Qualnet平台下基于扩频的无线传感网物理层建模

为了建立完整的基于Qualnet的无线传感网仿真研究平台,解决Qualnet所集成的物理层模型对扩频系统支持不完善的问题,提出了一种基于信噪比门限的物理层建模方法,并以 IEEE802.15.4 为例进行了建模和仿真.仿真结果表明,使用这种建模方法建立的模型可以完全发挥扩频系统的性能,使用该模型的无线传感网仿真系统运行正常.     

超宽带无线传感器网络MAC协议

超宽带技术凭借其诸多优势成为无线传感器网络物理层的绝佳选择,同时也为无线传感器网络的MAC协议设计带来了挑战。该文介绍了超宽带信号模型,讨论了UWB MAC协议设计中亟待解决的问题,总结和分析了近年来提出的几种典型的UWB MAC协议和有代表性的研究成果,并展望了下一步的研究方向。     

基于SMART_Polling机制的无线局域网的仿真建模

在OPNET网络仿真开发平台上,构建出基于SMART_Polling的无线局域网的仿真模型,描述了OPNET的建模过程,给出和分析了SMART_Polling机制下WLAN网络性能(吞吐量、媒体接入时延)的仿真结果。采用SMART_Polling机制实现WLAN,网络吞吐量性能优于基于CSMA/CA协议的无线局域网,系统接入效率高、灵活性强。     

NS-3 802.11物理层源代码实现原理分析

NS-3是国外近几年发展起来的重要网络仿真软件,它提供了比NS-2更低层次的无线功能抽象,更贴近真实的无线物理层的工作原理。分析了802.11无线物理层的源代码,对其主要实现机制进行了详细剖析,包括节点状态与接收分组的条件、信道繁忙起止时间的计算、信道支持多个路径损耗衰落模型、误码率与分组接收成功率的计算、多个干扰分组的跟踪管理和以分块为单位的累积干扰计算;并对协议修改给出了建议。该工作为理解NS-3无线仿真原理做出了有益贡献。     

基于UWB的无线传感器网络跨层优化模型研究

跨层设计是提高无线传感器网络整体性能的一种有效方法。在综合考虑MAC层调度、物理层功率控制、网络层路由三方面因素的基础上,结合超宽带技术大带宽、低信号功率的特点,以实现网络最大数据传输速率为目标,构建了基于超宽带技术的无线传感器网络跨层优化模型。仿真实验表明：模型最优解可有效提高网络数据传输速率;物理层功率控制对优化结果有着至关重要的影响。这证明以构建、求解优化模型的方式解决跨层设计问题是切实可行的,同时也为解决大规模超宽带传感器网络数据传输问题提供了一条新的解决思路。     

基于超宽带技术的无线传感器数据传输网络跨层优化研究

通过构建、求解MAC层、物理层、网络层跨层优化模型的方式,对超宽带无线传感器网络数据传输问题进行了初步研究.仿真实验结果表明,以构建、求解优化模型的方式解决无线传感器网络跨层设计问题是切实可行的,物理层信号功率控制、网络层路由对网络整体性能有着至关重要的影响.为超宽带无线传感器网络实际应用提供了必要的理论及实验依据,同时也为解决大规模超宽带传感器网络数据传输问题提供了解决思路.     

校园无线移动模型的研究

移动性一直是无线自组织网络中的一个非常重要的构件.移动模型是自组织网络中的一个关键科学问题.针对MANET路由协议研究的基础性问题,根据校园移动节点的行为方式,利用AOC系统中原型设计方法(AOC-by-prototyping)结合Trial-and-Error处理过程建立一种基于AOC自治系统的校园无线移动模型,基于移动模型,通过NS-2仿真平台进行仿真实验,分析不同节点的移动方式对MANET路由协议的影响.仿真结果表明,数据包传递率方面DSR和AODV协议受节点移动速率变化影响不大,且均超过95%;在路由开销方面,DSR协议在停滞等待时间tp很小的情况下开销最少,但tp变化大时DSDV协议性能稳定.     

不同场景中VANET路由协议的仿真研究

仿真场景的构建对于车载自组网的性能具有很大的影响。在NS2网络仿真平台中添加了节点城区移动模型和存在障碍物时的无线信号传播模型,建立了VANET的网络模型,分别在三种不同场景中对DSR路由协议的性能进行了仿真分析。结果表明,在真实的仿真场景中VANET的性能有所恶化。达到了较为真实的仿真VANET的目的,得出的结论对VANET的仿真研究具有一定的参考价值。     

NS-2无线物理层实现与衰落功能扩展研究

通过跟踪源代码,分析NS-2无线物理层的C++类,对NS-2分组收发仿真实现原理进行研究。针对NS-2仅实现理想信道而未考虑信道衰落效应的问题,给出扩展信道衰落功能的一般计算步骤,并以瑞利衰落为例在NS-2无线物理层中实现。UDP和TCP传输性能在引入瑞利衰落后有较大不同,体现了无线传输的不确定性。单链路的吞吐量随链路长度增加而下降;在无线局域网中,距离AP远的节点受衰落效应影响大,吞吐量下降;距离AP近的节点受衰落效应影响小,共享带宽占用了前者的剩余带宽,吞吐量反而上升。仿真结果显示,NS-2信道衰落功能扩展有助于准确验证无线网络协议性能。     

基于NS的RFID系统仿真工具研究

建立了RFID仿真系统的仿真模型并且在网络仿真器NS2上实现.仿真系统中的节点由物理层对象和MAC层对象组成.物理层通过对信号传播过程中的若干特性进行建模仿真,可以研究各种物理层参数对系统性能的影响.MAC层以有限状态机的方式实现了各种RFID系统的媒体访问控制和空中接口协议.同时给出了若干防冲撞算法在不同的噪声环境中的性能比较,由此说明该仿真工具可以对RFID系统的特性进行有效的仿真.     

Improved modeling of IEEE 802.11a PHY through fine-grained measurements

In wireless networks, modeling of the physical layer behavior is an important yet difficult task. Modeling and estimating wireless interference is receiving great attention, and is crucial in a wireless network performance study. The physical layer capture, preamble detection, and carrier sense threshold are three key components that play important roles in successful frame reception in the presence of interference. Using our IEEE 802.11a wireless network testbed, we carry out a measurement study that reveals the detailed operation of each component and in particular we show the terms and conditions (interference timing, signal power difference, bitrate) under which a frame survives interference according to the preamble detection and capture logic. Based on the measurement study, we show that the operations of the three components in real IEEE 802.11a systems differ from those of popular simulators and present our modifications of the IEEE 802.11a PHY models to the NS-2 and QualNet network simulators. The modifications can be summarized as follows. (i) The current simulators’ frame reception is based only on the received signal strength. However, real 802.11 systems can start frame reception only when the Signal-to-Interference Ratio (SIR) is high enough to detect the preamble. (ii) Different chipset vendors implement the frame reception and capture algorithms differently, resulting in different operations for the same event. We provide different simulation models for several popular chipset vendors and show the performance differences between the models. (iii) Based on the 802.11a standard setting and our testbed observation, we revise the simulator to set the carrier sense threshold higher than the receiver sensitivity rather than equal to the receiver sensitivity. We implement our modifications to the QualNet simulator and evaluate the impact of PHY model implementations on the wireless network performance; these result in an up to six times increase of net throughput.     

衰落信道下的无线Ad Hoc网络的有效仿真

现有的网络仿真软件对无线信道尤其是移动衰落信道支持较弱,这些软件大都假设信道在帧的传输期间保持恒定,而在帧与帧之间变化.本文指出,这种基于帧的模型不能有效地仿真无线Ad Hoc网络的节点移动特性,网络的仿真要能够刻画信道在帧内的变化,因而提出了基于bit的模型.仿真结果表明,在基于bit的信号接收模型下,误帧率随着节点移动速度的增加急剧增长,而使用基于帧的模型得到的误帧率与移动速率无关.该模型对于目前的Ad Hoc网络的交叉层协议设计具有重要的参考价值.     

无线传感器网络跨层参数模型设计

通过对现有多种无线传感器网络（WSNs）跨层协议的分析和研究,提出一种新型的跨层参数参考模型。该模型给出WSNs中网络层、数据链路层以及物理层等各层次之间相互影响的参数。在此基础上,分析该模型中网络各层次参数之间对网络性能的影响。最后通过对多个参数进行仿真实验,得出各参数对网络性能的影响情况,并作出理论分析,从而验证该模型的有效性。     

基于统一描述的网络仿真场景高效建模机制

网络仿真是进行网络规划和协议设计的重要手段,设计人员亟需构建高效的仿真系统。针对主流网络仿真器在场景建模方面存在效率不高和灵活性不够的问题,提出一种基于统一描述和中间件适配的高效可扩展的场景建模机制。基于模型层标签高效描述仿真场景,然后通过中间件解析器适配到不同的仿真器,从而大大提高仿真建模效率。最后通过应用实例验证了该场景建模机制的有效性和广泛适用性,对构建高效可扩展的网络仿真系统具有一定的借鉴意义。     

Analytical modelling in 802.11 ad hoc networks

This paper tries to bring together the physical model and protocol model that have been used to characterize interference relationship in an 802.11 ad hoc network. The physical model (known as the SNR model) is generally considered as a reference model for the physical layer behaviour but its application in wireless ad hoc networks is restricted by its complication. On the other hand, the protocol model (known as the unified disk graph) is straightforward but its validity is doubtful. We propose an analytical model for 802.11 ad hoc wireless networks where both the physical and protocol models are improved and modelled accurately by taking into accounts all emitters in the network and circumventing simplistic assumptions where communications are supposed to systematically fail if non-intended emitters fall in proximity of a receiver node. Our model consists in replacing a finite number of nodes by an equivalent continuum - characterized by a density of nodes - and disseminated in the network according to some distribution function. The key feature of the proposed model is that it permits taking into account the effect of interference, the CSMA/CA mechanism and radio propagation aspects in an easy and clear-cut way. All assumptions in the model are assessed with simulation results. Closed form formula of the signal to noise ratio and the throughput capacity per node will be given, corroborated by extensive simulation results in ns-2.     

基于USRP2的无线网络MAC协议半实物仿真系统设计与实现

目前,由于可供网络协议开发的硬件资源极其有限,而且真实性能评估要求硬件上的组网产生了高额的硬件成本。因此,对于大多数网络协议的研究以及性能评估都是基于纯软件系统进行的,其结果仅局限于理论意义。为了解决这些问题,基于GNU Radio平台以及二代通用软件无线电外设(USRP2)设计和实现了分布式无线网络媒体介入控制(MAC)协议的半实物仿真系统。该系统以IEEE802.11分布式协调功能(DCF)为协议框架,结合离散事件仿真技术,依靠较少的硬件资源(一台个人计算机(PC)和两台USRP2)模拟了多个节点的无线通信网络。实现中,MAC层协议使用简洁的Python语言进行系统开发,具有很大的灵活性,而且扩展性和可移植性强;物理层使用高效的C++语言对信号进行模块化处理,并利用USRP2射频硬件在真实信道上进行数据传输。将系统的节点发送概率以及吞吐量实测数据分别与Bianchi算法以及基于时隙分析的饱和吞吐量计算模型进行了对比,对比结果的吻合性说明了网络仿真平台的可靠性。     

无线传感器网络的链路分析与建模

无线传感器网络的链路通信质量对上层协议及定位算法有重要影响.在网络仿真软件中,对信道和链路的过分简化会影响协议或算法的可靠性.本文通过在伯克利Mica2 Motes[1]上的大量实验,分析了无线链路的各种非理想特性,包括时空特性、不规则连接单元和链路不对称性等.通过解析和实验分析相结合的方法对信道和链路质量进行了建模,该模型可以应用于改善仿真工具中的物理层和链路层模型,帮助我们更好地理解上层协议的性能.     

Security-Performance Tradeoffs in a Class of Wireless Network Scenarios

There has been an extensive and widespread deployment of wireless local area networks (WLANs) for information access. The transmission, being of a broadcast nature, is vulnerable to security threats and hence, the aspect of security provisioning in these networks has assumed an important dimension. The security of the transmitted data over a wireless channel aims at protecting the data from unauthorized access. The objective is achieved by providing advanced security mechanisms. Implementing strong security mechanisms however, affects the throughput performance and increases the complexity of the communication system. In this paper, we investigate the security performance of a WLAN based on IEEE 802.11b/g/n standards on an experimental testbed in congested and uncongested networks in a single and multi-client environment. Experimental results are obtained for a layered security model encompassing nine security protocols in terms of throughput, response time, and encryption overhead. The performance impact of transmission control protocol and user datagram protocol traffic streams on secure wireless networks has also been studied. Through numerical results obtained from the testbed, we have presented quantitative and realistic findings for both security mechanisms as well as network performance. The tradeoff between the strength of the security protocol and the associated performance is analyzed through computer simulation results. The present real time analysis enables the network designers to make intelligent choices about the implementation of security features and the perceived network performance for a given application scenario.     

移动Ad hoc网络的NS2仿真机制及代码分析

分析了NS的王作机制和移动Ad hoc网络仿真中使用的主要构件库代码及分裂对象模型中OTCL和C 两种语言的联合使用问题,并在此基础之上详细地分析了构件库各层之间的接口实现问题,着重研究了网络层、链路层和物理层的关键技术,并介绍了AODV路由协议和MAC层定时器等典型代码的实现,从而有助于掌握NS下的网络仿真和协议代码的扩展.