深圳地区燕山期花岗岩风化带划分及鉴别

为了解决目前深圳地区构造带区域燕山期花岗岩风化带施工现场判别上的困难,总结了花岗岩风化带的划分依据,提出了从地质演化的本质方面应按照岩石结构崩解和矿物风化程度强弱、岩石强度方面进行划分风化带。阐述了深圳市花岗岩各风化带的岩石结构崩解特征和矿物风化特征,并指出了相邻风化带的区别特征。以深圳地区多个花岗岩风化带误判工程为例,指出了相似风化岩判别的关键特征,为今后复杂地区桩基持力层勘验提供一定的借鉴作用。     

谷坡岩体卸荷带划分量化指标研究

谷坡岩体卸荷在水利水电工程边坡中是一种常见的地质现象，对岩石边坡稳定性及相关岩石工程问题有着重要的控制意义，卸荷带定量划分一直受到水利水电工程勘测与设计的重视。用于卸荷带定量划分的指标很多，比较常用的是反映岩体结构特征的量化指标。根据水利水电工程实践，讨论谷坡岩体卸荷带划分量化指标问题，提出以张开裂隙宽度、张开裂隙累计宽度、波速比作为谷坡岩体卸荷带划分的量化指标。     

福建省花岗岩残积土边坡的破坏特点

本文在对福建省花岗岩残积土工程特性系统分析、总结的基础上,对该类边坡的破坏形式、特点、形成机制等进行了分析,进而提出了该类边坡的设计、施工要点.研究表明:福建省花岗岩残积土具有众多的结构面和软弱岩脉风化而成的软弱夹层,结构面充填物和软弱夹层富含高岭土,具有强度低、水稳定性差的工程特性.花岗岩残积土的上述特性和开挖卸荷是导致边坡开挖后崩塌、滑坡频发的关键内因和外因;边坡的设计、施工必须针对它的工程特性,采用减少开挖卸荷对边坡稳定性不利影响的工程措施.     

斜坡卸荷岩体的氡异常特征

0序言随着沟谷的下切,斜坡岩体发生卸荷作用,在斜坡岩体的一定范围内形成卸荷松动带。松动带内结构面发育且多呈拉张状态,岩体破碎,严重影响斜坡稳定和工程安全,成为斜坡稳定的重要研究内容[1]。斜坡岩体的卸荷深度和卸荷强度与地质构造、岩石类型、斜坡高度、沟谷下切过程、地应力场以及工程开挖等因素有关。对某些工程岩体的研究表明,弱卸荷的水平深度可达一百余m,特殊情况下可达数百m[2]。目前,主要通过现场工程地质调查配合电法、地震等物探手段,由工程人员根据工程经验来判断斜坡岩体的卸荷深度。研究发现,斜坡卸荷岩体的氡值明显高于正常岩体,具有突出的氡异常,其氡异常曲线可作为划分斜坡卸荷松动带的依据。1卸荷岩体     

谈花岗岩地区的孤石成因

通过宏观地质分析、岩石的物理力学试验等,深入分析了花岗岩球状风化的成因,指出区域构造对孤石的发育起着宏观控制作用,花岗岩孤石的矿物成分、岩体结构特征是差异风化的物质基础,气候和地下水条件是孤石区域分布的重要外部环境条件。     

厦门海底隧道强风化花岗岩力学特性研究

 厦门海底隧道海域隧道地段存在多处风化深槽,岩体主要为全、强风化花岗岩。由于该类岩石强度低,压缩性高,自稳和自承能力差,在隧道衬砌结构的设计和施工工艺的选择方面会遇到一系列特殊的问题。主要通过对天然和重塑强风化花岗岩岩样进行一系列的室内试验,在掌握其基本物理力学特性的基础上,重点对其流固耦合作用下的力学特性进行研究,并建立该类强风化花岗岩的力学模型,通过反演分析对力学模型进行验证。研究成果对风化花岗岩类工程的力学参数取值有重要借鉴意义,对该类岩体中隧道的设计施工具有指导作用。     

基于花岗岩卸荷试验的损伤变形特征及其强度准则

 对取自大渡河大岗山水电站的花岗岩开展高应力下2种卸荷方案的力学特性试验,并与同围压下的常规三轴压缩试验结果进行对比分析,研究岩石卸荷过程中的破坏机制、力学强度参数损伤劣化效应及其卸荷破坏的强度特性。研究结果表明：(1) 岩石卸荷过程中向卸荷方向回弹变形强烈、扩容显著,脆性破坏特征明显。(2) 卸荷试验中,开始卸荷点处的变形模量较常规三轴压缩试验已发生一定的损伤劣化,其损伤因子与初始围压近似成线性关系,而该点处的泊松比所表现出的损伤劣化效应却不明显。(3) 卸荷过程中,泊松比随着围压的不断卸除,呈现指数关系增长;变形模量变化平缓,但在岩样卸荷屈服破坏点处陡降。(4) 在高应力卸荷条件下,Mogi-Coulomb强度准则能很好地反映其破坏强度特性。(5) 相比较于常规三轴压缩试验,卸荷时的抗剪强度参数c值减小而j 值增大,其变化量与卸荷方式有关。这些结论揭示高应力条件下花岗岩的卸荷力学特性,为西部水利水电工程的开挖、支护设计及其稳定性分析提供了理论参考。     

嵌岩桩单桩竖向承载力计算方法的探讨

在实际工程中 ,由于工程地质勘察报告一般都提供中风化或微风化岩的桩端极端阻力标准值 ,而岩石饱和单轴抗压强度实验取样较少 ,且实验数据离散性大 ,因此设计人员进行嵌岩桩设计时 ,习惯上直接采用“地质报告”所提供的桩端阻力 ,按JGJ94 - 94规范中非嵌岩桩计算公式计算 ,甚至有的直接用GBJ7- 89规范端承桩的公式进行单桩竖向承载力计算。既造成浪费 ,也不利于勘察设计水平的提高。1　中风化花岗岩设计参数分析　　笔者采集了既有中风化花岗岩极限端阻力标准值 ,又有岩石饱和单轴抗压强度标准值的地质报告进行数据分析 ,见表 1。　　由…     

青岛花岗岩地质性状及纵波测试在岩体工程中的应用

本文以岩体地质为基础，以岩体声波测试为主要手段，并选用岩体纵波速度这一重要的声学参数，进行了岩体风化带的划分和隧道围岩分类，及其与岩石物理力学性质、地基、桩基的承载能力等，分别建立了统计关系，使纵波测试在花岗岩体工程的应用中，总结了经验，并取得了一定的成效。     

考虑时间和深度效应的岩体强度影响因素分析

基于岩石风化的深度效应和时间效应,根据岩体风化特点和考虑深度效应的岩体风化Boltzmann曲线模型的基础上,引入表层岩石风化的时间效应,提出考虑时间、深度效应的岩体风化模型,并对影响岩体强度分布的因素展开了分析,研究表明:最大影响深度h_m与形状函数系数b、表层岩体强度S_0和强度分布影响区域中心点对应的深度H_0成正比例关系,与岩石风化影响下限强度值S_H成反比例关系。最后统计分析了不同因素在不同位置对岩体强度参数的影响程度,确定了浅层岩石风化的时间效应为影响岩石强度分布的主要因素,进而说明以此引入时间因子是可行的,为进一步认识岩体强度在时间和空间上的分布情况提供了一定依据。     

矮寨大桥基础岩体稳定问题研究

由于各构筑物及其与高陡边坡紧邻,准确把握构筑物围岩的稳定性及其相互影响,是设计方案能否成立的关键。总结分析矮寨大桥基岩稳定的4个方面的关键问题,并介绍大桥基础岩体勘察所采用的多种手段、主要的地质缺陷、基岩稳定分析结果及施工期监测结果。开挖揭露的地质条件、稳定分析及监测结果表明,多种技术方法是全面认识岩体工程地质条件的必要手段。矮寨大桥基岩的稳定问题集中在两岸高陡边坡上,设计荷载并未引起岩体产生明显变形,各构筑物之间相互影响不明显。只要通过适当的加固措施保证边坡岩体的稳定,桥基岩体稳定性就可以得到保证。设计采用的塔梁分离式悬索桥结构,以及各构筑物的布置是可行的,研究成果支撑了结构设计上的创新。隧道锚因围岩“夹持效应”而产生强大的抗拔能力。由于国内外大型悬索桥采用隧道式锚碇不多,对隧道锚碇围岩的岩石力学问题研究还不够深入,其承载能力可能被严重低估。     

Several Geotechnical Design and Construction Issues with Akashi Strait Bridge

The Akashi Kaikyo (Strait) Bridge, one of the major bridges of the Honshu-Shikoku bridge network connecting the main island and the Shikoku island, is the world's longest suspension bridge with a center span of about 2,000 m. The bridge was constructed over the Akashi Strait and opened to traffic in 1998 after a construction period of about 10 years. The granite stratum in the Akashi Strait was very deep, while the granite stratum provides the foundations for the other long span bridges which have been constructed in Japan. Three of the four foundations had to be constructed on either a weakly cemented gravelly soil deposit or a sedimentary soft rock layer. The geological structure was carefully investigated and the geotechnical properties, in particular the strength and deformation characteristics of these geomaterial types, were carefully evaluated. To this end, a comprehensive series of advanced triaxial compression (TC) tests were performed on rotary core tube samples of sedimentary soft rock after it was found that the due design was not possible based on unconfined compression tests. Both CD and CU TC tests and cyclic undrained triaxial tests were performed on rotary core tube samples (30 cm in dia.) of the gravelly soil. Based on the data, the long-term and seismic stabilities of the foundations were evaluated. The importance of strain- and pressure-dependent nonlinear stress-strain behaviour at small strains, as well as accurate strain measurements in the laboratory stress-strain tests, was confirmed by analyzing the full-scale behaviour of the foundation during and after construction and comparing the back-calculated stiffness values with those obtained from laboratory stress-strain tests, pressure-meter tests, plate loading tests and field shear wave velocity measurements.     

江苏田湾核电工程场地动态参数特征分析

场地地质条件、地震波测试及动态参数分析是核电工程场地可行性研究的重要内容。通过对区域地质特征、场地地质条件、野外钻探取样及室内试验结果分析，对江苏田湾核电站工程场地主要建筑物分布地段进行了8个钻孔的现场及室内单孔波速测试，利用测得的岩体剪切波和压缩波测试数据和测得的岩石重度，计算场地岩体的动态参数，建立波速与岩体完整性、风化等级之间的关系，并对岩体的完整性与风化等级进行了评价。结果表明，绿泥石片岩是场地的软弱夹层，虽然其规模有限，对场地不构成威胁，但要进行加固处理。所得结果可为核电工程抗震设计提供必需的参数和科学依据。     

Characterisation of the weathering profile developed over a porphyritic biotite granite in peninsular Malaysia

Nine stages of weathering of a porphyritic biotite granite bedrock material have been distinguished on the basis of differences of colour, texture and the extent of alteration of mineral grains. Determination of the distribution pattern of the different stabes of weathering of bedrock material within the weathering profile then allowed for recognition of six stages of weathering of the bedrock considered on the scale of the mass. Characterisation of the weathering profile over the prophyritic biotite granite bedrock thus involved recognition and definition of weathering of the bedrock, both on the scale of the hand specimen, i.e. as rock material, and on the scale of the mass, i.e. as rock mass.     

Weathering beneath lateritic profiles

The zone between lateritic profiles and deep-seated fresh bedrock does not appear to be well documented. This zone is important for engineering geology, both for the design of foundations and the availability of construction materials. Three typical cases of deep-seated weathering beneath laterites are presented. The first describes anaerobic weathering of graphitic phyllites where plagioclases and sericite have been transformed to kaolinite whilst pyrite and graphite have remained stable. The second considers a rock surface in a mature lateritic peneplain dropping away from a riverbank rather than rising from it. The final example presented is where a thick quartz vein was to be quarried for aggregates and dam material, but it was found that long-term weathering had destroyed the grain bonds, resulting in a rock having the engineering properties of a weak sandstone rather than a quartzite.     

岩石风化程度特征指标的分析研究

岩石风化程度的划分及工程特性研究，对于工程基础面高程的选择以及工程环境或工程材料的利用具有重要意义。关于岩石风化程度划分目前多是采用工程地质定性评价方法，依赖定性的不确定判据进行岩石风化程度划分带有很大随意性。因此，研究和发展定量分析评价方法是必要的。岩石经过风化作用，形成的风化裂隙具有无方向性、不规则发育等特点，与构造作用形成的微裂隙有着本质区别；风化作用改变了岩石的矿物成分，岩石在风化过程中表现出来的阶段性，反映了岩石的不同风化程度。基于对风化岩石显微裂隙的发育状况及其次生充填特点、长石蚀变性质、粘土矿物成分变化等定性资料的分析研究，给出了定量化的统计，建立了岩石风化程度划分的判据。给出的定量指标很好地反映了风化岩石质量，且与反映岩石风化程度的一些物理力学指标存在良好相关性。     

花岗岩风化壳分带与岩体基本质量分级关系探讨

 风化壳分带和岩体质量分级对浅埋隧道设计和施工很重要,需对这两套系统定性和定量指标做平行判别。中国东部花岗岩分布区,强风化带(IV)和全风化带(V)、岩体质量III和IV级界限划分上常存在较大分歧。据此,对此问题开展探讨,并通过大亚湾隧道工程实例予以说明。研究表明,浅埋条件下风化壳分带同岩体质量级别空间上有交叉现象,前者是宏观的,后者是细观的,前者控制后者;风化带IV,V和III,IV级岩体涉及到岩土过渡、岩体节理密度、裂隙水和孔隙水等多个指标和因素的复杂变化;岩体质量级别比风化壳带号大致高1.5。     

A study of the weathering of the bukit timah granite part a: Review,field observations and geophysical survey

The Bukit Timah granite exhibits a full range of weathering grades. Examination of these exposures shows that the weathering has been rapid. Field observations and geophysical surveys show that the rock has been weathered up to 70 meters depth, and that the main mechanisms of weathering is chemical decomposition. The humid tropical condition in Singapore with high annual precipitation has produced secondary weathering of the residual soil. The weathering profiles suggest that the weathering of the Bukit Timah granite is stratified with weathered layers and a sharp boundary between the residual soil and the slightly to moderately weathered granite. This paper (Part A) is a review of current weathering classification systems for weathered rock. Some results from field observations and geophysical surveys are also presented in the paper. A weathering classification and determination method is proposed for the Bukit Timah granite. Results from field and laboratory investigations of the weathering of the granite and material properties will be presented in Part B.     

Research on unloading nonlinear mechanical characteristics of jointed rock masses

Geological environments of rock mass projects are always very complicated, and further investigations on rock mechanical characteristics are needed. There are considerable distinctions in rock mechanical characteristics under unloading and loading conditions. A series of tests are conducted to study the stress-strain relationship of rock masses under loading and unloading conditions. Also, the anisotropy, the size effect, and the rheological property of unloading rock mass are investigated. The tests presented in the paper include model test and granite rheological test, which are conducted considering geological condition, rock mass structure, in-situ stress field of the permanent shiplock of the Three Gorges Project. The main differences between loading and unloading rock masses are stress paths, yield criteria, deformation and strength parameters, etc.. Different structural plane directions affect unloading rock mass evidently. With increasing size, the tensile strength, the compressive strength, the deformation modulus, the Poisson’s ratio and the anisotropy of rock mass all decrease. For sandstone samples with parallel bedding planes, the cohesion c increases but the internal friction angle ? decreases under unloading condition when compared with the values under loading condition. While for samples with vertical bedding planes, the trend is adverse. The rheological property of rocks has close relationship with the tensile stresses of rock masses. When the sandstone samples are tested under high stress condition, their rheological properties are very obvious with the unloading of confining pressure, and three typical rheological stages are shown. Rheological rate changes with the variations in axial stress and confining pressure.     

基于能量原理的卸围压试验与岩爆判据研究

 岩爆是高地应力区地下工程开挖卸荷产生的地质灾害现象。按照地下硐室开挖过程中围岩的实际受力状态,开展脆性花岗岩常规三轴、不同控制方式、不同卸载速率条件下峰前、峰后卸围压试验,研究岩石破坏的全过程,从能量的原理探讨岩石破坏过程能量积聚–释放的全过程,研究岩石的变形破坏特征、能量集聚–耗散–释放特征和基于能量原理的岩爆判据。试验结果表明：无论是峰前还是峰后卸围压,岩样都表现脆性破坏的特征,峰前卸围压时岩样破坏表现出的脆性比峰后卸围压更为强烈;且无论是加载还是不同控制方式卸围压条件下,岩石在破坏前所能够储存的最大应变能受围压和卸载速率的控制。从能量的观点和工程应用的角度出发,提出一种新的能量判别指标：岩体实际储存能量与极限能量之比为U/U0,该指标真实合理地反映地下工程开挖卸荷过程中围岩的能量变化过程,围岩能量的积聚程度以及岩爆的发生程度,通过数值仿真计算可以更合理地定量预测高应力下地下工程开挖过程中岩爆发生的强度和位置。