高温化学气相沉积TiC/Ti(CxN1-x)/TiN层的组织结构及摩擦磨损性能

Ti(CxN1-x)涂层具有硬度大、强度高、耐磨等性能,而目前采用化学气相沉积法在不锈钢表面制备Ti(CxN1-x)多层涂层的报道较少。用高温化学气相沉积法在316L不锈钢表面分别制备了TiN单层涂层和TiC/Ti(CxN1-x)/TiN多层涂层,比较分析了2种涂层的显微形貌、相结构、硬度、界面结合力及耐磨性能。结果表明:TiC/Ti(CxN1-x)/TiN多层涂层结构致密,厚约10μm;TiN单层及TiC/Ti(CxN1-x)/TiN多层涂层均提高了316L不锈钢的硬度、耐磨性;与TiN单层涂层相比,TiC/Ti(CxN1-x)/TiN多层涂层的显微硬度和界面结合力更好,摩擦系数更低,磨损量更小,耐磨减摩性能更好;2种涂层的磨损破坏机制较一致,主要为磨粒磨损和摩擦氧化。     

Ti(CN)/TiC/Al2O3/TiN多层涂层的结构和界面结合力研究

采用中温、高温复合化学气相沉积技术(MHCVD)在WC- (6％wt)Co硬质合金基体表面制备了Ti(CN)/TiC/Al2O3/TiN 多层陶瓷涂层.通过光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)和数显显微硬度计等手段分析多层陶瓷涂层的表面及断面形貌、物相组成、显微硬度;采用表面划痕实验,结合形貌观察及X射线能谱分析(EDS)研究多层陶瓷涂层/硬质合金基体的界面结合力及其影响因素.结果表明:Ti(CN)/TiC/Al2O3/TiN 多层陶瓷涂层结构均匀致密,涂层后硬质合金的显微硬度明显提高,约2600 HV,多层陶瓷涂层与基体界面结合良好,划痕实验显示临界载荷高达105 N,多层陶瓷涂层界面间的原子扩散作用对涂层/基体界面附着力有较大贡献,而涂层内部少量Ti2O3、W6Co6C 等物相的存在对提高界面结合力也有帮助.     

铝合金Ti(C,N)/TiN多元多层膜与阳极氧化膜性能比较

分别采用多弧离子镀技术及阳极氧化技术在LF6防锈铝基体表面制备了Ti(C,N)/TiN/Ti(C,N)/TiN/ Ti(C,N)/TiN六层多元多层膜及阳极氧化膜,并对比考察研究了该两种膜的力学性能和摩擦学性能,结果表明:多元多层膜与阳极氧化膜划痕临界荷载分别为76N,60N;显微硬度分别为HV0.251404,HV0.25520;二者摩擦系数都较高,分别为0.66,0.76;都使对偶件磨损;但与传统的阳极氧化膜相比,多元多层膜硬度与耐磨性都提高了近2倍,且其摩擦曲线平滑,呈稳定磨损状态,而阳极氧化膜摩擦曲线呈跳跃状,呈非稳定磨损状态.     

高频感应熔覆TiN/Co涂层组织及性能研究

为提高抽油杆表面的硬度和耐磨性,利用高频感应加热熔覆技术成功地在35CrMo钢基体上制备了TiN强化Co基复合涂层。涂层组织均匀致密,未出现明显的气孔、裂纹等缺陷。通过金相显微镜、扫描电镜、X射线衍射仪等手段研究熔覆层的组织结构,利用维氏显微硬度计表征涂层的显微硬度,并对涂层进行大削盘摩擦副试验,分别测试其摩擦系数和磨损量。结果表明:熔覆层的组织主要是γ-Co过饱和固溶体,且Cr_(23)C_6、Cr_2B以及TiN等硬质相弥散分布于Co基体上;熔覆层具有较高的硬度,TiN掺杂量为10%的涂层表面硬度达到了788HV_(0.1),且由结合面至涂层表面,硬度逐渐增加;在相同的磨损条件下,10%TiN/Co复合涂层的耐磨损性能最好,其摩擦系数和磨损量较未添加TiN的涂层分别降低了40%和45%;涂层的磨损机理为磨粒磨损和粘着磨损相结合。     

TiC／i—C复合硬质薄膜的制备和摩擦学行为的研究

介绍一种TiC/i-C双层复合硬质薄膜,该复合膜由碳化钛（TiC)膜层和i-C（离子辅助沉积）无定形硬质碳膜组成。采用反应磁控溅射的方法沉积碳化钛（TiC)膜层。随后在维持镀膜系统真空度的情况下,利用等离子体分解结合高能离子轰击的方法不间断地连续制备i-C类金刚石薄膜,TiC膜层对金属基片和表面i-C膜层都有良好的附着与结合强度,因此被用作中间过渡层,而表面i-C膜层则保持了DLC薄膜硬度高和摩擦系数小等优良的性能。对TiC/i-C复合膜的机械性能和摩擦学行为的测试显示该复合膜具有非常高的显微硬度及优良的摩擦学特性,诸如很高的抗附着磨损、磨耗磨损、划痕磨损的性能及很低的摩擦系数。与TiC单层膜与DLC单层膜比较,显示该TiC/i-C复合膜更能适合实际应用的需要,在国民经济中将有广阔的应用前景。     

Ni-石墨含量对TC4钛合金表面自润滑耐磨熔覆层组织与摩擦学性能的影响

采用同轴送粉激光熔覆技术在TC4钛合金表面制备添加25％(质量分数,下同),35％和45％Ni-石墨的TC4/Ni60/Ni-石墨复合功能涂层,借助渗透探伤、X射线衍射仪、扫描电镜、能谱分析仪、电子探针、白光干涉仪、显微硬度计、摩擦磨损试验机对比研究复合涂层的成形质量、微观组织和力学性能.结果表明:35％Ni-石墨涂层成形质量最优,不同含量Ni-石墨涂层反应析出相种类一致,主要为Ti2 Ni,TiC,TiB2,石墨以及基体α-Ti,涂层中均形成了TiC包覆石墨半共格复合相以及TiC,Ti2 Ni交错生长共格复合相,半共格TiC包覆层对熔池中石墨有一定缓解溶解作用,共格TiC-Ti2 Ni复合相可使脆性Ti2 Ni组织得到均匀细化.随着Ni-石墨含量不断增加,涂层平均显微硬度和耐磨性逐步降低,而减摩性能呈现出先增后减的变化趋势,磨损机制均为磨粒磨损.     

TiC/i-C复合硬质薄膜的制备和摩擦学行为的研究(英文)

介绍一种 TiC/i－ C双层复合硬质薄膜,该复合膜由碳化钛（ TiC）膜层和 i－ C（离子辅助沉 积）无定形硬质碳膜组成。采用反应磁控溅射的方法沉积碳化钛（ TiC）膜层。随后在维持镀膜系 统真空度的情况下,利用等离子体分解结合高能离子轰击的方法不间断地连续制备 i－ C类金刚 石薄膜。 TiC膜层对金属基片和表面 i－ C膜层都有良好的附着与结合强度, 因此被用作中间过 渡层,而表面 i－ C膜层则保持了 DLC薄膜硬度高和摩擦系数小等优良的性能。对 TiC/i－ C复 合膜的机械性能和摩擦学行为的测试显示该复合膜具有非常高的显微硬度及优良的摩擦学特性, 诸如很高的抗附着磨损、磨耗磨损、划痕磨损的性能及很低的摩擦系数。与 TiC单层膜与 DLC单 层膜比较,显示该 TiC/i－ C复合膜更能适合实际应用的需要,在国民经济中将有广阔的应用前景。     

铝基复合材料表面多层复合厚膜的研究

对含50%AlN颗粒的铝基复合材料进行预处理后,在其表面依次采用浸锌化学镀镍工艺制备Ni-P过渡层,采用脉冲偏压磁过滤多弧离子镀工艺沉积硬质Ti/TiN调制周期膜,采用脉冲等离子体化学气相沉积工艺制备含氢类金刚石(DLC)膜等工艺最后形成了多层复合薄膜体系。利用X射线衍射仪、扫描电子显微镜、光谱仪、原子力显微镜、微载荷显微硬度仪、摩擦磨损试验机等设备分析了复合薄膜的组织结构、膜层形貌、截面形貌、显微硬度和摩擦系数等性能特点。测试表明:铝基复合材料/Ni-P层/Ti/TiN调制周期膜/含氢DLC膜这一梯度膜系具有结构交替变化,相邻界面形成混合层,性能梯度分布,硬度逐渐增加,摩擦系数小的特点。该复合工艺能够有效地解决铝基复合材料上制备硬质厚膜的热适配和晶格错配度大的难题,制备薄膜具有良好的膜基结合性能。     

N/Ti原子比对TiN膜微结构及性能的影响综合分析

TiN硬质膜是很多现有的多组元氮化物硬质膜的基础.N/Ti原子比对TiN硬质膜具有重要影响.结合TiN硬质膜的制备工艺方法,分析了膜层中N含量变化的影响因素及控制方法,详细讨论了N/Ti原子比对TiN膜相组成、硬度、耐摩擦磨损性能、光电性能的影响关系.     

Ti6Al4V钛合金表面Ta2O5/Ta2O5-Ti/Ti多涂层的制备与性能研究

采用磁控溅射技术在Ti6Al4V钛合金表面制备了Ta_2O_5/Ta_2O_5-Ti/Ti多层涂层;利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)和X射线光电子能谱仪 (XPS),分析了涂层的微观结构、物性组成和化学价态;通过划痕仪、纳米压痕仪、摩擦磨损试验机和电化学工作站,检测了涂层的结合强度、力学性能、摩擦系数和耐腐蚀性。研究结果表明,Ta_2O_5/Ta_2O_5-Ti/Ti多层涂层表面由峰型颗粒组成,粒径大小均匀,涂层结构致密。与Ti6Al4V相比,Ta_2O_5/Ta_2O_5-Ti/Ti多层涂层试样具有较小的摩擦系数,较高的腐蚀电位和较小的腐蚀电流密度,表现出良好的耐磨和耐腐蚀性能,能对Ti6Al4V合金植入材料起到较好的保护作用。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from