Response to Young-Bruehl (1999).

The author felt the review of R. Wallerstein's (see record 1995-98727-000) The Talking Cures: The Psychoanalyses and the Psychotherapies was tendentious and misleading. It was felt that the tone was stridently ad hominem, and that the reviewer made wild speculations that were factually inaccurate and also missed and did not adequately represent the main thrust of the book. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Information gain and decision-theoretic approaches to data selection: Response to Klauer (1999).

K. C. Klauer (1999) argued that a Bayesian decision-theoretic rational analysis of Wason's selection task is preferable to an information gain account (M. Oaksford & N. Chater, 1994) because it has a better normative justification and may provide a better fit with the empirical data. The authors argue that Klauer's proposal and their proposal are equally well justified from a normative perspective and that, where the predictions of the 2 approaches diverge, the existing empirical evidence is consistent with the information gain approach. However, more empirical research is required to decide between these 2 accounts. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

Response to Silverman (2000).

Applying distinctions from philosophy to sorting out issues of psychoanalytic epistemology is a complex, difficult business. In responding to D. K. Silverman's (see record 2001-07368-006) challenge, the author tries to sort out differences in technology from real differences in belief and understanding. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Correction to Kornblum et al. (1999).

Reports an error in The effects of irrelevant stimuli: 1. The time course of stimulus–stimulus and stimulus–response consistency effects with Stroop-like stimuli, Simon-like tasks, and their factorial combinations by Sylvan Kornblum, Gregory T. Stevens, Anthony Whipple and Jean Requin (Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 1999[Jun], Vol 25[3], 688-714). A key reference for coauthor Gregory T. Stevens’s PhD dissertation was omitted and appears in the correction. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 1999-13929-008.) The effects of Simon- and Stroop-like stimuli are examined in isolation and in factorial combinations with different delays between the presentation of the irrelevant and the relevant stimuli. The effects of irrelevant stimuli have different time courses depending on whether they overlap with the relevant stimulus (stimulus-stimulus overlap, Dimensional Overlap [DO] Type 4) or with the response (stimulus-response overlap, DO Type 3). A new, computational, parallel distributed processing (PDP)-type model, DO'97, is presented that is based on the original DO model (S. Kornblum, 1994; S. Kornblum, T. Hasbroucq, & A. Osman, 1990), and it postulates a nonmonotone irrelevant stimulus activation function in addition to 2 temporally ordered, serial, nonindependent stages: a stimulus processing stage and a response production stage. DO'97 is able to simulate the temporal dynamic characteristics of the processes, with good fits to the empirical data of this study and other published studies, at the level of means, variances, and distributional plots. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Understanding Paul Moxnes (1999).

P. Moxnes's (see record 1999-13879-001) model of deep roles is contrasted with alternative taxonomies of roles, including ones developed by F. Redl (1942), R. F. Bales (e.g., T. Parsons, R. F. Bales, & E. A. Shils, 1953), G. Polti (1977), and A. P. Hare (see record 1994-98134-000 and 1995-05269-001). Moxnes's analysis has implications for the development of roles in groups over time, but questions can be raised about the emphasis on individual roles (rather than their combination) and the automaticity of evaluation. As a new perspective on roles, Moxnes's work provides an opportunity to reassess past work to see how much variance has been left unaccounted for by studies of roles. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

A better approach to goodness: Reply to Wagemans (1999).

In P. A. van der Helm and E. L. J. Leeuwenberg (see record 1996-01780-002), the authors presented a representation model for the goodness, or detectability, of visual regularities such as mirror symmetry and repetition. J. Wagemans (see record 1999-03499-009) acknowledged that this holographic goodness model has considerable explanatory power, but he also argued that it is not good enough yet. He challenged van der Helm and Leeuwenberg to qualify some open ends of their representation model, in particular those concerning its process assumptions. He also questioned the authors' assessment of previous goodness accounts such as S. E. Palmer's (1982, 1983) transformational approach and his own bootstrap model. He concluded that it is expedient to aim at a synthesis of useful aspects of diverse accounts of goodness, but he did not establish such a synthesis. Van der Helm and Leeuwenberg agree with his conclusion that such a synthesis is a worthy cause, but they disagree with his evaluation of the issues involved. This article is a reply with an alternative evaluation of these issues, advancing the discussion to a process-representation synthesis called holographic bootstrapping. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

David Kipnis (1924-1999).

Memorializes David Kipnis for his many contributions to social psychology. During his research career, Kipnis explored the psychology of social power in diverse settings. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Response to Karon and Widener (1997).

Contrary to claims by B. P. Karon and A. J. Widener (1997), the literature they cited from the WWI and WWII era fails to support the reality of repression of traumatic memories. K. Diven's (1937) experiment demonstrated that unpleasant experiences are in fact more memorable, whereas the case studies by C. Fisher (1945), by A. Kardiner (1941/1953), and by R. R. Grinker and J. P. Spiegel (1945/1963) used hypnosis, barbiturates, or leading techniques, all of which are likely to produce confabulations. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Response to McNally and Breslau (2008).

Replies to comments by McNally and Breslau (see record 2008-05553-016) on the current authors' article (see record 2007-07130-003). McNally and Breslau expressed skepticism about the validity of multiple, independent studies showing that thousands of persons who were not directly exposed to the 9/11 attacks nevertheless developed posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. They mistakenly asserted that these studies are all based on acute symptoms, whereas in fact several studies document symptoms at six months and beyond, post-9/11. Throughout their comment, they reframed the 9/11 experience of persons across the country as a virtual trauma. This is a strategy not usually seen in scientific discourse. The critical point of our review is that many people can develop concerns about safety and other issues following a terrorist attack, and these can be fueled by the media and other influences. It was not our claim that concerns about flying, being in tall buildings, or visiting public monuments after the attacks were necessarily pathological. However, it is difficult to understand why McNally and Breslau (2008) wanted to minimize this and other extraordinary ripple effects of the 9/11 attacks in the first place. Our aim was to develop a model that might be useful in trying to understand and reduce the economic and psychological costs of terrorism. Should we not, as mental health professionals, contribute our expertise toward alleviating this level of fear and its consequences? (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Process, not representation: Reply to Radavansky (1999).

The size of fan effects is determined by processes at retrieval, not by whether or not information is represented as situations. Evidence contradicts G. A. Radvansky's (see record 1999-05245-005) claim that time to retrieve information from a situation does not depend on the number of elements in the situation. Moreover, Radvansky's principles for ascribing situational models to experiments appear to be post hoc ways of redescribing the data. On the other hand, the evidence does support the Adaptive Control of Thought—Rational (ACT-R) assumption that participants can adjust their attentional weightings and so produce differential fan effects. Moreover, the ACT-R theory of the fan effect is consistent with many other findings. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Not a piano key: Reply to Orange (1999).

What I called "minor quibbles" with a book I found appealing appear to reflect some major issues. The authors may have intended the book for readers in the tradition of European phenomenology, but I reviewed the book for psychoanalytic psychologists who are members of an American Psychological Association, not for a journal of philosophy or of psychoanalysis alone. I don't fault the authors for not writing a literature review or a work of scholarly criticism. Prospective readers will wonder, however, if they are saying something different from other writers they are already familiar with—if they are "introducing" any new ideas or if their ideas differ from others' ideas (I had just reviewed Benjamin's book, for example). (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Promoting Successful College Outcomes for All Students: Reply to Weissberg and Owen (2005).

Replies to Weissberg and Owen (2005; see record 2005-04167-005). Citing selective evidence does not substitute for meta-analytic findings when examining potential moderator effects of institutional status and demographic subgroups on psychosocial and study skill predictors of college outcomes. Motivational factors in particular are central to the persistence and performance behavior of all students, regardless of institutional and demographic subgroup status. Well-founded and testable hypotheses on institutional and individual-difference factors are needed if the authors are to promote greater understanding of how all students can benefit from postsecondary education. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Response to Glassgold et al. (2002).

Replies to comments by J. M. Glassgold et al (see record 2003-06066-010) on the current authors' original article (see record 2002-13988-007) which identified the ethical issues in efforts to ban reorientation therapies. Glassgold et al commented that the original article failed to represent the issues accurately and comprehensively. The current authors elaborate on the context in which their article was written and then comment on a couple of the points of criticism served by Glassgold et al. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Robert Campbell Davis (1925–1999).

Presents an obituary for Robert Campbell Davis. Davis was known for his role in helping to organize APA's Division of the History of Psychology, and serving as its delegate to the APA Council in the early 1970s. During his lifetime, he served as a conscientious objector to U.S. involvement in World War II, tested treatments for malaria at the Illinois State Penitentiary, earned degrees in sociology and social psychology, and carried out an early influential study of evolving public attitudes toward science. He taught sociology and criminology, and directed research in sociology of science, at Case Institute of Technology, which later became Case Western Reserve University, in Cleveland. After assuming emeritus status in 1992, he focused his historical interests on the antebellum Black elite of New York City. Davis died in 1999. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Benjamin Samuel Bloom (1913-1999).

Memorializes Benjamin Samuel Bloom for his many contributions to educational psychology. Bloom spent most of his academic career conducting research and designing educational programs based on the belief that virtually any student can learn what he or she is expected to learn to a high standard if proper learning conditions are provided. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Harold Grier McCurdy (1909–1999).

Memorializes Harold Grier McCurdy, Kenan Professor Emeritus of Psychology at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. McCurdy authored basic textbooks in the area of personality, including The Personal World: An Introduction to the Study of Personality (1961), and investigated the writings of William Shakespeare in The Personality of Shakespeare: A Venture in Psychological Method (1953). His involvement with the study of outstandingly creative individuals led McCurdy to try to better understand the sources of creativity by studying the childhoods of individuals who later displayed unquestioned genius. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Response to Gargiulo (2007) and Mills (2007).

Replies to comments made by G. J. Garguilo (see record 2007-16468-013) and J. Mills (see record 2007-16468-014) on the current author's original article (see record 2007-00135-012). The author responds to her critics, who feel she was accusing them of being unethical and even immoral by having a home office. She clarifies that at no time did she use any of this language, nor was this her intent. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Further tests of dual-process theory: A reply to Yonelinas (1999).

In a preceding article (M. Glanzer, K. Kim, A. Hilford, & J. K. Adams; see record 1999-00904-013), the authors reported the results of testing two predictions of dual-process theory concerning the shape of the receiver-operating characteristic (ROC). The theory predicts that item recognition ROCs in standard score form, z-ROCs, will, in general, be concave. It also predicts the degree of concavity that will be present. The two predictions were tested. The theory failed on both. They were tested again in this article: the first prediction with an extended set of data, the second with a new set of predicted concavity measures. The first test found again that contrary to the theory, z-ROCs were not, in general, concave. The second test found again that dual-process theory failed to predict the degree of concavity of specific z-ROCs. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Graded effects in hierarchical figure-ground organization: Reply to Peterson (1999).

An important issue in vision research concerns the order of visual processing. S. P. Vecera and R. C. O'Reilly (1998) presented an interactive, hierarchical model that placed figure-ground segregation prior to object recognition. M. A. Peterson (1999) critiqued this model, arguing that because it used ambiguous stimulus displays, figure-ground processing did not precede object processing. In the current article, the authors respond to Peterson's (1999) interpretation of ambiguity in the model and her interpretation of what it means for figure-ground processing to come before object recognition. The authors argue that complete stimulus ambiguity is not critical to the model and that figure-ground precedes object recognition architecturally in the model. The arguments are supported with additional simulation results and an experiment, demonstrating that top-down inputs can influence figure-ground organization in displays that contain stimulus cues. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)