316L不锈钢表面激光熔覆钴基合金组织及锌蚀机理

采用半导体激光器在316L不锈钢表面制备钴基合金熔覆层,对激光熔覆层的组织形貌、成分、结构及锌蚀机理进行了系统研究.结果表明,选择优化的激光辐照工艺参数,获得的钴基合金熔覆层表面平整、无裂纹、与基材呈良好的冶金结合.钴基合金熔覆层主要由γ-Co,M₂₃C₆及耐腐蚀性能优异的Laves相Co₃Mo₂Si和少量硬质耐磨相Co₆W₆C组成.在460℃熔融锌中腐蚀试验表明,钴基合金熔覆层的锌蚀机理为选择性腐蚀,熔覆层表层出现一层亮白色腐蚀过渡层,在过渡层内钴基固溶体基体优先发生腐蚀,导致Laves相剥落,从而形成了锌液对钴基合金熔覆层的进一步腐蚀.     

相对流速对316L钢焊缝在液态铅铋合金中腐蚀行为的影响

在核工业领域,316L不锈钢因其优异的性能常被作为核用钢种,液态铅铋合金常作为加速器次临界驱动系统(ADS)的冷却剂,高速流动的液态铅铋合金(LBE)会对316L不锈钢焊缝造成氧化腐蚀,同时氧化腐蚀后的产物也会对液态LBE造成污染,所以研究316L不锈钢焊缝在液态铅铋合金中的腐蚀行为具有重要意义. 文中对比研究了使用母材作为焊丝进行TIG焊的316L不锈钢焊缝在550 ℃动态(相对流速为1.70,2.31,2.98 m/s)液态LBE中的耐腐蚀性能,试验时间为1 500 h. 结果表明,三组试样都生成了双氧化层,外氧化层主要为Fe₃O₄,内氧化层主要为FeCr₂O₄,内氧化层相对于外氧化层较致密;随着流速的提高,元素的传质过程变快,氧化腐蚀加剧,内氧化层增厚.     

连续热镀锌沉没辊复合轴套的组织与耐Zn液腐蚀性能

在316L基材上，利用等离子喷涂的方式制备C-Cr-W-Ni-Co+35%WC涂层，再经火焰重熔后加工制成沉没辊陶瓷涂层复合轴套，在轴套上切割制取试样，采用SEM,XRD分析其组织形貌和物相，并进行组成成分和硬度分析，重点试验分析其耐Zn液腐蚀性能。结果表明：该试验所制备的沉没辊轴套是以316L为基体，加表面复合的约0.8～0.9 mm厚陶瓷涂层，通过重熔使涂层与基材间形成熔化过渡，表面涂层是以Co-Cr固溶体为基体，其中分布有多种形态碳化物强化相的C-Cr-W-Ni-Co体系合金涂层，轴套表面涂层的硬度在HV_0.31 100～HV_0.31 300,涂层Zn液腐蚀失效的原因是Co-Cr固溶体先被腐蚀，使碳化物硬质相脱落，涂层逐渐减薄造成的，该试验轴套试样耐Zn液腐蚀能力能够达到25天以上。     

Inconel617合金表面电子束熔覆NbMoCr显微组织和耐腐蚀性的探讨

为了提高Inconel617合金(简称617合金)材料的表面性能,利用电子束熔覆技术在617合金表面制备了NbMoCr熔覆层. 对它的显微组织、硬度和耐腐蚀性能进行了研究,并与617合金进行了对比. 结果表明,NbMoCr熔覆层的组织更均匀,晶粒更细小,气孔等缺陷更少,且生成了微量M₂₃C₆,Cr₇C₃,Cr₄Si₄Al₁₃,CoCx等硬质相,提高了熔覆层的表面硬度及耐腐蚀性. 经检测,熔覆层硬度相比617合金硬度高出86 HV10. 电化学腐蚀测试表明,在1 mol/L H₂SO₄溶液中,617合金自腐蚀电流密度是NbMoCr熔覆层的5.16倍;在3.5 %的NaCl溶液中,617合金自腐蚀电流密度是NbMoCr熔覆层的4.6倍;在1 mol/L NaOH 溶液中,617合金自腐蚀电流密度是NbMoCr熔覆层的3.12倍.     

316L不锈钢CO2输送管线的垢下腐蚀行为

为明确316L不锈钢CO₂输送管线的垢下腐蚀行为,在模拟垢下腐蚀环境中对316L不锈钢进行了电化学测试及高温高压浸泡试验。结果表明：砂垢和碳酸钙垢均会增加316L不锈钢的垢下腐蚀敏感性,削弱其再钝化能力,砂垢会导致亚稳态点蚀发生,较厚的碳酸钙垢会降低该不锈钢的自腐蚀电位;在100℃、5 MPa CO₂环境中,316L不锈钢对垢下腐蚀具有较好的耐受度,但是,当沉积垢与材料形成合适的狭缝时,其具有一定的垢下腐蚀风险。对于高温高含CO₂的316L不锈钢管线需注意防垢、除垢问题。     

WxC增强镍基合金等离子堆焊层组织与空蚀性能

采用等离子堆焊技术在316L不锈钢表面原位合成W_xC增强镍基复合材料涂层,对涂层显微组织、相组成、硬质增强相的分布、显微硬度以及空蚀性能进行了分析.结果表明,Colmonoy 88合金等离子堆焊成形性良好,组织致密;堆焊层组织主要由γ-Ni固溶体,原位合成多角形、颗粒状W_xC及少量的Cr₇C₃,Fe₃W₃C,CrB₂相组成.堆焊过程中,熔池温度低于1 655 K时,原位生成WC和W₂C,温度高于1 655 K时,原位生成的WC发生了分解.镍基合金堆焊层平均硬度可达1 619 HV,为基材的8倍以上,在3.5% NaCl溶液中镍基复合材料抗空蚀性能为316L不锈钢基材的5倍.     

Ni-WB2复合熔覆层的微观组织及摩擦磨损性能

利用真空熔覆技术在45钢表面制备了Ni-WB₂复合熔覆层,利用SEM、EDS、XRD等分析其组织特征,利用销盘式摩擦试验机对其摩擦磨损性能进行了测试与分析。结果表明,Ni-WB₂复合熔覆层组织致密并与基体呈牢固的冶金熔合,熔覆层具有特殊的分层结构,分为网状结构层、过渡结构层和扩散熔合层,网状复合区又分为网状Ⅰ区和网状Ⅱ区。扩散区主要由铁基固溶体和镍基固溶体构成,过渡区的主要组成相为γ-Ni及Cr的碳化物,网状复合区的主要组成相有镍基合金、铬碳化物、WB₂、镍硅共晶以及WB₂与镍基合金中的元素形成的复杂硼化物和碳化物。当WB₂含量低于20%时,随着WB₂在复合熔覆层中含量的增加,其磨损率及摩擦因数均逐渐降低,当WB₂含量为15%时,Ni-WB₂复合熔覆层的磨损率及摩擦因数与基体相比,分别降低了48.94%与14.62%。网状分布的硬质相在摩擦过程中起到支撑载荷的作用,摩擦磨损过程中形成了WO_x...     

316L表面制备Ni-Al系金属间化合物层的耐铅铋腐蚀性能

利用激光熔覆技术在316L不锈钢表面熔覆一层Ni60合金粉末,采用热喷涂技术在Ni60合金涂层表面制备纯Al涂层,再通过620 ℃×5 h高温扩散试验,使Ni60合金涂层和纯Al涂层中间生成Ni-Al金属间化合物。最后把制备有Ni60合金和Ni-Al金属间化合物涂层试样置于液态铅铋合金中进行400 ℃×500 h腐蚀试验。采用SEM,XRD对金属间化合物涂层腐蚀前后的表面、截面的形貌、物相组成及元素分布进行测试,分析Ni60合金涂层和金属间化合物涂层在400 ℃液态铅铋合金中的腐蚀情况。试验结果表明,经过高温扩散试验,试样表面生成了一层由Ni3Al,NiAl等组成的Ni-Al系金属间化合物;经过400 ℃液态铅铋合金腐蚀试验,Ni60合金涂层表面腐蚀较为严重,表面大量金属元素被氧化、溶解,在试样表面形成了不连续金属氧化物和腐蚀坑;Ni-Al金属间化合物涂层被氧化成为稳定的金属氧化物涂层,可以有效阻止Pb,Bi,O等元素渗透进入基体,提高316L的耐液态铅铋腐蚀性能。 创新点： 利用激光熔覆、热喷涂、高温扩散相结合的方法制备了金属间化合物,并研究了金属间化合物涂层在液态铅铋合金中的腐蚀情况。     

激光功率对FeCoNiCrMo高熵合金/氧化石墨烯复合涂层组织及耐腐蚀性能的影响

以17-4PH不锈钢为基体材料,采用激光熔覆技术在不同激光功率(1600, 1800, 2000, 2200 W)下制备了FeCoNiCrMo高熵合金/氧化石墨烯复合涂层,研究了复合涂层的显微组织、物相组成、显微硬度分布和耐腐蚀性能。结果表明,制备的FeCoNiCrMo高熵合金/氧化石墨烯复合涂层的微观组织由体心立方(BCC)固溶体和M₂₃C₆、M₇C₃、Co₂C等金属间化合物组成;随着激光功率的增加,金属间化合物形成的析出相增加,涂层耐腐蚀性能先增加后降低。当激光功率为2000 W时,涂层的硬度最高,且具有最佳的耐腐蚀性能,其自腐蚀电位为0.631 V,约为基体的2.66倍,自腐蚀电流密度为0.319 μA/cm²。激光功率是影响FeCoNiCrMo高熵合金/氧化石墨烯复合涂层组织及耐腐蚀性的显著因素,激光功率的增大促进了涂层中碳化物析出相的生长,有利于提高涂层硬度与耐腐蚀性能,但过高的激光功率下生成的大量硬质金属间化合物增大了涂层的裂纹敏感性,涂层产生明显裂纹,导致涂层耐腐蚀性能降低。     

激光熔覆VC-Cr7C3复合熔覆层的组织与力学性能

采用激光熔覆技术在Q235钢表面原位合成了VC-Cr₇C₃复合熔覆层,并研究激光扫描速度对熔覆层微观组织与力学性能的影响。利用扫描电镜、X射线能谱仪和X射线衍射仪等对熔覆层组织及性能进行分析。结果表明,激光熔覆技术可使V、Cr、C混合颗粒间发生原位反应形成VC-Cr₇C₃复合熔覆层,其主要由黑灰色VC相、灰色Cr₇C₃相及{FeM}粘结相组成,其中Fe与Cr可共同形成Cr₇C₃相(M₇C₃)。激光熔覆凝固形状控制因子K与C元素的分布状况使得熔覆层顶部出现大量碳化物等轴晶组织,中部碳化物等轴晶的含量有所减小,而底部由于C含量较低,其碳化物含量较少,且碳化物晶粒形貌受到激光扫描速度的影响,在1 mm/s时碳化物呈树枝晶组织,在1.5 mm/s时呈等轴晶组织。同时在1.5 mm/s时熔覆层晶粒尺寸明显小于1 mm/s时的。以上熔覆层组织结构与成分变化使其硬度随层深的增加而降低,同时随着扫描速度的增加,熔覆层的硬度也逐渐增加,熔覆层的硬度高于Q235钢3倍以上。在1.5 mm/s时熔覆层摩擦因数为0.4,低于Q235钢基材的0.6,且熔覆层磨损量显著低于Q235钢基材。由此可知,激光熔覆VC-Cr₇C₃复合熔覆层可用于碳钢的表面高硬、耐磨改性。     

Corrosion resistance of laser cladded 304L stainless steel enriched with Ru in hydrochloric acid

The corrosion behaviour of laser surface cladding made from 304L stainless steel alloyed with varying concentrations of ruthenium in 1M HCl at 25°C was evaluated, fresh and after 12 hours, by electrochemical tests including open circuit potential and potentiodynamic polarisation scans. The ruthenium concentration in the 800?µm cladded layer varied from 0.82?wt-% to 4.67?wt-% ruthenium. The ruthenium doped samples were compared against a 304L stainless steel laser surface cladding with no ruthenium, 304L stainless steel samples with no laser cladding, 316L stainless steel, SAF2205 duplex stainless steel and Hastelloy C276®. Initial passivation was not observed in the 1M HCl but after 12 hours the addition of ruthenium led to reduced corrosion rates and improved passivation characteristics compared to the surface cladding without ruthenium. An optimum ruthenium range was observed between 3?wt-% and 5?wt-%. It was shown that at this optimum concentration, the ruthenium containing stainless steel clad on 304L stainless steel can compete commercially with the SAF2205 and Hastelloy C276® as long as the clad is 200?µm or less.     

De-alloying of type 316 stainless steel in hot, concentrated sodium hydroxide solution

The formation of “nickel” layers on austenitic stainless steel in strong caustic solutions was reported in 1979. We now report a detailed study that clarifies the nature of this de-alloying process and establishes firm links with other metal-environment systems that show de-alloying and associated stress corrosion cracking. De-alloying of iron from 316SS in 50% NaOH at 140 °C proceeds only as far as a solid solution with a Ni/Fe atomic ratio of ca. 1.3 (56 at.% Ni if we neglect the other elements present). Chromium is mostly dissolved and/or reprecipitated during this process. X-ray diffraction shows that the residue is a solid solution of intermediate composition, not a mixture of pure Ni and stainless steel. The removal of only half the iron conveniently explains why the de-alloyed layer is a connected porous network. Electrode capacitance measurements and FEG-SEM examination show that the de-alloyed layer has extremely fine nanoporosity.     

Zr含量对磁控溅射NiCrZr薄膜结构及耐蚀性的影响

目的在316L不锈钢基体表面磁控溅射Ni CrZr薄膜,提高其在3.5%NaCl溶液中的耐蚀性。方法采用非平衡磁控溅射技术,在316L不锈钢基体上,用Ni Cr(原子比80:20)复合靶和纯Zr靶制备了不同Zr含量的Ni CrZr薄膜。采用XRD、原子力显微镜、扫描电镜和Gamry电化学工作站,分别分析了Ni Cr Zr薄膜的物相组成、表面形貌、表面粗糙度、截面形貌、元素组成、厚度以及在3.5%NaCl溶液中的电化学腐蚀性能。结果随着Zr靶功率的增加,薄膜中Zr含量不断增加,薄膜的组织结构不断细化,表面粗糙度由4.91 nm减小到了2.79 nm。薄膜主要由Cr3Ni2、Cr1.2Ni0.8Zr、Cr2Zr、CrO3、Ni Cr O4和ZrO2相组成,表明薄膜容易在空气中氧化。此外,随着Zr含量的增加,与316L基体相比,Ni Cr Zr薄膜在3.5%NaCl溶液中的腐蚀电流减小,腐蚀电位增大。当Zr原子分数为24.73%时,NiCrZr薄膜可以在溶液中形成稳定的钝化膜,从而表现出最佳的耐蚀性,腐蚀电流密度达到最小值13.10nA/cm2,与316L基体相比减小了95%。结论 Zr含量的增加可以使薄膜变得更加细密,有效阻隔电解质与基体的接触,从而提高涂层的耐蚀性。     

Sliding Wear Characteristics and Corrosion Behaviour of Selective Laser Melted 316L Stainless Steel

Stainless steel is one of the most popular materials used for selective laser melting (SLM) processing to produce nearly fully dense components from 3D CAD models. The tribological and corrosion properties of stainless steel components are important in many engineering applications. In this work, the wear behaviour of SLM 316L stainless steel was investigated under dry sliding conditions, and the corrosion properties were measured electrochemically in a chloride containing solution. The results show that as compared to the standard bulk 316L steel, the SLM 316L steel exhibits deteriorated dry sliding wear resistance. The wear rate of SLM steel is dependent on the vol.% porosity in the steel and by obtaining full density it is possible achieve wear resistance similar to that of the standard bulk 316L steel. In the tested chloride containing solution, the general corrosion behaviour of the SLM steel is similar to that of the standard bulk 316L steel, but the SLM steel suffers from a reduced breakdown potential and is more susceptible to pitting corrosion. Efforts have been made to correlate the obtained results with porosity in the SLM steel.     

铁基材料表面激光熔覆不锈钢涂层的研究进展

激光熔覆技术作为推动国家制造业升级的重要绿色制造和再制造技术,在航空航天、海工交通、冶金机械等重点领域具有广阔的应用前景。激光制造用粉末材料是影响该技术应用和发展的关键因素之一,其中铁基合金材料具有成本低、力学性能好、应用范围广等优势,特别是不锈钢体系的铁基合金因其良好的力学性能和优异的耐蚀性能而逐渐成为研究关注的焦点。全面综述了国内外在铁基材料表面激光熔覆不锈钢涂层的相关研究进展。根据显微组织的不同,目前采用激光熔覆技术制备的不锈钢涂层的类型主要有:奥氏体型不锈钢、马氏体型不锈钢、铁素体型不锈钢以及双相型不锈钢。重点综述了激光工艺参数(激光功率、扫描速度、熔覆方式等)、合金元素(Al、Ni、B、Mo等)、添加物(SiC、WC、VC、Cr3C2、Al2O3等陶瓷相)以及热处理(固溶处理、低温回火等)等因素对激光熔覆不锈钢涂层组织和性能的影响,主要包括对熔覆层的相组成、截面几何尺寸、稀释率、残余应力、力学性能、耐蚀性能等的影响规律及微观机制。同时,指出了目前在铁基材料表面激光熔覆不锈钢涂层领域中存在的主要问题及今后的发展方向。     

离子渗碳温度对316L不锈钢渗层组织和性能的影响

利用低温离子渗碳技术.在不同温度下对AISI 316L奥氏体不锈钢进行渗碳处理.利用光学显微镜、显微硬度计、XRD以及电化学测试技术研究了渗碳温度对不锈钢表面显微组织和性能的影响.结果表明,渗碳温度显著影响AISI 316L奥氏体不锈钢渗碳层的组织结构与性能.渗碳温度在400～550℃之间时,可以获得无碳化物析出的、具有单一γ_c相结构的渗碳层;渗碳温度在550℃时,渗碳层为γ相+Cr_(23)C_6+Cr_7C_3+Fe_3C+Fe_2C的混合组织.渗碳层的厚度与硬度均随渗碳温度的升高而增加.550℃是AISI 316L奥氏体不锈钢中铬的碳化物析出的临界温度.为了避免铬的碳化物析出而降低不锈钢的耐蚀性能.奥氏体不锈钢渗碳必须在低于550℃的渗碳温度下进行.     

不锈钢和镍基合金在高温高压醋酸溶液中的腐蚀行为

采用特制高压釜设备,研究304L不锈钢、316L不锈钢、317L不锈钢和镍基合金(Incoloy 800)在高温高压醋酸溶液中的腐蚀,初步探讨了不锈钢和镍基合金在醋酸溶液中的腐蚀机理及Ni和Mo元素对提高不锈钢耐蚀性能的影响.结果表明,温度对不锈钢和镍基合金耐蚀性有显著影响,随着温度的升高,腐蚀速率逐渐增大,当温度升高到一定值,不锈钢的耐蚀性会急剧下降.在低温醋酸溶液中,Ni对于提高不锈钢耐蚀性是有益的;在高温醋酸溶液中,Ni对于提高不锈钢耐蚀性没有显著影响.在低温醋酸溶液中,Mo对于提高不锈钢耐蚀性没有显著影响;在高温醋酸溶液中,Mo对于提高不锈钢耐蚀性是有益的.     

Erosion–corrosion characteristic of nano‐particulates reinforced Ni–Cr–Mo–Cu surface alloying layer in acidic flow and acidic slurry flow

In order to improve the corrosion and erosion–corrosion resistance of 316L stainless steel in engineering application, two kinds of composite alloying layers were prepared by a duplex treatment, consisting of Ni/nano‐SiC and Ni/nano‐SiO₂ predeposited by brush plating, respectively, and a subsequent surface alloying with Ni–Cr–Mo–Cu by double glow process. Potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were performed on the two kinds of composite alloying layer using 10 wt% HCl solution to assess the corrosion behavior. Erosion–corrosion tests were carried out by erosion–corrosion test rig in acidic flow and acidic slurry flow for test time of 20 h at four different rotational speeds. Results of electrochemical tests indicated that the corrosion resistance of composite alloying layer with brush plating Ni/nano‐SiO₂ particles interlayer approximated to that of single Ni‐based alloying layer, whereas the corrosion resistance of the composite alloying layer with brush plating Ni/nano‐SiC particles interlayer was apparently inferior to that of Ni‐based alloying layer in 10 wt% HCl solution at static state. Under the conditions of acidic flow and acidic slurry flow, the mass losses of tested samples increased with increase in the time of erosion–corrosion tests and the rotational speeds of samples. The mass losses of composite alloying layer with brush plating Ni/nano‐SiO₂ particles interlayer were lower than that of single Ni‐based alloying layer at all rotational speeds, except at 1.88 m/s in acidic flow. The mass losses of composite alloying layer with brush plating Ni/nano‐SiC particles interlayer were higher than that of single Ni‐based alloying layer at all rotational speeds, but were obviously lower than that of AISI 316L stainless steel. The influences of second phase on the corrosion and erosion–corrosion of the two kinds of composite alloying layer were discussed in this paper.     

Erosion-corrosion behavior of nano-particle-reinforced Ni matrix composite alloying layer by duplex surface treatment in aqueous slurry environment

The present study concerns a duplex surface treatment of AISI 316L stainless steel to enhance the erosion-corrosion resistance. The duplex surface treatment consisted of Ni/nano-SiC and Ni/nano-SiO₂ predeposited by brush plating and a subsequent surface alloying with Ni-Cr-Mo-Cu by double glow process of the substrate. Results showed that under alloying temperature (1000 °C) condition, the amorphous nano-SiO₂ particles still kept the amorphous structure, whereas the nano-SiC particles had been completely decomposed and Ni, Cr reacted with SiC to form Cr_6.5Ni_2.5Si and Cr₂₃C₆. The electrochemical corrosion behaviors of composite alloying layers compared with the single alloying layer and 316L stainless steel were measured under a range of hydrodynamic conditions by recording the current response, open circuit potential, potentiodynamic polarization curves and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Results showed that the increase of the impact velocity had significant influence on the current density of composite alloying layer with brush plating Ni/nano-SiC particles interlayer obtained under flowing condition at a potential of 200 mV, whereas there were only small fluctuations occurred at current response of composite alloying layer with brush plating Ni/nano-SiO₂ particles interlayer. The results of potentiodynamic polarization indicated that, with increasing impact velocity under slurry flow conditions, the corrosion potentials of test materials decreased and the corrosion current densities of test materials increased. The corrosion resistance of composite alloying layer with brush plating Ni/nano-SiO₂ particles interlayer was prominently superior to that of single alloying layer under slurry flow conditions; the corrosion resistance of composite alloying layer with brush plating Ni/nano-SiC particles interlayer was evidently lower than that of single alloying layer, but higher than that of 316L stainless steel under slurry flow conditions. The results of EIS indicated that, with respect to the R_tot obtained in sand-free flow, the impacts of sand particles dramatically decreased the R_tot values of composite alloying layer with brush plating Ni/nano-SiC particles interlayer, single alloying layer and 316L stainless steel, whereas the impact action slightly decreased that of composite alloying layer with brush plating Ni/nano-SiO₂ particles interlayer. The weight loss rate studies suggested that the highly dispersive nano-SiO₂ particles were helpful to improve the erosion-corrosion resistance of composite alloying layer, whereas the carbides and silicide phase were deleterious to that of composite alloying layer due to the fact that preferential removal of matrix around the precipitated phase takes place by the chemical attack of aggressive medium.     

高强度不锈钢激光熔覆层抗腐蚀性及其腐蚀机制研究

通过激光熔覆技术在基体1Crl5Ni4Mo3N表面制备高强度不锈钢熔覆层,并利用扫描电镜、析氢试验、电化学分析仪对基体与熔覆层的组织结构、析氢速率、电化学阻抗与腐蚀形貌进行测试表征.结果表明:所制备的熔覆层抗腐蚀性较基体差.分别对基体与熔覆层的腐蚀机制进行探究,发现基体与熔覆层腐蚀过程主要分为3个阶段,腐蚀形式为晶间腐...