牛初乳中可的松和氢化可的松质量分数变化

选择了5头荷斯坦牛利用液相-气质谱法分析了产后7 d内牛初乳中和常乳中可的松和氢化可的松质量分数变化.结果表明,不同天数的牛初乳中可的松质量分数无显著差异(P＜0.05),与常乳相比也无差异.牛初乳和常乳中可的松质量分数变化范围为2.16～0.51 μg/kg同样,不同天数的牛初乳中氢化可的松质量分数无显著差异(P＜0.05).与常乳相比也无差异.经统计相关分析表明,可的松含量与泌乳时间显著负相关(r=0.93,P=0.003).只有产后5 d内乳汁中氢化可的松含量与泌乳时间正相关(r=0.91,P=-0.03),随着泌乳时间的延长无相关性.     

奶山羊乳腺发育过程中腺苷酸质量分数及能荷的变化

探讨了奶山羊乳腺发育和泌乳过程中能量代谢变化规律和特点.分别在奶山羊乳腺发育的4个时期青春期、妊娠期、泌乳期及退化期采集乳腺组织.应用高效液相色谱测定各时期的腺苷酸质量分数并计算出各时期能荷:用总ATP酶活性测定试剂盒测定各时期的ATP酶活性.结果表明,青春期和妊娠期腺苷酸质量分数和ATP酶活性呈缓慢递增趋势,泌乳启动后ATP酶活性急剧增加,腺苷酸质量分数增加,ADP、AMP比例升高.在泌乳高峰期,AMP达到峰值,能荷值最低.泌乳高峰期过后ATP酶活性下降,腺苷酸质量分数减少,AMP比例急剧减少,能荷值恢复到正常水平.在乳腺发育过程中,泌乳启动后乳腺ATP酶活性急剧增加,腺苷酸质量分数增加;泌乳高峰期过后ATP酶活性下降,腺苷酸质量分数减少.     

牛初乳冻干粉与合剂对预防化学性肝损伤超微结构研究

研究了牛初乳冻干粉及其柳松菇多糖合剂对预防化学性肝损伤超微结构的表现。受试组小鼠灌喂牛初乳冻干粉及柳松菇多糖合剂30d，与模型组小鼠同时灌喂质量分数为1％的CCl4，24h后处死。取左叶肝分别固定在质量分数为11％福尔马林和质量分数为4％戊二醛中，制样后用光镜、电镜观察。与此同步取材血液、肝脏测试谷草转氨酶（GPT），谷丙转氨酶（GOT），超氧化物岐化酶（SOD），丙二醛（MDA）指标。实验动物细胞组织结构和生化指标均已证明：牛初乳冻干粉及合剂对预防化学性肝损伤具有明显地保护作用。     

牛初乳辐照灭菌效果及辐照对免疫球蛋白质量分数的影响

研究了用辐照技术对牛初乳进行灭菌的效果和辐照对牛初乳中免疫球蛋白的影响.用0,2,4,6,8 kGy的剂量进行对牛初乳进行辐照,检测辐照后的菌落总数、大肠菌群、霉菌酵母菌和免疫球蛋白IgG.结果表明,随着辐照剂量的增加,菌落总数、大肠菌群、霉菌酵母菌显著下降,而免疫球蛋IgG下降不显著.用辐照技术对牛初乳进行灭菌,效果显著且不降低免疫球蛋白IgG质量分数.     

无患子油的提取、理化性质及其制备生物柴油的研究

研究了无患子油脂的提取条件、理化性质和以该油制备生物柴油的工艺.结果表明:油脂提取最佳条件:石油醚体积与种籽质量比5∶1,提取时间为2h,提取温度为70℃,无患子得油率为42.0％;无患子油脂主要由棕榈酸、硬脂酸、油酸、亚油酸、亚麻酸、花生酸、二十碳烯酸、山嵛酸、芥子酸等脂肪酸组成,其中不饱和脂肪酸质量分数91.85％,其主要理化性质为酸值:4.1 mg KOH/g、皂化值:184.83 mg KOH/g、碘值:110.16 gI2/100 g、折光率:1.480 8,脂肪酸组成、质量分数及理化性质等符合生物柴油标准.应用L9(34)正交试验得出无患子油酯交换反应制备生物柴油的最佳条件为:油醇物质的量比1∶6、催化剂用量为油质量的1.2％、反应时间2h、反应温度60℃,转化率为93.6％.并对无患子生物柴油性能进行了检测,它与0#柴油、国标GB/T 20828-2007《柴油机燃料调和用生物柴油》的主要性能指标相接近,它是一种理想的0#柴油的替代品.     

体外模拟发酵对咖啡理化性质及品质的影响

以云南阿拉比卡卡蒂姆咖啡为原料进行体外模拟发酵,分析不同阶段咖啡理化性质及品质因子变化,并以美国精品咖啡协会评分标准对烘焙后咖啡杯测,结合Pearson,分析杯测指标与理化特征成分、风味特征成分间关联性。结果表明,咖啡生豆经10～12 h浸泡充分吸胀,渗出物少。复水咖啡豆多糖、脂肪含量显著下降(P <0.05),还原糖、总蛋白、可溶性蛋白和酚类变化均不显著(P> 0.05)。在发酵过程中多糖先呈现下降趋势,至8 h含量达到最低(3.22±0.28)%(质量分数),而后又显著上升(P <0.05);还原糖含量呈现逐渐上升趋势,至8 h含量达到最高,而后又显著下降(P <0.05);脂肪在发酵2 h后变化均不显著(P> 0.05);总蛋白含量先下降而后上升再下降,在6 h含量最高为(8.54±0.17)%(质量分数);可溶性蛋白、酚类发酵2 h后下降趋势显著(P <0.05);膳食纤维、灰分均未发生显著变化(P> 0.05)。咖啡豆游离氨基酸中谷氨酸含量占比最高,其次为天门冬氨酸、赖氨酸和亮氨酸,不同发酵阶段游离氨基酸随发酵时间的增减变化无规律。咖...     

湿法提取玉米淀粉的工艺优化

通过单因素和二次通用旋转试验研究浸泡时间、温度、NaHSO_3添加量、乳酸添加量对玉米淀粉提取率的影响,并比较了湿法提取的玉米淀粉与市售淀粉的理化指标、透明度、凝沉性、水吸收指数等性质。试验得出玉米淀粉最佳提取条件为:浸泡时间42h、浸泡温度55℃、NaHSO_3质量分数为0.5%、乳酸质量分数0.6%,淀粉提取率为63.07%。湿法提取玉米淀粉与市售玉米淀粉的理化性质接近;与市售玉米淀粉相比,湿法提取玉米淀粉的直链淀粉含量、透明度、水吸收指数、膨润力有所提高,但两者之间的性质差异均不显著。     

牛初乳中免疫球蛋白的测定

以单向免疫扩散法测定了牛初乳中的IgG。结果表明,产犊后第1次挤乳,初乳gG平均为67.23mg/mL,之后随泌乳进行迅速下降,24h后降到小于5mg/mL,到第5天已降到常乳水平。     

仙人掌酸奶生产工艺研究

对仙人掌酸奶的生产工艺进行了研究.结果表明,最佳工艺条件为：鲜牛奶中加入体积分数为10%的仙人掌汁,质量分数为6%的蔗糖,接种量5%,43℃发酵5 h后0℃～4℃冷藏4 h～6 h.在此条件下制得的产品具有较好的色泽、形态、口感和风味,其理化指标和微生物指标也完全符合国家标准要求.     

仙人掌酸奶生产工艺研究

对仙人掌酸奶的生产工艺进行了研究.结果表明,最佳工艺条件为:鲜牛奶中加入体积分数为10%的仙人掌汁,质量分数为6%的蔗糖,接种量5%,43℃发酵5 h后0℃～4℃冷藏4 h～6 h.在此条件下制得的产品具有较好的色泽、形态、口感和风味,其理化指标和微生物指标也完全符合国家标准要求.     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of the