薄膜热应力的研究

讨论了薄膜热应力的产生原因及其计算方法，热应力与薄膜和基片的热膨胀胀系数，基片温度及其分布密切相关，利用溅射沉积在基片表面上的Ｆｅ－Ｎｉ薄膜热电偶测量薄膜沉积过程中的基片温度及其变化。Ｆｅ－Ｎｉ薄膜热电偶具有易于制作、性好和动态响应等优点，热电热率也较高（０．０２２ｍＶ／Ｃ）。最后，简介介绍了磁控溅射Ｃｏ－Ｃｒ合金膜的热应力和本征应力的研究结果。     

基片及基片温度对Fe4N薄膜的形成及其特性的影响

以双离子束溅射法在（111）硅片和玻璃上分别制得了单－γ′－Fe4N薄膜，研究了基片及基片温度对薄膜的结构和磁性能的影响，结果表明，（111）硅片为基片，可制得无晶粒择优取向的单一γ′－Fe4N相；而以玻璃为基片，在基片温度为160℃时，则可制得具有（100）面晶粒取向的单一γ′－Fe4N相薄膜，与无晶粒择优取向的γ′－Fe4N相比较，具有（100）面晶粒取向的γ′－Fe4N相的矫顽力较低，易达到磁饱和，但二者的饱和磁化强度基本一致。     

超薄Ni81Fe19薄膜的各向异性磁电阻及磁性能

利用磁控溅射方法制备了一系列超薄Ta(5nm)/Ni81Fe19(20nm)/Ta(3nm)磁性薄膜。着重研究了基片温度、缓冲层厚度对Ni81Fe19薄膜各相异性磁电阻(AMR)及磁性能的影响。利用X射线衍射仪分析了薄膜结构、晶粒取向;用四探针技术测量了薄膜的电阻率和各向异性磁电阻;用FD-SMOKE-A表面磁光克尔效应试验系统测量了薄膜的磁滞回线。结果表明:在基片温度为400℃时制备的Ni81Fe19薄膜具有较大的各向异性磁电阻效应和较低的磁化饱和场,薄膜最大各向异性磁电阻为3.5%,最低磁化饱和场为739.67A/m。基片温度为500℃制备的薄膜,饱和磁化强度Ms值最大。随着缓冲层厚度x的增加,坡莫合金薄膜的AMR值先变大后减小,在x=5nm时达到最大值。     

测量80—700°K温度的铜—康铜薄膜热电偶

与其它块状的热电偶一样,薄膜热电偶应具有大的热电势值、热电势与温度的线性关系和宽的测温范围。此外,该热电偶应制作简便,所以通常使用纯金属 Cu—Ni,Fe—Ni,Ag—Al 制成的热电偶。     

双离子束溅射法制备铁氮薄膜

使用双离子束溅射法制得了铁氮薄膜,随着基片温度的变化,薄膜的成分是ε－Fe2-3N,γ′－Fe4N或是二相的混合物,薄膜的晶粒尺寸随基片温度的升高而增大。以振动样品磁强计（VSM）测定了薄膜的磁性能。另外,研究了在基片温度为160℃时,改变主源中通入N2／Ar的比例对薄膜成分的影响。     

氧气-乙炔火焰法在Al2O3陶瓷上沉积金刚石薄膜

用氧气－乙炔火焰法在氧化铝陶瓷片上沉积出了金刚石薄膜，并观察了薄膜的形貌结构及其在基片上的分布规律。对基片进行了适当的预处理，可以提高金刚石薄膜在基片上的成核密度。认为氧化铝陶瓷片与沉积金刚石薄膜之间易形成过渡层，初步探讨了在氧化铝陶瓷片上沉积金刚石薄膜的机理。     

纳米GaAs—SiO镶嵌复合薄膜的发光特性

采用射频磁控共溅射法制备了纳米ＧａＡｓ－ＳｉＯ２镶嵌复合薄膜。通过Ｘ射线衍射、透射电镜观察和Ｘ射线光电子能谱等手段研究了薄膜的结构及其与沉积过程中基片温度间的关系。测量了薄膜的光致发光特性。表明,薄膜由晶态的ＧａＡｓ及非晶Ｓdisplay status两相组成,ＧａＡｓ在沉积过程中未明显氧化且以纳米颗粒形式均匀地弥散;ＧａＡｓ的平均粒径依赖于沉积时的基片温度。通过控制基片温度,成功地获得了ＧａＡｓ的平均粒径分     

溅射共沉积GaAs—SiO2复合薄膜的XPS研究

采用Ｘ射线光电子能谱（ＸＰＳ）研究了由ＧａＡｓ和ＳｉＯ２组成的复合靶共溅射沉积的ＧａＡｓ－ＳｉＯ２复合薄膜的Ｇａ、Ａｓ和Ｓｉ的化学结合状态及其沉积时的基片温度对其影响。结果表明：Ｇａ、Ａｓ和Ｓｉ分别主要是以ＧａＡｓ和ＳｉＯ２的化学组态存在于复合薄膜之中，但当沉积时基片温度上升到一定值后（我们实验中为４００℃），有部分的Ｇａ和Ａｓ被氧化，其氧化量随着基片温度的进一步升高而上升。沉积的ＳｉＯ２中存在着少量的缺氧缺位。     

Fe-Ni-N薄膜的结构及磁性

用双离子束溅射法在玻璃基片上制得了Fe-Ni-N薄膜，研究了Ni含,源气氛及退火温度对Fe-Ni-N薄膜的结构，磁性及热稳定性的影响。选择合适的工艺条件，可制得在（100）面方向有100％晶粒取向度的单一γ′（Fe,Ni)4N相，Ni含量为6．7％（摩尔分数）的Fe-Ni-N薄膜具有较的软磁性能，其饱和磁化强度Ms为2．04T，矫顽力Hc为0.68kA/m。但是随着Ni含量的提高，Fe-Ni-N薄膜的热稳定下降，在主源气压比PN2／PAr较低时，有利于氮含量较低的γ′相的形成，在较高的PN2／PAr条件下，则形成氮含量较高的ε-（Fe,Ni)2-3N相和ξ－（Fe,Ni)2N相。     

纳米GaAs—SiO2镶嵌复合薄膜的制备

利用射频磁控共溅法制备了纳米ＧａＡｓ－ＳｉＯ２镶嵌复合薄膜，通过Ｘ射线衍射，透射电镜和Ｘ射线光电子能谱等手段研究了薄膜的结构及其与沉积时基片温度间的关系，结果表明，薄膜由晶态的ＧａＡｓ及非晶ＳｉＯ２组成，ＧａＡｓ在沉积过程中未明显氧化，且以纳米颗粒形成的均匀地弥散在ＳｉＯ２中；ＧａＡｓ的平均粒径依赖于沉积时的基片温度，获得了ＧａＡｓ的平均粒径在３～１０ｎｍ的ＧａＡｓ→ＳｉＯ２镶嵌复合薄膜。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from     

CNAS Passes APLAC's PTP Review

正The review group of Asia Pacific Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation(APLAC)carried out a 4-day peer review of the proficiency testing provider(PTP)for China National Accreditation Service for Conformity Assessment(CNAS)from July 28 to 31,2014.CNAS passed the PTP review with excellent performance.Two senior peer reviewers of APLAC made a comprehensive,rigorous and detailed review of CNAS’s PTP accreditation activities,and made the on-spot inspection of the review groups in Shanghai and Shenzhen respectively.