Micronization pretreatments for reducing the cooking time of lentils

For many grain and grain legume crops, a pretreatment step is often employed prior to processing to improve the quality of the final product. The pretreatment may be tempering, where a uniform specified moisture content in the grain is desired, or soaking, where moisture content is high and unevenly distributed. This study evaluated the effect of moisture contents and reagents as potential pretreatments for micronization (infrared heat treatment) of lentils, the objective being to reduce lentil cooking times. The texture of over-, under- and optimally cooked lentils was defined by sensory methods and by peak force values at 40% compression. As cooking time increased, sensory scores for hardness, chewiness and particle size decreased, as did peak force values. The peak force for optimally cooked lentils receiving no pretreatment was the control used to assess the effectiveness of a given pretreatment. The pretreatments studied were soaking of lentils, tempering of lentils to 20 or 40% moisture with water alone, and tempering to 20 or 40% moisture with solutions of various reagents: sodium salts of carbonate, bicarbonate, phosphate, tripolyphosphate and EDTA, and mixtures of citric and ascorbic acids. For tempering pretreatments, cooking time was reduced as moisture increased, but it was only at 40% moisture that added reagents were effective in reducing lentil cooking times. It was postulated that free water must be available in the cotyledon to allow reagents in the tempering water to reduce cooking time beyond that attainable with water alone. Potential reagents for tempering solutions used as successful micronization pretreatments were 2% sodium tripolyphosphate, mixtures of 1% citric and 2% ascorbic acid, and 150 ppm disodium EDTA. © 1998 SCI.     

微细化处理对食用菌五谷面条蒸煮及质构特性的影响

研究微细化处理食用菌五谷面粉对其面条蒸煮及质构的影响,采用微粉碎技术对食用菌五谷混合粉进行处理,并对食用菌五谷面条蒸煮特性、质构特性、表面微观结构等进行检测。结果表明最佳物料粒度为160目(0.097 mm),其体积等效粒径为70.5μm。微细化处理后的混合粉粒径主要分布在3~40μm和40~500μm两个区间内,微细化处理后食用菌五谷面条的最佳蒸煮时间为(13.45±0.26)min;复水率、干物质吸水率分别增加到(93.20±2.28)%、(128.63±2.57)%,干物质损失率、熟断条率分别降低为(6.72±0.09)%、(5.00±0.32)%。质地剖面分析(texture profile analysis,TPA)实验结果表明面条延展性为(-4.09±0.10)g/s,硬度、黏性分别降低至(310.39±7.39)g、(-4.87±0.65)g·s,咀嚼性增加到(102.14±3.31)g·s;拉伸实验结果表明160目(0.097 mm)食用菌五谷面条拉断力最大,为(19.43±0.18)N,拉伸距离为(53.90±0.87)mm。扫描电子显微镜观察结果表明,随着微细化程度增加,面条表观改善,结构变得更加致密光滑,孔隙相对减少,有利于提高食用菌五谷面条的蒸煮耐性,改善其质构持性。     

煮制和干燥时间对盐水鸡翅质构及色泽的影响

为了获得散装冷藏销售的工厂化加工盐水鸡翅煮制和干燥的时间参数,考察80℃煮制(10、20、30、40min)的盐水鸡翅在60℃条件下干燥(20、40、60、80、100、120min)处理后样品的失水率、食盐含量、色泽和质构等指标的变化。结果表明：干燥时间对盐水鸡翅失水率、食盐含量、水分含量、色泽(L*、a*、b*)三指标的综合性影响均极显著(P＜0.0001),而煮制时间对各指标影响皆不显著;不同处理条件下质构各项指标之间部分正相关、部分负相关、部分没有相关性,综合比较为煮制40min、干燥40min的样品硬度最低,咀嚼性最好,回复性也较好。结论：煮制40min、干燥40min处理适合于用作冷藏销售的工厂化加工盐水鸡翅工艺参数。     

不同热处理方式下虾肉品质和蛋白质结构变化的差异

为探讨三种常用热处理方式、加热程度对虾肉的品质影响以及蛋白质结构的变化的差异性影响,本试验以刀额新对虾为试验原料,采用蒸制、烤制和微波三种热处理方式,以测定原料第一节肌肉中心温度达到60℃、70℃、80℃和过热状态为加热程度,比较其水分含量、水分活度、质构特性、蛋白质二级结构和三级结构变化、蛋白质断裂情况及氧化情况的差...     

微粉化对天麻（Gastrodia elata Bl.）粉理化性质和吸收的影响

研究了微粉化处理对天麻(Gastrodia elata Bl.)粉的理化性质及在大鼠体内吸收的影响。对天麻普通粉和超微粉进行粒径大小、分布、微观形貌、休止角、滑角、膨胀力、松密度、水溶性和主要成分等理化指标的测定,以及天麻活性成分天麻素的生物利用度研究。结果表明:微粉化处理使天麻粉平均粒径由121.50μm减小到34.09μm,粒径分布范围变窄,粉体更加均匀;天麻微粉膨胀力、松密度和水溶性较之细粉均有不同程度的提高,粉体的流动性降低;红外光谱显示天麻经超微粉碎后其主要成分未发生变化。普通粉和微粉的天麻素绝对生物利用度分别是34.18%和45.49%。研究结果表明微粉化处理对天麻粉物理特性的改善有助于营养成分溶出,显著提高天麻有效成分的吸收率,为指导天麻微粉的应用生产提供理论依据。     

鲜湿面条的煮面时间及其与面粉糊化特性的关系

通过对不同类型小麦品种鲜湿面条的煮面时间及其与面粉品质的关系研究,结果表明:随着煮面时间的延长,面条评分呈先上升后下降的趋势,不同类型小麦品种的面条评分分别在不同煮制时间达到最大值;同时,随着煮制时间的延长,糯小麦面粉开始糊化温度逐渐下降,而黑小麦76、豫麦34、豫麦49、豫麦50呈先上升后下降的趋势,且均在一定时间后保持平缓的趋势。最佳煮面时间和面粉品质的相关分析表明,最佳煮面时间和直链淀粉含量、最终粘度、反弹值、糊化温度呈显著正相关,和稀懈值呈显著负相关;糊化特性能较好的预测最佳煮面时间。同时,评委感官评价测得的最佳煮面时间和糊化温度测定法有极显著相关性。     

Texture of Cheddar Cheese as Influenced by Fat Reduction

Cheddar cheeses with five different fat levels (34, 32, 27, 21, and 13 %) were manufactured in a randomized block design experiment and replicated four times. Cheeses were ripened for 4 months at 7°C. Microstructure was studied using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Texture characteristics (adhesiveness, cohesiveness, hardness, and springiness) were determined by Texture Profile Analysis (TPA) using the Instron Universal Testing Machine and a trained sensory panel. Scanning electron micrographs showed that the open-intricate microstructure of the cheeses was lost with a decrease in fat content. Hardness and springiness increased while adhesiveness and cohesiveness of the cheeses decreased with decreasing fat content. Texture attributes were influenced by the nature of the protein matrix that resulted due to fat removal.     

Reduction of Drying Time for Pepperoni by Vacuum-drying

Commercial pepperoni was dried under vacuum (100 kPa) at three temperatures (177°, 19°, and 22°C) and matching controls were dried under commercial conditions. Vacuum-dried pepperoni achieved a moisture: protein (M:P) ratio of 1.6:1 after 9 to 12 days drying, compared to 18 days for the control. Overall drying time was reduced ～30%. Among temperature treatments, 17°C treatment had more weight loss and darker color (P < 0.05) than others. Weight loss and Kramer shear force were higher (P < 0.05) for vacuum-dried pepperoni, whereas Hunter a and b values tended to be higher for the control throughout the drying period.     

两种优质鸡和快大鸡肉品质特性及微观结构的比较研究

比较研究两种优质鸡(清远麻鸡、三黄鸡)和快大鸡的鸡肉品质指标、质构特性和微观结构,结果表明,快大鸡的屠宰率、全净膛率、胸、腿、翅重占全净膛率等都高于清远麻鸡和三黄鸡;清远麻鸡和三黄鸡的蒸煮损失率和贮藏损失率都低于快大鸡;清远麻鸡的弹性、黏结性、咀嚼性和回复性比快大鸡高,硬度比快大鸡低。肌纤维的电镜观察结果显示,同一鸡种的胸肌纤维直径小于腿肌。以胸肉比较,不同品种(系)的肌纤维直径趋势是快大鸡(28.74μm)>三黄鸡(23.78μm)>清远麻鸡(23.31μm);而肌纤维密度则相反,清远麻鸡(1594.75根/mm2)比三黄鸡(1460.08根/mm2)和快大鸡(906.18根/mm2)高。肌纤维直径与密度可以反映肌肉的品质,肌纤维越细,肉品嫩度越好。     

淀粉质夹心红肠蒸煮时间的确定

淀粉质基料夹心香肠的热处理时间以传热试验、质构试验和微生物学试验为基础确定。试验表明，经适当乳化处理的，以预糊化马铃薯粉、玉米淀粉、精炼油和水为主体的夹心料，在８０℃的水中蒸煮时，传热速率较纯肉馅料的快。由此种夹心料与肉馅用天然肠衣灌制成的夹心肠的传热速率介于两者之间。通过质构试验发现，夹心料质构在以上热处理条件下的热定型时间约为５０ｍｉｎ．     

不同熟制方式对兔肉品质的影响

该研究以煮制、酶解后煮制、高压煮制和烤制4种方式对兔肉进行加工,探讨不同熟制方式对兔肉质构特性、游离氨基酸含量、风味物质种类及含量的影响.结果表明,酶解后煮制的兔肉游离氨基酸含量最高;不同熟制方式的兔肉质构特性有明显差异.对4种熟制方式兔肉的挥发性风味物质进行分析,共鉴定出58种挥发性风味成分,主要为烃类、醛类、醇类、...     

蒸制过程中大菱鲆肌肉理化特性、组织结构及蛋白特性变化

本研究以大菱鲆上背部肌肉为原料,考察其蒸制过程中脂肪含量、失水率、质量损失率、肌原纤维蛋白相 对提取率、组织结构、剪切力、硬度、咀嚼性、色度的变化,并对其肌原纤维蛋白和流失液蛋白相对分子质量变 化、鱼块Ca2＋Mg2＋-ATPase活力和总巯基含量的变化进行了检测。结果表明：随着蒸制时间的延长,大菱鲆鱼块的 失水率、质量损失率均不断增加,脂肪含量降低;肌原纤维蛋白相对提取率在蒸制开始2 min过程中下降明显,至 4 min时降至10%以下;Ca2＋Mg2＋-ATPase活力在蒸制2 min时降至最低;总巯基含量随蒸制时间延长呈先上升后下 降趋势,至1 min后基本不变。在蒸制过程中大菱鲆鱼块的微观组织结构由完整逐渐开始破裂;剪切力、硬度和咀 嚼性显著下降;亮度L*值显著升高（P＜0.05）,并在蒸制4 min后达到稳定状态;鱼块中蛋白的降解和流失使得流 失液中不同分子质量的蛋白逐渐增加。综上所述,限定规格（1.5 cm×1.5 cm×1.0 cm）大菱鲆鱼块在蒸制4 min时 可达到熟化且品质良好。     

马铃薯生全粉对饺子皮蒸煮特性和质构特性的影响

将不同比例(10%、20%、30%、40%和50%)马铃薯生全粉与市售高筋小麦粉复配制备饺子皮,研究马铃薯生全粉含量对饺子皮蒸煮特性、全质构特性、微观结构以及感官等方面的影响。实验结果表明,当马铃薯生全粉添加量为10%时,显著缩短了对照组饺子皮的蒸煮时间,且显著降低了饺子皮的蒸煮损失率。添加了10%马铃薯生全粉制备的饺子皮,其黏弹性、凝胶性和咀嚼性等质构指标均优于对照组饺子皮。但随着马铃薯生全粉添加量的进一步增加,饺子皮的蒸煮时间延长且吸水率和蒸煮损失率上升,其质构指标包括:硬度、弹性、凝胶性和咀嚼性降低,使得饺子皮的色泽、风味、口感和组织等感官评分降低。通过电子扫描显微镜观察也表明,造成饺子皮蒸煮特性和质构特性等劣变的原因是由于添加过多马铃薯生全粉(添加量≥20%)阻碍了饺子皮面团面筋蛋白网状结构的均匀形成。     

不同烹饪方式对盐渍鱼干风味和微观结构的影响

本文对比研究了微波烹饪、空气炸锅烹饪、烘烤烹饪和蒸煮烹饪4种常用烹饪方式对盐渍鱼干咀嚼性(质构)、滋味(游离氨基酸),风味(挥发性物质)和微观结构的影响。结果表明:4种烹饪方式均可通过显著降低盐渍鱼干的硬度和咀嚼性、增加弹性来改变其质构特性;微波烹饪、空气炸锅烹饪和烤箱烹饪都能不同程度的降低盐渍鱼干的游离氨基酸总量,而蒸煮烹饪提高了氨基酸总量,从原始量586.66 mg/100 g增加至631.45 mg/100 g;4种烹饪方式均可使鱼干样品中醛酮类物质和酯类物质含量显著上升,烷烃类物质含量显著下降,其中空气炸锅烹饪处理鱼干样品中醛酮类物质含量最高,达到37.07%;烹饪处理使盐渍鱼干肌肉纤维严重皱缩,纤维束间充满了烹饪用油,空气炸锅和烘烤烹饪处理后盐渍鱼干纤维束间的空隙较明显。     

不同水质蒸煮对米饭品质的影响

使用不同水质(自来水、纯水、天然矿泉水)对大米进行蒸煮,测定并表征不同水质蒸煮对米饭外观及质构特性、糊化特性、风味特性、感官特性的影响。结果表明,从米饭外观及质构特性上分析,使用天然矿泉水和纯水蒸煮在黏度、平衡、外观评分上显著高于使用自来水蒸煮;从大米粉糊化特性上分析,使用纯水组大米粉糊化温度更低,而使用自来水和天然矿泉水组的大米粉凝胶体系有着低的回生值和高的最终黏度;由米饭风味物质主成分分析得出整体风味得分为自来水>纯水>天然矿泉水;从米饭感官特性上分析,使用自来水和纯水蒸煮有着较好的风味,而使用纯水和天然矿泉水蒸煮有着较好的颜色和黏性;综合而言,使用纯水蒸煮得到的米饭有着较好的综合品质。     

煮制时间对鹅肉蛋白结构的影响

为了探究煮制对鹅肉蛋白的影响,本文通过测定不同煮制时间(0、30、60、90、120 min)下鹅肉的蒸煮损失率、剪切力、蛋白电泳、肌原纤维小片化指数(myofibril fragmentation index,MFI)、游离氨基酸(free amino acid,FAA)构成及微观结构研究了煮制时间对鹅肉蛋白结构特性...     

Concentration of Umami Compounds in Pork Meat and Cooking Juice with Different Cooking Times and Temperatures

This study examined the concentrations of umami compounds in pork loins cooked at 3 different temperatures and 3 different lengths of cooking times. The pork loins were cooked with the sous vide technique. The free amino acids (FAAs), glutamic acid and aspartic acid; the 5′‐nucleotides, inosine‐5′‐monophosphate (IMP) and adenosine‐5′‐monophosphate (AMP); and corresponding nucleoside inosine of the cooked meat and its released juice were determined by high‐performance liquid chromatography. Under the experimental conditions used, the cooking temperature played a more important role than the cooking time in the concentration of the analyzed compounds. The amino acid concentrations in the meat did not remain constant under these experimental conditions. The most notable effect observed was that of the cooking temperature and the higher amino acid concentrations in the released juice of meat cooked at 80 °C compared with 60 and 70 °C. This is most likely due to the heat induced hydrolysis of proteins and peptides releasing water soluble FAAs from the meat into the cooking juice. In this experiment, the cooking time and temperature had no influence on the IMP concentrations observed. However, the AMP concentrations increased with the increasing temperature and time. This suggests that the choice of time and temperature in sous vide cooking affects the nucleotide concentration of pork meat. The Sous vide technique proved to be a good technique to preserve the cooking juice and the results presented here show that cooking juice is rich in umami compounds, which can be used to provide a savory or brothy taste.     

蒸烤模式对南美白对虾食用品质的影响

以南美白对虾为研究对象,以色差值、质构品质、游离氨基酸含量及感官评分为指标,通过色彩色差计、物性测试仪、氨基酸专用高效液相色谱仪以及感官评价法考察不同蒸烤模式(纯蒸、纯烤、先蒸后烤、先烤后蒸、蒸烤交替)对虾肉食用品质的影响.结果表明:先烤后蒸模式下虾皮和虾肉的L*值显著低于其他4种模式(P<0.05);纯烤模式下虾的硬...     

Effect of Food Matrix on Saltiness Perception—Implications for Sodium Reduction

Enhancing sodium release from the food matrix, thus increasing saltiness perception, is a promising strategy to reduce the amount of salt needed in foods. However, the complex nature of the effect of the food matrix on saltiness perception makes it difficult to control saltiness perception when designing food products. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the food matrix effects on saltiness perception of sodium chloride. The effects are discussed in the order of 3 stages in saltiness perception: release of sodium from food matrix into oral cavity (1st stage), delivery of sodium within oral cavity (2nd stage), and detection of sodium by the taste receptor cells (TRCs) (3rd stage). In the 1st stage, the food matrix affects the initial availability of sodium to be released, and also affects the spontaneous and facilitated migration of sodium from the matrix into the oral cavity. In the 2nd stage, the food matrix affects the availability of sodium and the mixing efficiency of sodium with saliva. The relationship between food matrix and oral processing of food that may affect the sodium release (1st stage) and the delivery (2nd stage) is also discussed. In the 3rd stage, the food matrix affects the physical availability of sodium for the TRCs, the physiological activity of TRCs, and the central activities involved in the perception process. Based on the understanding of complex nature of the matrix effects on saltiness perception discussed in this review, the properties of food matrix may be controlled effectively to enhance saltiness perception and achieve sodium reduction.