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1.
In this article, the authors examine the relationship between everyday cognition and mortality. Data were initially collected in 1996-1997 from 171 community-dwelling older people ranging in age from 60 to 92 years old (M = 74 years, SD = 7.38). Participants completed the Everyday Cognition Battery (ECB; J. C. Allaire & M. Marsiske, 1999, 2002) as well as basic cognitive ability tests. Results indicated that participants who died since testing (n = 56) had performed significantly worse than did still-living participants on all measures. Additionally, performance on the ECB Knowledge Test was a significant predictor of death even after controlling for basic cognitive abilities, demographics, and self-rated health. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
2.
The present study examined 2 approaches to the measurement of everyday cognition in older adults. Measures differing in the degree of structure offered for solving problems in the domains of medication use, financial management, and food preparation and nutrition were administered to a sample of 130 community-dwelling older adults ranging in age from 60 to 90 (M=73 years, SD=7.02 years). Well-defined and ill-defined everyday problem-solving measures, which varied in the amount of means--end-related information provided to participants, were used. The study found that (a) well- and ill-defined measures were moderately interrelated, (b) the 2 approaches were differentially related to basic cognitive abilities, and (c) together the 2 approaches explained over half of the variance in older adults' everyday instrumental functioning and were in fact better predictors of everyday functioning than traditional psychometric cognitive measures. Discussion focuses on the differential importance of both methods for assessing older adults' everyday cognitive functioning. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
3.
Compared 3 sets of sibling structure variables derived from the theoretical approaches of K. Marjoribanks and H. J. Walber, R. B. Zajonc and G. B. Markus, and V. G. Cicirelli (see PA, Vol 54:9708; Vol 53:9290; and Vol 55:6726, respectively) as predictors of the child's intellectual ability. Ss were 603 11–12 yr olds. Regression analyses for the total group indicated that the sibling structure variables proposed seem to have only a weak relationship to measured intelligence of these Ss, even though the decline of mean intelligence with family size represented a greater magnitude of change than that reported by L. Belmont and F. A. Marrolla (1973). (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
4.
Erber Joan T.; Szuchman Lenore T.; Rothberg Sharon T. 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》1990,5(2):236
A person perception paradigm was used to test 86 young and 84 older Ss for evidence of a double standard in appraising everyday memory failures of young and older targets. Vignettes were judged on separate Likert scales for possible attributions for the failure (ability, effort, task difficulty, chance, and 2 measures of attention), signs of mental difficulty, need for memory training, and indications of need for professional evaluation. Results confirmed a double standard used by young and old: The failures of older targets were judged as signifying greater mental difficulty and greater need for memory training than were the identical failures of young targets. Older Ss were more lenient overall than young Ss in their appraisals. Young Ss judged target persons' memory failures as signifying more mental difficulty, and they more readily recommended professional evaluation. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
5.
Older adults' ability to solve practical problems in 3 domains of daily living was assessed using a new measure of everyday problem solving, the Observed Tasks of Daily Living (OTDL). Findings showed that the OTDL formed internally consistent scales representing 3 distinct factors of everyday problem solving. Moreover, the OTDL showed convergent validity with related scales of a paper-and-pencil test. Older adults' performance on the OTDL was significantly correlated with their scores on measures of basic mental abilities. Path analysis showed that age affected older adults' performance on the OTDL directly and indirectly via cognitive abilities. Participants' education and health affected their everyday competence indirectly through cognitive abilities. The effects of perceptual speed and memory span were mediated by fluid and crystallized intelligence. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
6.
The authors report a meta-analysis of age differences in everyday problem-solving/decision-making effectiveness (EPSE). Effect sizes were calculated to reflect 3 age group comparisons: old versus young, young versus middle-aged, and middle-aged versus old. Findings from the meta-analysis of 28 separate studies with an aggregate of 4,482 participants do not support theories of preserved EPSE in late adulthood. Although significant age differences of moderate magnitude persisted across methodological and theoretical domains, rating criteria (experimenter vs. participant) emerged as a significant moderator of the effect magnitude and direction. In addition, EPSE in older adults was bolstered when problem content was interpersonal and when samples were highly educated. Finally, the current results support the conceptual integration of findings from the everyday problem-solving and everyday decision-making literatures. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
7.
Wecker Nancy S.; Kramer Joel H.; Wisniewski Amy; Delis Dean C.; Kaplan Edith 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》2000,14(3):409
Heterogeneity of executive tasks has made it difficult to determine whether there are age-related declines in executive functioning. To address this issue, 112 individuals, 20–79 years old, took the California Trail Making Test (CTMT) and the California Stroop Test (CST), subtests of the Delis–Kaplan Executive Function Scale (D. C. Delis, E. Kaplan, & J. H. Kramer, in press) that include measurement of component skills embedded in the executive function tasks. Multiple regression analyses revealed that after controlling for component skills, age had a significant effect on the executive requirement of the CST, namely speed on the interference condition. Age did not affect switching performance on the letter–number condition of the CTMT. Additional analyses revealed that age was significantly associated with commission of certain types of errors. This study confirms the importance of partialing out components in the assessment of multidimensional cognitive tasks, particularly when making age comparisons. It also emphasizes specificity over generalizability when examining the impact of age on cognition. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
8.
Studied the effect of stimulus uncertainty, attention, interstimulus interval, and amount of time in the experimental situation on the average auditory evoked potential in 2 groups of 8 19-29 yr old males separated according to differences in intellectual ability. Results indicate that in general, evoked potential amplitude was greater (a) for the 1st part of the experimental test session compared with the later part, (b) for conditions requiring attention compared with nonattending conditions, (c) for the stimulus following the long (rather than short) interstimulus interval, and (d) for conditions of greatest stimulus uncertainty. Also, evoked potential variability was found to increase as amplitude increased. Evoked potential differences between experimental groups suggested divergence both in strategies employed and in effects of experimental conditions on these groups. (26 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
9.
The validity of an intelligence test is discussed. "The Lowry Reasoning Test Combination has been found to be relatively free of social status bias and to measure intellectual function. It is easily administered and simply scored and does not depend upon a high level of verbal ability. Variance in concept difficulty is obtained by altering combinations of constructs while keeping the verbal material on a uniformly simple level. Whereever such a discriminative and effective selection device is needed the present writers would recommend that the Lowry test be tried." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
10.
Keightley Michelle L.; Winocur Gordon; Burianova Hana; Hongwanishkul Donaya; Grady Cheryl L. 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》2006,21(3):558
The authors administered social cognition tasks to younger and older adults to investigate age-related differences in social and emotional processing. Although slower, older adults were as accurate as younger adults in identifying the emotional valence (i.e., positive, negative, or neutral) of facial expressions. However, the age difference in reaction time was largest for negative faces. Older adults were significantly less accurate at identifying specific facial expressions of fear and sadness. No age differences specific to social function were found on tasks of self-reference, identifying emotional words, or theory of mind. Performance on the social tasks in older adults was independent of performance on general cognitive tasks (e.g., working memory) but was related to personality traits and emotional awareness. Older adults also showed more intercorrelations among the social tasks than did the younger adults. These findings suggest that age differences in social cognition are limited to the processing of facial emotion. Nevertheless, with age there appears to be increasing reliance on a common resource to perform social tasks, but one that is not shared with other cognitive domains. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
11.
2,974 adults, including 678 monozygotic and 547 dizygotic twin pairs (aged 27–86 yrs), self-rated ability on 6 factors: Interpersonal Competence, Workplace Skills, Trade Skills, Intellectual and Cultural, Domestic Skills, and Athletic Competition. Age accounted for no more than 2% of the variance on any factor, and, although there were significant gender effects, no significant Age?×?Gender interactions were observed. Twin similarity did not vary significantly with age, and biometrical variance component estimates were statistically homogeneous across age, with talent factor variance being apportioned approximately equally to genetic and nonshared environmental factors. Consistent failure to find age effects as well as consistent observation of significant heritability support the conclusion that self-concept crystallizes early in adulthood and reflects genetically influenced psychological characteristics. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
12.
Christensen H.; Mackinnon A.; Jorm A. F.; Henderson A. S.; Scott L. R.; Korten A. E. 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》1994,9(3):381
The cognitive test performance of 897 community-dwelling elderly Ss, aged 70 yrs and over, was examined for age trends and interindividual variation. Data were subjected to factor analysis, and 3 factors emerged (Crystallized Intelligence, Fluid Intelligence, and Memory). Over the age span sampled, Crystallized Intelligence, Fluid Intelligence, and Memory all decreased with the decrease being greatest for Fluid Intelligence and least for Crystallized Intelligence. Interindividual variation increased for Fluid Intelligence and Memory, but not for Crystallized Intelligence. These findings give support to the view that crystallized intelligence is lower in the very old and that there is a greater degree of variability in test performance with advancing age. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
13.
14.
The authors investigated whether several life events or concerns were differentially related to depressive symptoms across 3 adult age groups (young adults, middle-aged adults, and older adults). They examined the relationships of 2 measures of depressive symptoms to work status and satisfaction, relationship status and satisfaction, loneliness, recent losses, parenting strain, and caregiving. Some differences between age groups in these relationships were found. Yet, most results suggested that, although the frequency with which people experience specific life events or concerns varies across the adult life span, the relationships between these events or concerns and depressive symptoms are similar across age groups. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
15.
Quay Lorene C.; Hough Ruth A.; Mathews Marilyn; Jarrett Olga S. 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》1981,17(2):221
Assessed 144 7-, 8-, and 9-yr-olds in lower, middle, and upper socioeconomic status (SES) groups on 4 cognitive variables—classification, class inclusion, conservation of number, and conservation of substance—and on communication encoding effectiveness. It is shown that in addition to age and SES, general cognitive ability accounted for a significant proportion of the variance in communication encoding. (7 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
16.
D. J. Ozer (see PA, Vol 74:33989) found that spatial visualization correlated with personality and verbal ability for girls but not for boys. To account for this finding, he hypothesized that "the causes of individual differences in spatial visualization [may be] different for the two sexes" (Ozer, 1987, p. 134). Although Ozer's conclusion is an intriguing one, it should be viewed with at least some skepticism until the discrepancies between his data and those of other researchers have been reconciled. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
17.
Studied the accuracy with which 48 Ss (mean ages = 5.5, 7.4, 9.5, and 20.5 yrs) could encode cues commonly found in social interactions (e.g., facial expression, vocal intonation, and movements). Data suggest that younger Ss perceived many everyday social interactions as essentially identical and responded accordingly. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
18.
Age-related differences in everyday reasoning biases were explored. In each of 2 social domains, examination of theoretical beliefs and biases along 2 dimensions of scientific reasoning, involving the law of large numbers and the evaluation of experimental evidence, revealed that, across age groups, scientific reasoning was used to reject evidence that contradicted prior beliefs; relatively cursory reasoning was used to accept belief-consistent evidence. Biased reasoning was more common among middle-aged and older adults than among young adults. Dispositions to engage in analytic processing were negatively related to biases, but intellectual abilities and bias were not related. The findings support a 2-process view of adult cognitive development and suggest that the tendency to rely on heuristic information processing increases with age. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
19.
4 groups of male college students were compared on the Edwards EPPS: (a) Ss who never smoked, (b) current cigarette smokers who never tried to stop smoking, (c) current smokers who tried to stop smoking but failed, and (d) former smokers who had succeeded in breaking the smoking habit. An effort to stop smoking was associated with low-deference and high-aggression needs. Success in such an effort was associated with these 2 variables plus low-affiliation, low-change, and high-achievement needs. Concern with the consequences of smoking to health as a stated reason for making an effort to stop smoking was not associated with success in that effort. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
20.
Cross-sectional data from the 5th wave (1984) of the Seattle Longitudinal Study are reported with regard to the generalizability of age differences in psychometric intelligence within and across ability domains. Ss were 1,628 community-dwelling individuals drawn from a Pacific Northwest HMO. Age difference patterns of 9 groups with mean ages from 29 to 88 yrs are examined for the ability domains of verbal ability, spatial orientation, inductive reasoning, numeric ability, verbal memory, and perceptual speed. Each ability is marked by 3 or 4 observed variables. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献