suction, matric suction and the modified free swell index value of the tested soils.     

Studying the stress-suction coupling in soils using an oedometer equipped with a high capacity tensiometer

In the context of research into deep nuclear waste disposal, various works have concerned the hydromechanical behavior of Boom clay, a stiff plastic clay extracted in the SCK-CEN Underground Research Laboratory near the Mol City (Belgium), at a depth of 223 m. Due to some amount of smectite minerals in the clay fraction, Boom clay exhibits swelling properties when hydrated under low stresses. To investigate some aspects of the hydromechanical behavior of Boom clay, oedometer compression tests were carried out on samples of Boom clay close to saturation and submitted to an initial suction. During oedometer compression, the changes in suction with increased vertical stress are monitored by means of a high capacity tensiometer installed at the bottom of the sample. Some aspects related to hydromechanical couplings are examined through the investigation of the changes in suction during oedometer compression, a somewhat delicate and poorly documented experimental approach. A comparison is also made with a completely different soil sample under suction, i.e. a statically compacted unsaturated low plasticity silt. Some technical difficulties typical of this new experimental approach are first described in detail so as to optimize the interpretation of the data obtained. The experiment allows the determination of the point at which suction is changed to positive pressure during compression. Below this point, the ratio between the vertical stress and the change in suction are determined. Above this point, the data show that positive pore pressures are dissipated in a common way. The suction/stress behavior during unloading is also described and discussed. Finally, an interpretation in terms of microstructure effects is provided for both samples. The experimental approach initiated here seems to provide interesting further application to better understand hydromechanical couplings in natural soils in relation with suction increase during stress release.     

非饱和土的基质吸力和张力吸力

首先在既往关于非饱和土分类方法的基础上,根据孔隙水弯液面与土颗粒表面的搭接状态,将双开敞非饱和土进一步细分为搭接双开敞非饱和土和不搭接双开敞非饱和土。然后基于热力学原理,提出了另外一个与基质吸力紧密相关而又不同的吸力概念-张力吸力。通过基于水封闭非饱和土的理论计算,得出了张力吸力与基质吸力之间的定量关系,同时利用作者们所提出的等效吸力概念,对比了由基质吸力、张力吸力所产生的等效吸力,从而一方面揭示了张力吸力在非饱和土力学中的重要性,另一方面论证了等效吸力概念的科学性与实用性。