Preparation and characterization of printable solder resist inks based on hyperbranched polyester

Two novel solder resist inks containing hyperbranched epoxy resin (HBPE) for thermal curing and hyperbranched epoxy acrylate resin (HBPEA) for UV‐curing were introduced in this work. Different generations of HBPE and HBPEA were synthesized and their chemical structures were determined by FT‐IR. Both curing reactions were monitored under differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and photo‐DSC. For HBPE, the curing temperature of 7th generation was only 91°C and for HBPEA, the curing duration of 7th generation was under 10 s. The thermal stabilities of cured resins were much more stable than linear resin, as the decomposition temperatures of HBPE and HBPEA were both over 400°C. The ink containing HBPE or HBPEA jetted by piezoelectric printer showed excellent accuracy and consistency of linewidth and the morphologies of cured pattern were observed through a stereo microscope. Other performances of solder masks were tested under China Printed Circuit Association (CPCA) standard (CPCA/JPCA 4306‐2011), which satisfy all requirements of printed circuit board soldering procedure. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015 , 132, 41805.     

碱溶性聚酯切片流变性的研究

采用毛细管流变仪研究了碱溶性聚酯的流变特性,讨论了切变速率、温度对流变性能的影响,并与普通聚酯的流变特性进行了对比。结果表明,碱溶性聚酯与普通聚酯相似,也表现出"切力变稀"特征,碱溶性聚酯的表观黏度更小,对剪切速率的依赖性更强。碱溶性聚酯的表观黏度对温度的敏感性大于普通PET。     

Degradation of polyester film in alkali solution

In recent years there has been a remarkable growth in coatings technology, yet polymer‐coated metals still corrode when they are exposed to severe environments. If the effectiveness of polymer coatings is to be increased, it is essential to understand the microstructure of polymer coating film and the changes that occur to the film upon environmental exposure, and relate the changes to the protective performance of coatings. The degradation of a polyester immersed in alkali solution has been investigated using a number of analytical techniques including atomic force microscopy (AFM), liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). AFM was used to characterize the heterogeneous phase in the unexposed films and films exposed to alkali solution. Film roughness was found to increase with aging of the film in alkali medium. Total organic carbon analysis of the leached aqueous medium showed the presence of organic compounds, suggesting a chemical degradation of the film in alkali medium. FTIR analysis of the leached medium showed evidence for the formation of carboxylate species upon degradation of polyester film in alkali solution, while LC/MS analysis of the leached medium confirmed the presence of isophthalic acid and sodium isophthalate. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 78: 2454–2463, 2000     

Colour matching for ink-jet prints on paper

Predicting the colour of trichromatic prints by measuring the colour of the primaries and their areas has been shown to be possible using large area textile prints. This approach has been extended to paper printing with much smaller coloured areas, in a predetermined array of squares. As before, the light reflected from the coloured areas mixed additively within the integrating sphere of a spectrophotometer. Cyan, magenta, and yellow were used, with the addition of red, green, blue, and black, to simulate the typical situation likely to arise in commercial paper ink-jet printers. Partitive colour-mixing theory was used to predict the colours, and the results compared well with those obtained by measurement. However, unwanted overlaps of the printed coloured squares caused all the measured results to be darker and of higher chroma. The reverse process, whereby the area of each colour was calculated for a given target colour, specified by its tristimulus values, was also carried out. The results were generally in agreement with the actual number of squares used to produce the target, within one square out of 16. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Col Res Appl, 23, 18–26, 1998     

Optimization of the hot alkali treatment of polyester/cotton fabric with sodium hydrosulfite

The treatment of cotton or polyester fabric in alkali media is a common modification process for producing a fabric with desirable qualities. Alkali treatment of polyester/cotton fabric could produce a fabric with better performance. In this research, polyester/cotton fabric was treated with NaOH at different temperatures and times. The results show that alkali treatment at the optimum temperature and time with NaOH could hydrolyze the polyester fiber surface and remove some of the impurities from the cotton fiber at the same time and may also improve some of the fabric properties, such as fabric regain, water drop absorbency, and fabric pilling. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100:5049–5055, 2006     

Colour constancy of vat prints on cotton fabrics

Colour constancy of prints with vat dyes on cotton fabrics was investigated by computing the CMCCON02 colour inconstancy index with the key element CAT02 for chromatic adaptation transform. The results show that the highest changes in colour appearance can be expected when the average daylight is replaced with fluorescent light. If D65 daylight is replaced with some other type of daylight, such as D50 or D55, only minor colour deviations occur which do not substantially change the colour appearance of the prints. The analysis of the influence of the lightness and chromaticity of prints shows that the chromaticity of the samples significantly affects their colour constancy. The change of appearance of the prints with lower chroma because of changed illumination conditions is less probable. The influence of a dye blend composition was also investigated. On average, multi‐coloured dye blends have proved to be more colour constant.     

Properties of UV-cured pigment prints on textile fabric

This paper studies and evaluates the UV-curing of pigment prints on textile fabric using a prototype UV scanner. A printing paste comprising synthetic thickener, emulgator, binder, pigment dispersion and photoinitiator was applied using a flat screen printing technique onto the cotton fabric, then dried and exposed to heat or UV-radiation under a mercury vapour lamp (200 W cm⁻²). The characteristics of cured prints such as paste add-on, colour properties, colour fastness to washing and dry/wet rubbing were evaluated, together with fabric stiffness. The effects of UV-curing were evaluated by Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR). The properties of the UV-cured pigment prints were compared with those of the thermal cured prints. Analyses of the obtained results helped to define the optimum composition of the photo reactive pigment paste, and the UV-curing conditions under which satisfactory results were obtained, comparable with those from the thermal curing method.     

Thermomechanical properties of alkali treated jute‐polyester/nanoclay biocomposites fabricated by VARTM process

A systematic study was carried out to investigate the effect of alkali treatment and nanoclay on thermomechanical properties of jute fabric reinforced polyester composites (JPC) fabricated by the vacuum‐assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM) process. Using mechanical mixing and sonication process, 1% and 2% by weight montmorillonite K10 nanoclay were dispersed into B‐440 premium polyester resin to fabricate jute fabric reinforced polyester nanocomposites. The average fiber volume was determined to be around 40% and void fraction was reduced due to the surface treatment as well as nanoclay infusion in these biocomposites. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) revealed enhancement of dynamic elastic/plastic responses and glass transition temperature (T_g) in treated jute polyester composites (TJPC) and nanoclay infused TJPC compared with those of untreated jute polyester composites (UTJPC). Alkali treatment and nanoclay infusion also resulted in enhancement of mechanical properties of JPC. The maximum flexural, compression, and interlaminar shear strength (ILSS) properties were found in the 1 wt % nanoclay infused TJPC. Fourier transform‐infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR) revealed strong interaction between the organoclay and polyester that resulted in enhanced thermomechanical properties in the composites. Lower water absorption was also observed due to surface treatment and nanoclay infusion in the TJPC. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013     

带束层角度对轮胎印痕的影响

试验研究以锦纶帘线为胎体,以芳纶与锦纶的复合帘线为带束层的子午线轮胎,带束层角度对轮胎印痕的影响。试验结果表明：在同种条件下,随着轮胎带束层角度的变化,轮胎接地印痕、受力分布发生变化。     

Predicting the colour of trichromatic prints

The colour resulting from the partial overlap of tiny dots of cyan, magenta, and yellow inks in a matrix is difficult to predict. A method of simulating it on the macro-scale has been devised by measuring discs with coloured sectors using a spectrophotometer. Here the separate colours are mixed within the integrating sphere of the instrument. Although subtractive mixing occurs where colours overlap, the overall result to the eye/brain is interpreted by additive means. The result of mixing known areas of coloured surfaces additively was predicted successfully by Maxwell in the last century. His method, combined with the use of the CIE System, has been successfully used to predict the coordinates of the mixture of coloured sectors measured on the spectrophotometer. The theoretical model developed applies to trichromatic or polychromatic printing, whatever the substrate. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Aspects of alkali treatment of sponge gourd (Luffa cylindrica) fibers on the flexural properties of polyester matrix composites

Sponge gourd (Luffa cylindrica) forms a natural mat that deviates the crack path in brittle thermoset resin matrix composites, leading to a controlled fracture mode and increasing the toughness of the composite. The use of luffa as reinforcement is, however, restricted by a very weak fiber–matrix interface. In this work, luffa fibers were alkali‐treated at two temperatures, with varying alkali concentrations. Although the surface analysis shows that the treatments promote a clear removal of the outer surface layer of the fibers with the exposition of the inner fibrillar structure and the consequent increase of the fiber surface area, only a secondary increase on the mechanical properties was obtained. The slight increase observed was attributed only to mechanical interlock. Long pullout lengths and neat fiber beads were the main features observed at the fracture surface of the treated and untreated fiber composites. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 87: 1927–1932, 2003     

印刷电路板用阻焊油墨的研究

印刷电路板的制造过程当中,对其进行质量控制是非常重要的。为了有效提高印刷电路板的成品质量,通常情况下会在不需焊接的部位使用阻焊油墨进行涂布处理,目的是保护对应的部位。从阻焊油墨的相关工艺出发,主要介绍了喷墨打印技术加成法用阻焊油墨、柔性线路板用阻焊油墨以及水溶性碱显影感光阻焊油墨等,用以确定阻焊剂的具体应用。     

Photolithography based on organosilane self-assembled monolayer resist

Micropatterning of organosilane self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) was demonstrated on the basis of photolithography using an excimer lamp radiating vacuum ultraviolet light of 172 nm wavelength. This lithography is generally applicable to micropatterning of organic thin films including alkylsilane SAMs, since its patterning mechanism involves cleavage of CC bonds in organic molecules and subsequent decomposition of the molecules. In this study, SAMs were prepared on Si substrates covered with native oxide by chemical vapor deposition in which an alkylsilane, that is, octadecyltrimethoxysilane [CH₃(CH₂)₁₇Si(OCH₃)₃, ODS] was used as a precursor. SAM was photoirradiated through a photomask placed on its surface so that it was decomposed and removed in the photoirradiated area while the masked areas remained undecomposed. Accordingly, the photomask image was printed on the SAM as a removed/unremoved pattern. The patterned SAM could be used as a mask for plasma etching or area-selective Ni electroless plating.     

Study on organosilicon positive resist. III. Organosilicon positive excimer laser resist (OSPR-2016)

A new alkali-developable organosilicon positive excimer laser (KrF) resist (OSPR-2016) has been developed for a bilayer resist system. OSPR-2016 is composed of poly(p-hydroxybenzylsilsesquioxane) and methyl cholate-tris (α-diazoacetoacetate). The ratio is 72.5 : 27.5 w/w. A sample of 0.5-μ thick OSPR-2016 resolved 0.35 μ L&S patterns when exposed to a dose of 320 mJ/cm² from an excimer laser projection printer (NA = 0.37).     

Grafting on polyester fibers

Acrylic acid (AA) and acrylonitrile (AN) were used to carry out grafting on polyester (PE) fibers using the techniques of initiation by γ-radiation as well as benzoyl peroxide. The nature of the grafted fiber substance was found to be the same, irrespective of the grafting technique. Extent of grafting depended upon the time, concentration of the initiator, and the monomer as well as on the irradiation dose. The increase in the moisture regain was directly proportional to the amount of graft in the fiber. AA grafted fibers were rendered more hydrophilic than AN grafted fibers for equivalent amount of grafts. Considerable improvement in dyeability of the PE fibers was possible through grafting. About 50% to 100% improvement with disperse dyes was observed in case of PE fibers containing 22.4% and 9.0% graft of AA and AN, respectively. Intense fast dyeing with direct and basic (cationic) dyes was also possible, and the dye content was proportional to the extent of graft introduced in the fiber. The CN groups were reduced to NH₂ groups in the AN graft on the fiber. In this way, deep, fast, and bright dyeing was obtained with reactive dyes. Electrokinetic studies were carried out on the grafted fibers. With the increased amount of AA graft, the maxima in the zeta potential curve shifted toward higher acidic pH as greater amounts of alkali was utilized by the ? COOH groups in the graft. In this respect, CN groups were less sensitive due to their lesser polarity as compared to the carboxylic groups. It was observed from surface charge density (S.C.D.) studies that the effective surface area of the fiber decreased with the increase in the amount of graft, particularly in case of AN graft. Surface conductivity (S.C.) studies revealed that with increase in the number of polar groups (? COOH) on the surface of the fiber, the S.C. increased with the increase in the amount of AA graft. In case of AN grafts, the reduction in effective surface area of the fiber played a more important role than the contribution by the CN groups to surface conductivity.