IV-Controlling

IT-controlling is necessary for an increase of transparency within the IT departments. This article examines current Internet resources on IT-controlling that are offered by controlling associations, research institutions, companies, portals, newspapers and discussion groups.     

传统民居装饰的联系与现代环境艺术设计的联系及应用

传统民居装饰在漫长的历史长河中经历了几千年的积淀和发展,形成了集自然条件、民族文化、宗教信仰、生活习俗和审美意识等多方面的融合。本文通过对现代环境艺术设计的特征和发展趋势的分析,试图发现传统民居装饰和环境艺术设计在亲近自然、体现民族特色和地域性等方面有着共通之处。因此,在这个理论背景下,笔者从传统民居装饰的角度出发,提出在环境艺术中的应用思路。希望通过本文的课题研究使传统民居装饰可以在吸取现代技术工艺及设计方法的基础上,焕发出时代的风貌,摸索其创新和发展的方向。     

Software and House Requirements Engineering: Lessons Learned in Combating Requirements Creep

Anyone who has built or remodelled a house and has developed or enhanced software must have noticed the similarity of these activities. This paper examines these two processes from the points of view of budgeting, scheduling, and requirements creep. It is admitted from the start that some of the argument and conclusions are based on popular perceptions and personal observation over small populations, that is, the houses the author and some close friends have remodelled and built and software projects in which the author has participated as an analyst, designer, programmer, or consultant.     

Untested software threatens infrastructures

The public needs access to information infrastructures that are reliable, secure, noninterruptible, and fault-tolerant, but the transition to paperless commerce threatens individual privacy with each transaction. Wholesale payment systems, such as the United States Federal Reserve's FedWire and automated clearing houses, move trillions of dollars over electronic networks daily. With roughly 95 percent of Defense Department communications relying on the commercial infrastructure, the US government is a major stakeholder in the security of commercial systems. The paper discusses the importance of software testing and the assessment of software liabilities     

Large scale knowledge based systems for airborne decision support

At ES 96 during the Keynote address, the point was forcefully made that software houses have contributed little to the advancement of KBS. In the defence area, especially that of aerospace systems, extensive use has been made of the expertise of software and system houses in developing validation methodologies (VORTEX), real time (MUSE) and multi-agent (D-MUSE) software and together with Universities, a knowledge acquisition toolkit (PC PACK). In the UK at DERA Farnborough within the Airborne Decision Support Group, Air Sector, these software and tools have been developed and applied to problems in building Decision Support Systems for Maritime Air applications. The demanding aircrew tasks are characterised by the need for assimilation and interpretation of multi-sensor data to devise tactical responses in real time based on prevailing tactical doctrine and aircrew experience. The applications include Decision Support for Anti-Submarine Warfare (ASW), Anti-Surface Warfare (ASuW), Airborne Early Warning (AEW) together with ASW/ASuW and the proposed AEW technology demonstrators. Currently the transition is being made from the laboratory concept demonstrators to large scale technology demonstrator programmes as a risk reduction exercise prior to specification for airborne use. The proposed AEW TDP includes extensive modularity to support extensibility and component reuse.     

Special Feature the Computer Software Industry in Japan

Traditionally, Japanese users have defined their own systems, but reliance on software houses is increasing.     

Software component certification

Although the stringent requirements of some critical applications may require independent certification, the authors see software developer self-certification as a viable alternative in many other cases. They accept that using software certification laboratories (SCLs) may work well for certain software distribution models, but they cannot be applied to all types of software development. The approach has several drawbacks. For example, an SCL may work well for larger software houses that ship mass-marketed software applications to the public, but it is less satisfactory for smaller developers who make reusable components or safety-critical software or for developers who belong to the freeware community     

复杂软件系统的软件网络结点影响分析

目前一些研究利用复杂网络理论揭示了软件网络的特性,为人们从系统的角度了解软件的结构提供了方法.但这些研究的一些结论却与软件的实际表现有着较大的差异.分析了软件网络结点的特性,揭示了产生上述差距的部分原因;并提出一种加权软件网络模型,以更准确地描述软件网络结点间的依赖关系;在这个加权软件网络模型的基础上,分析了软件的实际依赖关系及几个统计特性;分析了各统计特性与软件网络结点影响的关系;进一步提出了软件网络关键结点的概念;同时,在分析各种结点影响的基础上,提出了4 个合理的假设;最后,通过对两款软件的实验来验证这4 个假设的有效性.     

A new reusability metric for object-oriented software

Software Quality Journal - Software reuse is big business. Managers of software houses know that reuse can bring financial rewards to their company, so long as effective reuse procedures are in...     

Crimes analysis software: ‘pins in maps’, clustering and Bayes net prediction

The OVER Project was a collaboration between West Midlands Police, UK, the Centre for Adaptive Systems, and Psychology Division, from the University of Sunderland. The Project was developed primarily to assist the Police with the high volume crime, burglary from dwelling houses. A developed software system enables the trending of historical data, the testing of ‘short term’ hunches, and the development of ‘medium’ and long term’ strategies to burglary and crime reduction, based upon victim, offender, location and details of victimisations. The software utilises mapping and visualisation tools and is capable of a range of sophisticated predictions, tying together statistical techniques with theories from forensic psychology and criminology.

The statistical methods employed (including multi-dimensional scaling, binary logistic regression) and ‘data-mining’ technologies (including neural networks) are used to investigate the impact of the types of evidence available and to determine the causality in this domain. The final predictions on the likelihood of burglary are calculated by combining all of the varying sources of evidence into a Bayesian belief network. This network is embedded in the developed software system, which also performs data cleansing and data transformation for presentation to the developed algorithms.

It is important that derived statistics from the software and predictions are interpretable by the intended users of the decision support system, namely Police sector managers, and this paper includes some of the design decisions based upon the forensic psychology and criminology literature, including the graphical representation of geographic data and presentation of results of analyses.     

软件基因概念框架、内涵及特征研究

软件生命化的特点启发作者针对软件基因的概念、内涵和特征等问题,利用生物技术,进行研究.研究发现:软件基因实际上是程序的一条语句指令.     

软件测试与软件设计方法分析

软件测试是软件工程中非常重要的一个环节,是保证软件质量的重要手段。本文从软件设计角度出发,提出如何在软件设计中就考虑易测试性,使得软件更易维护和修改,并针对软件设计和测试的现状和特点,提出提高软件易测试性和易维护性的一些建议,以达到软件复用的目的。     

在软件易变性上下文中类规模对面向对象度量的影响分析

软件易变性预测主要通过软件的内部特性,即软件度量值,来刻画、预测的,是软件工程中热点方向之一,在提高软件质量和控制软件成本方面起着非常重要的作用。虽然软件易变性预测在学术界取得了一系列的成绩,但在工业界尚未有成功应用的案例。本文从简单相关性分析与偏相关性分析和关联规则挖掘的角度出发甄别面向对象度量与软件易变性间相关性的真伪,明确了在软件易变性上下文中类规模对面向对象度量有潜在影响。     

探讨改造北京城中村新模式——通过建设廉租房形式以改造北京城中村

在城中村的原址建设廉租房的方式来改造城中村,有利于同时推进城中村的改造和廉租房的建设,美化城市环境,改善居民居住条件,保障低收入人群住房,方便城市低收入人群和外来务工人员就近就业。本文通过分析廉租房建设和城中村改造中存在的难题,提出在城中村的位置建设廉租房是改造城中村的一个比较好的办法这样一种思路。     

陕西南部凤凰古镇传统民居建筑装饰形式内涵分析

凤凰古镇传统民居拥有非常悠久的历史,其民居建筑装饰纹样在漫长的发展历程中,因为地域、民族、以及商业文化等种种因素,形成了自己鲜明的艺术特色,表现出深远的文化与社会意义。本文从楚文化内涵、雕饰的祈愿意境、鲜明的商业特征等方面分析了装饰纹样的文化渊源;从图意结合,符号化、造型的程式化、线的组合等方面分析了其形式特征。     

A study of design characteristics in evolving software using stability as a criterion

There are many ideas in software design that are considered good practice. However, research is still needed to validate their contributions to software maintenance. This paper presents a method for examining software systems that have been actively maintained and used over the long term and are potential candidates for yielding lessons about design. The method relies on a criterion of stability and a definition of distance to flag design characteristics that have potentially contributed to long-term maintainability. It is demonstrated by application to an example of long-lived scientific software. The results from this demonstration show that the method can provide insight into the relative importance of individual elements of a set of design characteristics for the long-term evolution of software.     

基于模型的嵌入式软件设计*

分析了嵌入式软件区别于通用软件的特点,介绍了基于模型的嵌入式软件设计开发方法,从可重用角度分析了设计要点,侧重介绍了基于模型的可重用组件和面向行动者的设计方法。     

A hybrid heuristic approach to optimize rule-based software quality estimation models

Software quality is defined as the degree to which a software component or system meets specified requirements and specifications. Assessing software quality in the early stages of design and development is crucial as it helps reduce effort, time and money. However, the task is difficult since most software quality characteristics (such as maintainability, reliability and reusability) cannot be directly and objectively measured before the software product is deployed and used for a certain period of time. Nonetheless, these software quality characteristics can be predicted from other measurable software quality attributes such as complexity and inheritance. Many metrics have been proposed for this purpose. In this context, we speak of estimating software quality characteristics from measurable attributes. For this purpose, software quality estimation models have been widely used. These take different forms: statistical models, rule-based models and decision trees. However, data used to build such models is scarce in the domain of software quality. As a result, the accuracy of the built estimation models deteriorates when they are used to predict the quality of new software components. In this paper, we propose a search-based software engineering approach to improve the prediction accuracy of software quality estimation models by adapting them to new unseen software products. The method has been implemented and favorable result comparisons are reported in this work.     

融合自注意力机制和多路金字塔卷积的软件需求聚类算法

随着软件数量的急剧增长以及种类的日益多样化,挖掘软件需求文本特征并对软件需求特征聚类,成为了软件工程领域的一大挑战。软件需求文本的聚类为软件开发过程提供了可靠的保障,同时降低了需求分析阶段的潜在风险和负面影响。然而,软件需求文本存在离散度高、噪声大和数据稀疏等特点,目前有关聚类的工作局限于单一类型的文本,鲜有考虑软件需求的功能语义。文中鉴于需求文本的特点和传统型聚类方法的局限性,提出了融合自注意力机制和多路金字塔卷积的软件需求聚类算法(SA-MPCN&SOM)。该方法通过自注意力机制捕获全局特征,然后基于多路金字塔卷积从不同窗口的通路深度挖掘需求文本特征,使得感知的文本片段逐倍增加,最终融合多路文本特征,利用SOM完成聚类。在软件需求数据上的实验表明,所提方法能较好地挖掘需求特征并对其聚类,性能上优于其他特征提取方式和聚类算法。     

Hypertext: the next maintenance mountain

Hypertext documents are quickly becoming large, complex, and unwieldy. The paper considers whether lessons learned from software maintenance can be applied to the problem. Since software maintenance is a major problem and since hypertext documents share many of the characteristics of software: structure, development process, and economic value, maintaining hypertext documents is also likely to become a major problem requiring immediate action